亚硫酸盐溶液中氧气泡吸收过程的实验研究

采用CCD对单个氧气泡在亚硫酸钠溶液中的吸收过程进行拍照,并用软件进行图像边界识别来研究单个纯氧气泡同亚硫酸钠溶液发生的强制氧化反应过程。实验结果表明反应速度与气泡半径有关。在动力学控制阶段,反应速率与气泡的半径成0阶关系;在扩散控制阶段,反应速率与气泡的半径成-1阶关系。     

氨鼓泡吸收的动力学模型及其吸收特性

本文利用气泡动力学原理,建立了氨水鼓泡吸收的数学模型;利用高速摄像机对氨水鼓泡吸收进行了可视化实验,得出了氨水鼓泡吸收过程中的最大气泡体积、气泡数、最大吸收高度、吸收过程中的舍伍德数等鼓泡参数随喷嘴口径、气体流量、氨水浓度之间的关系.结果表明,喷嘴口径越大,吸收效果越好;吸收溶液氨水浓度较高,吸收效果越差;氨气进口流量较大,吸收效果越好.理论模型和实验结果吻合良好.     

上浮气泡在壁面处的弹跳特性研究

本文针对毫米量级的上浮气泡在壁面处的弹跳现象进行数值研究.基于势流方法求解气泡的运动,同时考虑气泡的表面张力作用.在伯努利方程中,对气泡与壁面之间水膜中因黏性引起的压力梯度进行修正,开发相应的计算程序,计算值与实验值符合良好.从气泡弹跳的基本现象入手,研究了特征参数对气泡弹跳过程的动态特性以及最终平衡形态的影响.发现随着泡在撞击壁面之前上浮距离增大,气泡回弹距离和弹跳周期增加,但是当上浮距离增加到一定程度后将不会影响气泡的弹跳特性;表面张力是影响气泡弹跳特性的重要因素,气泡的弹跳周期随其增大逐渐减小,但回弹距离却呈现先增后减的规律;最后,影响气泡最终平衡形态的主要因素是气泡的浮力参数与韦伯数.     

声场中气泡群的动力学特性

以水为工作介质,考虑了液体的轻微可压缩性,研究了声场中气泡群的动力学特性,对单一型和混合型气泡群内微泡的初始半径、气泡的数目及声频率和声压对气泡动力学特性进行了数值研究．分析了各参数对气泡运动特性和气泡崩溃时所产生压力脉冲的影响．研究了单一型气泡群内气泡动力学的混沌特性,分析了气泡处于混沌特性下两次崩溃压力脉冲特征,结果表明：适合的参数有利于提高声空化处理效果．     

空化场中大气泡对空化泡振动的抑制效应分析

为探究空化场中多气泡之间的相互作用,结合观察到的注入大气泡周围飞舞的小气泡的实验现象,构建了由两个大气泡和一个空化泡组成的三气泡系统,通过考虑气泡间相互作用的时间延迟效应以及大泡的非球形振动,得到修正的气泡动力学方程组,并数值分析了气泡的振动模态、平衡半径、声波压力与频率等参量对小空化气泡的振动行为与所受次级Bjerknes力的影响.结果表明,大气泡的非球形效应主要表现为一种近场效应,对空化泡的振动影响很小,几乎可以忽略不计.大气泡可抑制空化泡的振动,但当大气泡半径接近于共振半径时,空化泡振动幅值曲线出现共振峰,即存在耦合共振响应.大气泡半径越大,对空化泡抑制作用越强,当空化泡处在两个毫米级大气泡附近时抑制更加显著.声波压力与频率不仅直接影响气泡的振动,还影响空化泡与大气泡之间相互作用的强弱,表现为空化泡所受的次级Bjerknes力在特定的大气泡半径范围内变得对气泡尺寸变化较为敏感,即小的大气泡半径变化可能导致明显的力大小变化,且不同驱动频率下,空化泡所受次级Bjerknes力的敏感半径分布区间不同.空化泡受到的次级Bjerknes力在距离较小或者较大时均可能表现为斥力,与实验观察现象...     

双泡耦合声空化动力学过程模拟

为了对双泡耦合的声空化过程进行模拟,本文从流体动力学控制方程和流体体积分数模型出发,在Fluent软件中构建双泡耦合超声空化三维有限元仿真模型,对超声波驱动下流体中双泡耦合声空化动力学过程进行数值模拟,并通过对空化气泡周围声场的变化进行分析研究双泡耦合声空化的非线性动力学特性.结果显示:在超声波驱动下,球形气泡先缓慢扩张,扩张到最大半径后迅速收缩直至溃灭;耦合双气泡间存在相互作用力,使得空化气泡的扩张受到抑制、气泡收缩时间增长;空化气泡在收缩阶段的能量转换能力增强,相比单气泡声空化,耦合双气泡溃灭时气泡内部的压强更大.本文分析结果将为超声空化泡群的动力学过程模拟提供参考.     

超声波作用下泡群的共振声响应

从球状泡群气泡动力学方程出发, 考虑泡群间次级声辐射的影响, 得到了声场中两泡群共同存在时气泡振动的动力学方程, 并以此为基础探讨声波驱动下双泡群振动系统的共振响应特征. 由于泡群间气泡间的相互作用, 系统存在低频共振和高频共振现象, 两不同共振频率的数值与泡群内气泡的本征频率相关. 泡群内气泡的本征频率又受到初始半径、泡群大小和泡群内气泡数量的影响. 气泡自由振动和驱动声波的耦合激起泡群内气泡的受迫振动, 气泡初始半径、气泡数密度和驱动声波频率等都会影响泡群内气泡的振动幅值和初相位. 关键词： 气泡群 共振 声响应 超声空化     

瞬变流中气泡动力过程研究

微气泡的生成等基础问题制约着鼓泡脱气技术的发展。本文基于对文丘里鼓泡器内流场的研究,对不同雷诺数下的气泡动力特性进行研究,采用大涡模拟和流体体积法相结合的数值模拟方法,对气泡在不同瞬时动态变化流场下的动力特性进行研究,通过分析气泡在不同湍流下的表面积,气泡球度,以及气泡表面所处的湍流应力,计算气泡所受的破坏应力与聚合应力之比,得到气泡的临界韦伯数随气泡在瞬变湍流中的变化过程,分析气泡破碎的临界条件。     

导电流体中气泡径向振动行为的磁场控制

液态金属中气泡行为是磁流体力学的重要方面。为对磁场条件下导电流体中气泡动力学行为作全面理解,基于磁流体动力学方法建立了磁场条件下导电流体中气泡径向振动的无量纲化动力学方程,数值研究了磁场对导电流体中气泡径向非线性振动稳定性、泡内温度、泡内气压及液体空化阈值的影响。结果显示:磁场增强了气泡非线性振动的稳定性,随着磁场增强且当作用在泡上的电磁力与惯性力数量级可比时,气泡运动为稳定的周期性振动;同时,磁场引起泡内温度、泡内压力及液体空化阈值变化。研究表明,可用磁场调节和控制液态金属中气泡的运动使其满足工程应用需求。      

弹性管中泡群内气泡的非线性声响应

将弹性管壁视为膜弹性结构,得到了管径较大弹性管中泡群内气泡弱非线性振动的动力学模型.利用逐级近似法对气泡的非线性共振频率、基频振动响应特性进行了理论分析.结果表明:气泡共振频率主要受泡群内气泡间相互作用的影响;气泡的非线性共振频率将发生偏移,其偏移量取决于共振响应振幅;气泡的声响应区存在最大频率值;在声响应的高频率区内声响应幅值有多值性.     

两个等径蛋白质气泡在Bingham流体中振动特性

利用黏弹性膜构成的蛋白质气泡有限变形方程,并考虑一个气泡在Bingham流体中振动产生的Bjerknes力对另一个气泡振动特性的影响,建立了两个等径蛋白质气泡在Bingham流体中振动的非线性方程.利用数值计算方法求解该方程,结果表明,增加Bingham流体的塑性黏度,蛋白质气泡振幅衰减速度加快,振动周期增加,频率减小;当两个气泡间的距离减小时,气泡振动频率会增加,振幅衰减速度加快;初始半径小的气泡振动频率高,振幅衰减快,而且振动的频率和振幅衰减的速率越大;与单个气泡相比,两个蛋白质气泡在Bingham流体中振动时,振动具有更高的振动频率,而且振幅衰减速度更快.     

Bubble Velocity and Size Measurement with a Four‐Point Optical Fiber Probe

The possibility to measure the velocity and size of individual bubbles in a high‐void fraction bubbly flow is investigated by using a four‐point optical fiber probe. The air bubbles have an initial spherical equivalent diameter ranging from 4 to 10 mm and the void fraction is up to 0.3. Firstly, single bubble experiments show that intrusiveness effects, i.e. bubble deformations due to the probe, are negligible provided that the bubble approaches the probe at the axis of the central fiber. A selection criterion is utilized for multiple bubble experiments. A good compromise can be found between the required accuracy, the duration of the measurements and the number of validated bubbles required for reliable statistical averaging. In an air‐water high‐void fraction vertical bubbly pipe flow, the void fraction obtained with the instrument is found to be in good agreement with both local single‐fiber probe measurements, and with the volume average void fraction obtained from pressure gradient measurements. The area average volumetric gas flow rate, based on the bubble velocity and void fraction as measured with the four‐point probe, agree with the measured gas flow rate. Also, the liquid velocity is measured by means of a laser‐Doppler anemometer, to investigate the slip velocity. The results show that reliable and interesting measurements can be obtained by using a four‐point optical fiber probe in high void fraction flows.     

Study on the bubble transport mechanism in an acoustic standing wave field

The use of bubbles in applications such as surface chemistry, drug delivery, and ultrasonic cleaning etc. has been enormously popular in the past two decades. It has been recognized that acoustically-driven bubbles can be used to disturb the flow field near a boundary in order to accelerate physical or chemical reactions on the surface. The interactions between bubbles and a surface have been studied experimentally and analytically. However, most of the investigations focused on violently oscillating bubbles (also known as cavitation bubble), less attention has been given to understand the interactions between moderately oscillating bubbles and a boundary. Moreover, cavitation bubbles were normally generated in situ by a high intensity laser beam, little experimental work has been carried out to study the translational trajectory of a moderately oscillating bubble in an acoustic field and subsequent interactions with the surface. This paper describes the design of an ultrasonic test cell and explores the mechanism of bubble manipulation within the test cell. The test cell consists of a transducer, a liquid medium and a glass backing plate. The acoustic field within the multi-layered stack was designed in such a way that it was effectively one dimensional. This was then successfully simulated by a one dimensional network model. The model can accurately predict the impedance of the test cell as well as the mode shape (distribution of particle velocity and stress/pressure field) within the whole assembly. The mode shape of the stack was designed so that bubbles can be pushed from their injection point onto a backing glass plate. Bubble radial oscillation was simulated by a modified Keller–Miksis equation and bubble translational motion was derived from an equation obtained by applying Newton’s second law to a bubble in a liquid medium. Results indicated that the bubble trajectory depends on the acoustic pressure amplitude and initial bubble size: an increase of pressure amplitude or a decrease of bubble size forces bubbles larger than their resonant size to arrive at the target plate at lower heights, while the trajectories of smaller bubbles are less influenced by these factors. The test cell is also suitable for testing the effects of drag force on the bubble motion and for studying the bubble behavior near a surface.     

Study on shock wave-induced cavitation bubbles dissolution process

This study investigated dissolution processes of cavitation bubbles generated during in vivo shock wave(SW)-induced treatments. Both active cavitation detection(ACD) and the B-mode imaging technique were applied to measure the dissolution procedure of bi Spheres contrast agent bubbles by in vitro experiments. Besides, the simulation of SW-induced cavitation bubbles dissolution behaviors detected by the B-mode imaging system during in vivo SW treatments, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT), were carried out based on calculating the integrated scattering cross-section of dissolving gas bubbles with employing gas bubble dissolution equations and Gaussian bubble size distribution. The results showed that(i) B-mode imaging technology is an effective tool to monitor the temporal evolution of cavitation bubbles dissolution procedures after the SW pulses ceased, which is important for evaluation and controlling the cavitation activity generated during subsequent SW treatments within a treatment period;(ii) the characteristics of the bubbles, such as the bubble size distribution and gas diffusion, can be estimated by simulating the experimental data properly.     

利用声衰减反演气泡群分布的方法研究

通过测量含气泡水的声衰减反演气泡群参数是获取水中气泡分布的重要方法,但是经典方法忽略了较高浓度气泡水中的强频散特性和气泡振动参数的改变,导致反演较高浓度气泡群分布时会产生巨大误差.为解决这个问题,本文基于等效媒质理论建立起了声衰减和相速度的联系,并考虑了含气泡水平均量对气泡阻尼系数和共振频率的影响.在此基础上,通过将反演气泡分布和修正相速度及气泡振动参数交替迭代的方法,有效地消除了高浓度气泡水中由频散和气泡振动特性改变引起的误差.与实验数据对比发现,气泡群孔隙率达到10^-5时,考虑含气泡水的频散特性会显著降低反演误差;而当气泡群孔隙率达到10^-3时,气泡阻尼系数和共振频率的修正会对反演结果变得重要.本文方法在反演孔隙率为10^-3-10^-2的高浓度气泡群时,仍有较好效果,这可为获取水下较高浓度气泡群分布提供方法借鉴.     

金属表面下氦泡融合与释放研究

采用分子动力学方法研究了钛金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的行为,分析了氦泡融合与释放的竞争,对比了不同深度处氦泡的释放对金属的影响。结果表明：在接近金属表面处,氦泡很难通过融合无限长大,当达到临界尺寸后,氦泡将会释放而不再与邻近的氦泡发生融合;植入深度对氦泡的融合有一定的影响,深度越大,越有利于形成具有较高氦密度的大氦泡;较深处氦泡的释放会在金属表面形成较大的突起和表面针孔。实验中观察到的不同尺寸的表面孔,其部分原因来自于金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的释放。     

金属表面下氦泡融合与释放研究

采用分子动力学方法研究了钛金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的行为,分析了氦泡融合与释放的竞争,对比了不同深度处氦泡的释放对金属的影响.结果表明:在接近金属表面处,氦泡很难通过融合无限长大,当达到临界尺寸后,氦泡将会释放而不再与邻近的氦泡发生融合;植入深度对氦泡的融合有一定的影响,深度越大,越有利于形成具有较高氦密度的大氦泡;较深处氦泡的释放会在金属表面形成较大的突起和表面针孔.实验中观察到的不同尺寸的表面孔,其部分原因来自于金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的释放.     

Dynamics of double bubbles under the driving of burst ultrasound

This paper investigates the pulsations and translation of bubbles in a double-bubble system driven by burst ultrasound. Results illustrate that for two identical bubbles, decreasing the frequency of burst or increasing its amplitude can enhance the pulsations and improve the translation velocities of bubbles. In a certain scope, large bubble brings about fast translation velocity, but the velocity will fall down for too large bubble, such as the bubble with ambient radius over about its resonance radius. When the ambient radii of two bubbles are different, translation of the large bubble is smaller than that of the small bubble. In addition, the effect of initial distance between bubbles is described as well. If burst serials are used, shortening the time interval between each burst and improving the acoustic amplitude of bursts are beneficial for the translations of bubbles.     

尾流中气泡对光传播的影响

从几何光学的角度出发,针对气泡直径与光束直径之间的大小关系,分两种情况,推得了单个气泡的散射光强变化情况,以及气泡速度与散射光强之间的关系.得出散射光强的变化频率与气泡半径和速度存在一定的关系,光束的直径与气泡直径的大小关系决定光强变化的强弱.在此理论基础上,模拟了光强的变化,并与实验所得曲线相比较,验证了实际与理论的相符性.同时用短曝光、连续拍摄的数码相机对气泡进行拍摄,进一步验证了理论推导的正确性.     

Atomic origins of solid helium bubbles in tungsten

Solid helium bubbles were directly observed in the helium ion implanted tungsten（W）, by different transmission electron microscopy（TEM） techniques at room temperature. The diameters of these solid helium bubbles range from1 nm to 8 nm in diameter with the mean bubble size about 3 nm. The selected area electron diffraction（SAED） and fast Fourier transform（FFT） images revealed that solid helium bubbles possess body-centered cubic（bcc） structure with a lattice constant of 0.447 nm. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy（HAADF-STEM）images further confirmed the existence of helium bubble in tungsten. The present findings provide an atomic level view of the microstructure evolution of helium in the materials, and revealed the existence of solid helium bubbles in materials.