顶部浸没管口气泡生成特性实验与数值模拟

利用高速摄像机获得顶部浸没方式下管口处气泡膨胀脱离过程,对比分析了管径、气体流量和管口浸没深度对气泡脱离直径和膨胀脱离时间的影响规律;运用三维流体体积(VOF)模型,模拟研究了气泡膨胀脱离过程中气泡膨胀脱离时间、脱离直径和气泡形态的变化规律,分析了气液湍动能和流场速度的分布变化规律。经过对比,实验结果与模拟结果一致。研究结果发现,气泡膨胀脱离时间随管径的增大而增加;随液体密度的增加而减小;随气体流量增大而降低,但降低速率逐渐减小.气泡脱离直径随气体流量的增加而增加且存在气泡脱离形态变化点;随管口浸没深度和液体密度的增加呈现下降趋势。气泡长短轴比随液体密度增大而增大,而随膨胀脱离时间的增加呈现降低趋势.     

窄缝中气泡在磁性液体中的上升与变形

对窄缝中气泡在磁性液体中的上升与变形进行了可视化研究。定性分析了纳米磁性颗粒引发的黏度效应及表面活性剂分子依附作用对气泡上升速度与形状的影响。试验工质为体积浓度6.33%的水基Fe_3O_4磁性液体,同时对比了质量浓度25%的四甲基氢氧化铵水溶液、质量分数30%和50%的蔗糖溶液以及水中气泡的上升运动。窄缝间隙分别为1 mm和2 mm,气泡由底部不同直径的圆孔产生。试验结果表明:由于活性剂分子的存在,磁性液体气泡上升过程中由扁椭圆形渐转变为上圆下平的冠状,而其略大于水的黏度使气泡在1 mm窄缝中保持直线上升运动,但窄缝间隙增大到2 mm后,磁性液体中气泡的运动轨迹仍会发生振荡。     

小尺寸矩形槽道内气泡生长及运动特性

通过实验研究了液体流动条件下小尺寸矩形槽道底部由微孔注入的气泡生长及运动特性。结合RCD算法与形心提取算法,有效地跟踪了气泡生长及运动轨迹。实验结果表明:气泡的形成过程可分为生长和涌入两个阶段;随着气体流量的增大,后续小气泡的涌入加强,涌入持续时间更长,气泡形成时间增加,等待时间缩短;槽道中小气泡的堆积现象随气体流量的增大而愈加明显。     

集输管路上升管系统严重段塞流实验和理论模拟

严重段塞流的实验研究表明,在气泡进入上升管底部到运动至出口的过程中,上升管中气泡头部以下流型为弹状流型;当气泡头部流出上升管后,上升管中的流型可看作块状流型。根据实验结果,本文提出了采用漂移流模型简化计算上升管中两相流动、上游管道中气体膨胀满足质量守恒,同时考虑上升管内液体动量守恒的严重段塞流计算模型。计算值与测量值比较表明,模型可以正确预测出气体膨胀流动过程,气体流动时间不受入口气液流量的影响。模型可以准确计算出严重段塞流周期、液塞长度和倾斜管中液柱最大长度等参数。     

复杂微通道内气泡在浮力作用下上升行为的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

本文采用气-液两相流格子Boltzmann方法模拟了复杂微通道内气泡在浮力作用下的上升过程,主要研究障碍物表面润湿性、浮力大小、障碍物尺寸和气泡初始位置对气泡变形、分裂、合并的动力学行为以及对气泡上升速度、终端速度和气泡剩余质量的运动特性的影响.研究发现,障碍物表面接触角较小时气泡能够完整地通过障碍物通道,随着障碍物表面接触角增加,气泡通过障碍物通道时严重变形,并会发生分裂行为,使得部分气泡黏附在障碍物表面,从而导致气泡到达终端时质量减少.相应地,气泡上升速度以及终端速度也随着微通道表面接触角的增加而减小.另一方面,随着浮力的增加,气泡在上升过程中更容易发生分裂和合并现象,且气泡剩余质量和终端速度随着浮力的增加呈对数形式增加.此外,随着微通道障碍物半径增加,气泡剩余质量首先缓慢减小然后快速减小,而气泡终端速度近似呈线性减小.最后,数值结果还表明当气泡初始位置偏离管道中间时,其上升速度、气泡剩余质量以及气泡终端速度都与初始位置在管道中间时的变化趋势一致,然而对应的数值均减小,且气泡在上升过程中变形更严重.     

声光协同作用下金纳米颗粒表面空化泡的动力学研究

在激光和超声的协同作用下,金纳米颗粒表面会产生空化气泡。本文通过观察各种参数条件下空化泡的振荡变化,研究了激光光热、超声空化及其协同效应。研究发现,光热作用和激励声压的改变可以调节气泡的动力学过程,光热效应的增强有利于气泡的膨胀,激励声压的增加可以提高气泡运动的剧烈程度。两者的协同作用可以使气泡稳定存在并经历不同的振荡过程。此外,激光与超声协同方式的变化对气泡的运动过程有一定影响。     

静止水中单个上升气泡的直接数值模拟

本文发展了基于Front Tracking的直接数值模拟方法研究气液两相界面的迁移特性,该方法对气液两相采用半隐式的分步法直接求解N-S方程,耦合Front Tracking Method获得两相界面的三维变形。针对无边界以及垂直壁面附近静止水中的单个气泡上升过程进行模拟,研究气泡运动的机理以及气泡与壁面的相互作用。数值模拟准确再现了气泡的上升过程和变形,不同Re数下气泡的上升速度计算结果同经验关联式非常吻合,验证了该方法的有效性。随后分析了气泡周围流场的结构,发现壁面对气泡周围流场的抑制是壁面对气泡作用力的主要原因,将导致气泡逐渐偏离垂直壁面。     

脉冲偏压上升沿特性对等离子体浸没离子注入鞘层扩展动力学的影响

等离子体浸没离子注入(PIII)是用于材料表面改性的一种廉价高效、非视线的技术.采用等离子体粒子模型，通过假设电子密度服从Boltzmann分布，求解Poisson方程和Newton方程，跟踪离子在等离子体鞘层中的运动形态及特性并进行统计分析，研究了不同上升速率和形状的6种波形上升沿对鞘层时空演化、离子注入能量和剂量的影响.结果表明，在PIII过程中，脉冲上升沿影响了等离子体鞘层的扩展，且不同波形诱导的鞘层厚度间存在最大差值.电场强度在鞘层的外边缘区域存在陡降区，离子的运动为非匀加速过程.可以通过调整脉冲 关键词： 等离子体浸没离子注入 鞘层 粒子模型 上升沿     

液体流动条件下毛细管管口气泡动力特性实验

通过对液体流动条件下毛细管管口气泡生长及脱离过程进行可视化实验.分析了毛细管管壁浸润性,液体流速以及气体流量对气泡生长脱离过程的影响.实验结果表明:随着液体流速的增大,液体对气泡的横向剪切力增大,气泡的脱离周期减小,气泡的脱离直径也随着减小.同时,实验还发现随着气体流量的增大,使气泡生长动力增大,气泡的脱离周期减小;另外,实验还揭示出毛细管管壁浸润性的改变,将导致气泡生长过程中气固液三相接触线发生径向迁移.     

静止幂律流体中气泡上升运动特性的数值研究

气泡在非牛顿流体中的动态行为在石油加工、食品加工、发酵以及废水处理等工业过程扮演着重要角色。为了深入了解气泡在非牛顿流体中的上升运动特性,文中采用VOF方法模拟研究单气泡在静止幂律(剪切稀化)流体中自由上升过程的运动特性,分别使用连续表面张力模型和Carreau模型来求解表面张力和计算非牛顿流体的流变特性。研究了不同流变指数(n)和Eo数下,气泡的形状、尾涡、终端速度和周围液相黏度的变化情况。结果表明:气泡的变形和尾涡会随着Eo数的增加、流变指数的减小而增大;随着流变指数的减小,气泡尾端会出现一个高黏度区,该区域会逐渐从气泡表面脱离;气泡的终端速度随着剪切稀化程度(n逐渐减小)的增加而增加,而随着Eo数的增加却减小。     

气泡在内置交错矩形肋管道中自由上升的FTM直接数值模拟

采用直接数值模拟的FTM（Front-Tracking Method）方法研究在重力作用下单气泡在竖直内置矩形肋管内的自由上升.选择矩形肋的肋高、肋距与方管宽度的比值作为管道几何特征值,用莫顿数作为流体特征参数,分析不同肋高、肋距及莫顿数情况下的气泡自由上升,研究不同几何特征及流体参数对气泡运动轨迹的影响.研究表明：在矩形肋片的影响下气泡上升时形状不对称,存在水平方向位移,表现为"蛇形"上升.这种现象与管道几何结构及气泡周围流体性质有关,肋高越大,现象越明显;气泡周围流体的粘度越小,水平方向位移越大.     

基于VOSET方法模拟并排气泡的上升过程

采用VOSET方法和耦合表面张力模型的N-S方程,模拟竖直通道内并排气泡对的上升过程,模拟与实验结果吻合较好.重点研究表面张力系数对并排气泡上升轨迹和速度的影响.结果表明,随着表面张力系数的变化,并排气泡对的上升过程出现三种类型:两气泡融合,两气泡反复靠近、远离但未融合,两气泡碰撞反弹后逐渐远离.在未融合的情况下,并排气泡对的上升轨迹关于通道中心线对称,左右两个气泡的上升速度基本一致,水平速度大小相同,方向相反.     

Simulation of a bubble chain in a container of high aspect ratio exposed to a magnetic field

The influence of a homogeneous magnetic field acting in the direction of gravity on a bubble chain is studied with phase-resolving numerical simulations. The bubbles rise in a narrow container filled with liquid metal. Individual bubbles are represented by an immersed boundary method with the bubble shape being described by spherical harmonics and deformed by the surrounding liquid metal. A Gaussian bubble size distribution is realized as suggested by corresponding experiments. Bubble-bubble and bubble-wall interactions are modelled based on a repelling potential. With a magnetic field, the averaged trajectory of the bubble chain becomes more rectilinear, and the transverse dispersion is reduced. The average rise velocity decreases under the impact of the field.     

A combined resonance-Doppler technique for studying bubble evolution in liquids

Gas bubbles in liquids have been studied for decades with a variety of optical and acoustic techniques. The evolution of a bubble consists of several stages, including formation and growth at a nozzle, detachment and resonance, and rise towards terminal velocity. Most existing techniques can monitor only a single aspect of the bubble behaviour. This work describes an acoustic technique to monitor all stages of an air bubble's evolution. The technique uses a combination of passive acoustic listening and active ultrasonic Doppler observation to study millimetre-sized air bubbles in liquid. A hollow cylindrical piezoelectric transducer, located around the nozzle used to produce the bubbles, detects the resonance of the bubble following its detachment. An ultrasonic Doppler system, positioned several centimetres above the nozzle, monitors both the growth and the rise of the bubble, including shape oscillations and the terminal velocity through the use of joint time-frequency analysis. Because all aspects of the bubble evolution are affected by the properties of the liquid, by monitoring the bubble evolution with this technique the rising bubble can potentially be used as a tool to characterize the liquid.     

气泡碰壁受力模型和反弹规律

对Mo=10-8~10-12及Re=5~750范围内的上升气泡与壁面垂直碰撞问题进行了理论求解，研究了不同控制参数下气泡碰壁反弹的规律.气泡上升和碰撞过程的运动方程考虑了浮力、液体阻力、附加质量力和与壁面碰撞时引起的薄膜诱导力.气泡碰壁过程气泡界面与壁面形成的液膜厚度变化规律由Stokes-Reynolds方程计算得到.膜内气泡变形引起的流体压强采用Young-Laplace方程求解.结果表明，基于SRYL方程的薄膜诱导力模型可以很好地预测不同Reynolds数下气泡0到多次的反弹轨迹，计算结果与实验结果吻合良好.气泡在碰壁反弹过程中会形成丰富的薄膜形状，如酒窝状变形，丘疹状变形和涟漪状变形.气泡界面变形会引起膜内压强的变化，压强的分布规律与气泡界面形状有着重要的关系.气泡在与壁面碰撞的过程中，薄膜诱导力会起主导作用，且随着Reynolds数的增加薄膜诱导力最大量级增大.气泡碰撞壁面时，反弹次数与Reynolds数有着直接的联系，不同Morton数下的气泡均在相同Reynolds数附近发生气泡反弹次数的变化.      

Phase field simulation of single bubble behavior under an electric field

Based on the Cahn-Hilliard phase field model, a three-dimensional multiple-field coupling model for simulating the motion characteristics of a rising bubble in a liquid is established in a gas-liquid two-phase flow. The gas-liquid interface motion is simulated by using a phase-field method, and the effect of the electric field intensity on bubble dynamics is studied without electric field, or with vertical electric field or horizontal electric field. Through the coupling effect of electric field and flow field, the deformation of a single rising bubble and the formation of wake vortices under the action of gravity and electric field force are studied in detail. The correctness of the results is verified by mass conservation, and the influences of different electric field directions and different voltages on the movement of bubbles in liquid are considered. The results show that the ratio of the length to axis is proportional to the strength of the electric field when the air bubble is stretched into an ellipsoid along the electric field line under the action of electrostatic gravity and surface tension. In addition, the bubble rising speed is affected by the electric field, the vertical electric field accelerates the bubble rise, and the horizontal direction slows it down.     

II. Recirculation flow induced by a bubble stream rising in a viscous liquid

The recirculation flow induced by the rising motion of a bubble stream in a viscous fluid within an open-top rectangular enclosure is studied. The three-dimensional volume averaged conservation equations are solved by a control-volume method using a hybrid finite differencing scheme to describe the liquid phase hydrodynamics. The momentum exhange between the bubbles and the liquid phase is modeled with a source term equals to the volumetric buoyancy force acting on the gas in the bubble stream. The volumetric buoyancy force accounts for in line interactions between bubbles through the average gas volume fraction in the gas liquid column which depends on the size and the rising velocity of bubbles. The fluid flow within an open-top rectangular enclosure is further investigated by particle image velocimetry for a bubble stream rising in a water-glycerol solution. The measured fluid velocities in a vertical plane are compared with the predictions of the numerical model over a wide range of fluid viscosity (43 mPa s-800 mPa s) and gas flow rates. Finally, the recirculation flows resulting from the interaction of two neighbouring vertical bubble streams are studied. Received: 23 July 1997 / Revised: 19 December 1997 / Accepted: 11 May 1998     

Study on the bubble transport mechanism in an acoustic standing wave field

The use of bubbles in applications such as surface chemistry, drug delivery, and ultrasonic cleaning etc. has been enormously popular in the past two decades. It has been recognized that acoustically-driven bubbles can be used to disturb the flow field near a boundary in order to accelerate physical or chemical reactions on the surface. The interactions between bubbles and a surface have been studied experimentally and analytically. However, most of the investigations focused on violently oscillating bubbles (also known as cavitation bubble), less attention has been given to understand the interactions between moderately oscillating bubbles and a boundary. Moreover, cavitation bubbles were normally generated in situ by a high intensity laser beam, little experimental work has been carried out to study the translational trajectory of a moderately oscillating bubble in an acoustic field and subsequent interactions with the surface. This paper describes the design of an ultrasonic test cell and explores the mechanism of bubble manipulation within the test cell. The test cell consists of a transducer, a liquid medium and a glass backing plate. The acoustic field within the multi-layered stack was designed in such a way that it was effectively one dimensional. This was then successfully simulated by a one dimensional network model. The model can accurately predict the impedance of the test cell as well as the mode shape (distribution of particle velocity and stress/pressure field) within the whole assembly. The mode shape of the stack was designed so that bubbles can be pushed from their injection point onto a backing glass plate. Bubble radial oscillation was simulated by a modified Keller–Miksis equation and bubble translational motion was derived from an equation obtained by applying Newton’s second law to a bubble in a liquid medium. Results indicated that the bubble trajectory depends on the acoustic pressure amplitude and initial bubble size: an increase of pressure amplitude or a decrease of bubble size forces bubbles larger than their resonant size to arrive at the target plate at lower heights, while the trajectories of smaller bubbles are less influenced by these factors. The test cell is also suitable for testing the effects of drag force on the bubble motion and for studying the bubble behavior near a surface.     

Bubble motion in inclined pipes

Highly nonlinear free-surface flows in vertical, inclined, and horizontal pipes are analyzed. The problem of bubble motion in a vertical pipe is closely related to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem. Inclined pipe flows are intensively studied as related to gas and oil transportation. A new theory of motion of large bubbles in pipes is developed. As distinct from previous approaches, which relied on semiempirical methods or numerical fitting, analytical methods of potential theory and complex analysis are used. A careful comparison of 2D and 3D solutions is presented. It is shown that a higher dimensionality may not correspond to a higher bubble velocity. For the first time, free-surface flows in inclined pipes are analyzed by means of direct numerical simulation, which makes it possible to develop a new approach to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem (bubbles with wedge-and cone-shaped noses).