显微成像检测表面粗糙度

介绍了用显微成像检测表面粗糙度的方法。该方法具有直观，操作简单，速度快，非接触无损伤，自动检测等优点。显微成像检测表面粗糙度的原理为：被检测表面通过显微放大，由ＣＣＤ作为接收器，经图像采集卡和微机进行数据采集与处理，计算后得到相应的粗糙度。这种方法用于机械加工表面，喷涂等表面检测，对电化学处理表面，指纹，皮肤，细胞等细微结构的检测更具有优越性。     

一种测量CCD上像点精确位置的方法

本文介绍一种新的ＣＣＤ技术。同时结合光学技术、计算机采集系统，可以实现多个光点在ＣＣＤ上位置的精确测量。在硬件电路设计中，围绕８２５４计数器给出了电路原理图，并详细介绍了实现信号中点位置检测计数的方法。软件部分给出了程序框图。此外，我们已使用此方法实现了钢板表面平坦度的检测，相信它可以推广到其它应用领域。     

银溶胶催化的对苯二胺及其衍生物的氧化和表面增强Raman散射研究

本文研究了对苯二胺及其衍生物，ＣＤ－２，ＣＤ－３，ＣＤ－４，和ＴＭＰＰＤ的还原型和化型在小金属银颗粒表面的作用。它们的还原型吸附在小银簇表面不能产生表面增强Ｒａｍａｎ散射（ＳＥＲＳ）效应，但它们的氧化型吸附在小金属银颗粒表面，给出稳定的ＳＥＲＳ谱图。文中重点讨论了ＣＤ－２的情况。实验表明，ＣＤ－２的半氧化产物（半醌自由基）通过离域键与小银簇进行作用。本文也讨论了小银簇在催化反应过程中的生长。     

Mo2C膜表面高度和高差分布规律研究

介绍了金属有机气相沉积（ＭＯＣＶＤ）制备Ｍｏ２Ｃ功能膜的过程和对膜表面粗糙度的测量结果;在测量基础上进行统计,找出Ｍｏ２Ｃ膜表面高度和高差分布规律;将ＤＴ２模型推广,进行２＋１维计算机模拟,作出Ｍｏ２Ｃ膜表面３维模拟图。结果表明：实验测得的高度和高差统计分布与计算机模拟的结果一致。     

X光CCD响应特性

在北京同步辐射源上建立了Ｘ光ＣＣＤ量子效率实验标定方法,获得了１５０ｅＶ～１５００ｅＶ能区范围多个Ｘ光能点的量子效率实验结果,发展了Ｘ光ＣＣＤ量子效率简化计算模型,并对Ｘ光ＣＣＤ表面油沾污对量子效率的影响进行了实验研究和修正。     

圆柱体的空间圆锥光反射、折射与衍射

用准直或会聚激光束倾斜照射圆柱体时,其反射光、透射光(柱体透明时)、衍射光(柱体较细时)的叠加将形成以光束入射点为顶点的空间圆锥形光面(空间光锥),并且在垂直于柱体轴线方向的观察平面上投影成一圆形光环.空间光锥的形成与所选圆柱体材料及其粗细无关,只要其表面具有一定反射能力即可.空间光锥的锥角等于入射光束主光轴与圆柱体轴线夹角的2倍,与圆柱体和照射光束的直径大小及光波长无关.给出了对光纤及不同直径大小的玻璃和金属圆柱体的实验观察结果,并利用矢量图解法对其进行了详细地理论分析.进而得出,通常所谓单丝衍射图样,实际上是细丝的衍射和其表面的反射光场的叠加图样,对于透明细丝,还包括其透射光场的贡献.圆柱体的这种空间圆锥光反射和衍射原理有可能用于光束定位、成形、表面检测以及三维面形测量等 关键词： 圆柱体 空间光锥 投影光环     

激光对运动圆柱体加热的几何学研究

 当激光无论从地面或是从空中辐照运动的圆柱体时，都涉及到入射激光相对于圆柱体的辐照方式。在一定假设下，导出了激光对抛射圆柱体表面加热时圆柱表面热加载功率密度分布公式，并结合一理想情况，针对光束入射角度因子、光斑中心的偏移、光斑形状的变化进行了解析计算分析。分析表明，即使圆柱体本身不做自转，圆柱体表面的光强分布中心也会发生偏移，分布也会发生变化，尤其沿圆柱体轴向的分布变化较大，必须结合实际加以细化研究。     

电荷耦合器件及其应用进展

电荷耦合器件（ＣＣＤ）是基于金属－氧化物－半导体（ＭＯＳ）技术的光敏元件。目前ＣＣＤ已具有光谱响应范围宽、检出限低、动态范围宽、暗电流和读出噪声低以及具有积分信号、多道同时检测信号和实时监测等能力的优点。目前它已经广泛地应用在各个领域。本文扼要介绍了ＣＣＤ的基本工作原理。特点及性能表征。评述了ＣＣＤ在光谱检测和成象领域中较活跃的应用及发展前景。指出了ＣＣＤ技术的发展给光谱分析领域带来了革命性的进展     

基于多元高斯声束模型的圆柱体超声检测声场仿真

为了提高圆柱体缺陷检测的准确性,需了解其超声声场分布。针对圆柱体实际检测的要求,本文采用超声水浸检测法。通过多元高斯声束模型分别模拟了实心圆柱体及空心圆柱体中的辐射声场,计算仿真了垂直入射与倾斜入射至圆柱体时的声场,实现了检测声场的可视化。通过计算得出仿真结构与实际理论相符,表明本论文的方法能够应用在圆柱体结构超声声场仿真中。     

非接触式钢板平坦度检测系统

本文提出一种非接触式钢板表面平坦度的检测方法，利用了激光及ＣＣＤ技术。目前本系统可以实现实验室静态模拟测量，测量范围（钢板幅度变化）为０～５ｍｍ，测量精度达到±０．５ｍｍ以上。应用本方法到实际现场测量中，无需测钢板走带速度，可实现实时检测     

On the use of laser-ultrasonics technique to excite selectively cylinder acoustic resonances

Acoustic propagation in the transverse plane of a cylinder is considered in this paper. The acoustic source is a line along the axis z of the cylinder coordinates, obtained by focusing the beam of a pulsed laser on the surface of the cylinder. Point detection is performed with a laser interferometer. By adequately combining elementary signals measured for a large number of relative source-receiver positions, a signal is synthesized containing the basic acoustic resonances of the cylinder. Various elementary signal combinations allow us to select the observed acoustic modes related to Whispering Gallery modes and to Rayleigh surface waves. The changes in the signal spectrum are discussed. These acoustic modes are experimentally selected and observed at ultrasonic frequencies for the first time.     

A Clustering Genetic Algorithm for Cylinder Drag Optimization

A real coded genetic algorithm is implemented for the optimization of actuator parameters for cylinder drag minimization. We consider two types of idealized actuators that are allowed either to move steadily and tangentially to the cylinder surface (“belts”) or to steadily blow/suck with a zero net mass constraint. The genetic algorithm we implement has the property of identifying minima basins, rather than single optimum points. The knowledge of the shape of the minimum basin enables further insights into the system properties and provides a sensitivity analysis in a fully automated way. The drag minimization problem is formulated as an optimal regulation problem. By means of the clustering property of the present genetic algorithm, a set of solutions producing drag reduction of up to 50% is identified. A comparison between the two types of actuators, based on the clustering property of the algorithm, indicates that blowing/suction actuation parameters are associated with larger tolerances when compared to optimal parameters for the belt actuators. The possibility of using a few strategically placed actuators to obtain a significant drag reduction is explored using the clustering diagnostics of this method. The optimal belt-actuator parameters obtained by optimizing the two-dimensional case is employed in three-dimensional simulations, by extending the actuators across the span of the cylinder surface. The three-dimensional controlled flow exhibits a strong two-dimensional character near the cylinder surface, resulting in significant drag reduction.     

Acoustic field excited by a pulsed laser line source in a cylinder

The excitation and propagation of the acoustic waves in an elastic cylinder are studied by laser ultrasonics both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis of the two-dimensional acoustic field excited by a pulsed laser line source impacting on the generatrix of an elastic cylinder is presented. The dispersive properties for both cylindrical Rayleigh wave and the higher modes--whispering gallery (WG) modes are analyzed in detail. The numerical transient displacement waveforms for a detecting point located another terminal of the cylinder diameter opposite the source are calculated. The experimental excitation and detection of the acoustic waves in an aluminum cylinder are carried out on a laser ultrasonic system, which mainly consists of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and a laser interferometer. The wave components of bulk waves and surface waves (cylindrical Rayleigh waves and WG modes) are analyzed by comparing the numerical and experimental waveforms. The results are in good agreement.     

旋转部件切向位移偏差实时监测系统及其关键技术研究

 控制套印误差是现代印刷技术的重要课题,而印刷机滚筒在旋转过程中表面各点的切向位移偏差是套印误差产生的主要原因。为此,论文设计并实现了旋转部件切向位移偏差实时监测系统,该系统利用光电检测以及模/数混合信号处理方法实现了对印刷机套印误差的实时监测,可用于高精度印刷机械的研发与制造过程。系统采用了条形码编码技术、虚拟标尺技术、动态切向位移偏差实时测量技术以及自适应动平衡技术4项关键技术,测量精度可达到±10 μm。     

Numerical analysis of bulk conical waves in anisotropic cylinders; application to stiffness tensor measurement

A point source-point receiver technique, based on laser generation and laser detection of acoustic waves, allows determination of mechanical properties of an anisotropic cylinder. The nature of the material and the geometry of the sample give a dispersive behaviour to the diffracted waves and make the acoustic signature difficult to interpret. To overpass the intricacies, wave fronts (conical waves in the volume and helical waves on the surface) are synthesized from signals provided by scanning the primitive line of the cylinder with a laser point source. In order to distinguish between direct bulk conical waves and other contributions in the acoustic response, some considerations on line surface waves and on reflected bulk conical waves are supplied. The identification of the stiffness tensor components, based on the inversion of the bulk waves phase velocities, is applied to signals simulated for a composite material.     

Choice of optimal conditions in electromagnetic analysis

A theoretical study is presented for alternating magnetic fields in a sphere and a long cylinder; this is extended to frequencies such that differences in diameter and surface conductivity are not distinguished in Förster's method. Optimal conditions for structural testing of the entire cross-section are found to occur in the audiofrequency range. Tables are given for the second derivatives of the real and imaginary components of the Bessel and McDonald functions.     

Local Heating Effect of Flow Past a Circular Cylinder

Heating effects of air flows past a two-dimensional circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers and low Mach numbers are investigated by numerical simulation. The cylinder wall is heated partially rather than heated on the whole surface as with previous researches. The heating effects are completely different for various heating locations on the cylinder surface. Heating either windward or leeward side stabilizes the flow and reduces or completely suppresses vortex shedding from the cylinder at supercritical Reynolds numbers, which is consistent with previous results of heating on the whole surface of the cylinder. However, as the lateral sides of the cylinder （perpendicular to the stream-wise direction） are heated, an adverse effect is found for the first time in that the flow is destabilized and vortex shedding can be excited at subcritical Reynolds numbers. As the lateral sides of the cylinder are cooled, the flow is stabilized.     

Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern by a Slit Aperture between a Knife Edge and a Metal Cylinder

The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of an aperture formed between a knife edge and a smooth surface of a turned metal cylinder or half cylinder is different from the diffraction pattern of an ideal slit aperture. The diffraction pattern is simulated by adding the light reflected by the cylinder surface to the pattern formed by a slit, and is measured using a cylinder that has been partly cut away so that it can represent either a full or half cylinder. The theoretical and measured patterns agree well with each other.     

Surface waves in a vertically excited circular cylindrical container

The nonlinear free surface amplitude equation, which has been derived from the inviscid fluid by solving the potential equation of water waves with a singular perturbation theory in a vertically oscillating rigid circular cylinder, is investigated successively in the fourth-order Runge－Kutta approach with an equivalent time-step. Computational results include the evolution of the amplitude with time, the characteristics of phase plane determined by the real and imaginary parts of the amplitude, the single-mode selection rules of the surface waves in different forced frequencies, contours of free surface displacement and corresponding three-dimensional evolution of surface waves, etc. In addition, the comparison of the surface wave modes is made between theoretical calculations and experimental measurements, and the results are reasonable although there are some differences in the forced frequency.     

Diffraction of sound by an elastic cylinder near the surface of an elastic halfspace

Diffraction of an acoustic wave by an elastic cylinder near the surface of an elastic halfspace is considered. The solution relies on a Helmholtz-type integral equation and uses the Green function of an elastic halfspace. The latter function is represented in the form of an integral over the Sommerfeld contour on the plane of a complex variable that has the meaning of the angle of the wave incidence on the halfspace boundary. An integral equation for the sound pressure distribution over the cylinder surface is derived. This equation is reduced to an infinite system of equations for the Fourier-series expansion coefficients of this distribution. The results obtained are valid for the diffraction of a cylindrical wave and a plane wave. They also describe the diffraction of a spherical wave when the transmitter and receiver are far from the cylinder and lie in one plane that is orthogonal to the cylinder axis.