特丁醇和水混合溶剂多组分电解质热力学HCI-NaCI-tert.-C~4H~9OH-H~2O体系(5-45℃)

本文在恒定特丁醇质量分数x=0.10的条件下, 应用电动势法测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势:Pt,H~2(1.013×10^5Pa)|HCI(m),tert.-C~4H~9OH(x),H~2O(1-x)|AgCI-Ag (A)Pt,H~2(1.013×10^5Pa)|HCI(m),NaCI(m~B),tert.-C~4H~9OH(x),H~2O(1-x)|AgCI-Ag (B)     

特丁醇和水混合溶剂多组分电解质热力学HCl—NaCl—tert—C_4H_9OH—H_2O体系(5～45℃)

本文在恒定特丁醇质量分数x=0.10的条件下,应用电动势法测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势:Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)HCl(m),tert.-C_(4)H_9OH(x),H_2O(1-x)AgCl-Ag(A)Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCI(m_A),NaCl(m_B),tert,-C_4H_9OH(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag(B)根据电池(A)电动势确定了混合溶剂中的Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质;利用电池(B)的电动势计算了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γ_A,结果表明,在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则.计算了HCl的一级、二级和总介质效应.     

乙二醇和水混合溶剂多组分电解质热力学

在乙二醇和水混合溶剂中恒定乙二醇质量分数w=0.1的条件下，应用经典的电动势方法测定无液体接界电池的电动势: Pt，H2 (105 Pa )│HCl (质量摩尔浓度m)， C2H6O2 (w), H2O (1－w)│AgCl-Ag (A) Pt，H2 (105 Pa )│HCl (mA), NaCl(mB), C2H6O2 (w), H2O (1－w)│AgCl-Ag (B) 根据测得电池(A)的电动势，确定混合溶剂中AgCl-Ag电极的标准电极电势，讨论了HCl的迁移性质.利用电池（B）的电动势，计算出HCl的活度系数γA.结果表明，在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定， HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则.在溶液组成恒定时， lgγA是温度倒数1/T的线性函数. 进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和介质效应.     

果糖-水混合溶液中多组分电解质热力学

恒定混合溶液总离子强度I=1.0000 mol•kg－1,改变果糖-水混合溶液中果糖的质量分数w=2.5％、5.0％和7.5％的条件下,应用电动势方法测定下列无液体接界电池(A)和(B)在278.15、283.15、288.15、293.15、298.15、303.15、308.15、313.15、318.15 K等9个温度下的电动势: Pt, H2 (105 Pa)│HCl(m), C6H12O6(w), H2O(1－w)│AgCl-Ag (A) Pt, H2 (105 Pa)│HCl(mA), NaCl(mB), C6H12O6(w), H2O(1－w)│AgCl-Ag (B) 根据测得电池的电动势,计算出混合溶剂中AgCl-Ag电极的标准电极电势和HCl的标准迁移吉布斯自由能、迁移熵和迁移焓; 求出四元混合溶液中HCl的活度系数γA.结果表明在溶液中总离子强度I保持恒定,HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则,进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的介质效应.     

葡萄糖和水混合溶液中多组份电解质溶液热力学I: HCl-NaCl-D-glucose-H2O体系(5-45℃)

本文在恒定葡萄糖质量百分数x=10%的条件下,应用电动势法测定无液体接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势: Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(m),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(ｍA),NaCl(ｍA),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (B) 根据电池(A)电动势确定混合液中的Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质;利用电池(B)的电动势确定了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γA,结果表明,在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned 规则。在溶液组成恒定时,lgγA是温度倒数1/Τ的线性函数,进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓,计算了HCl的介质效应。     

葡萄糖和水混合溶液中多组份电解质溶液热力学I: HCl-NaCl-D-glucose-H2O体系(5-45℃)

本文在恒定葡萄糖质量百分数x=10%的条件下,应用电动势法测定无液体接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势: Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(m),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(ｍA),NaCl(ｍA),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (B) 根据电池(A)电动势确定混合液中的Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质;利用电池(B)的电动势确定了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γA,结果表明,在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned 规则。在溶液组成恒定时,lgγA是温度倒数1/Τ的线性函数,进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓,计算了HCl的介质效应。     

硼酸盐水溶液热力学研究II: H3BO3-LB(OH)4-LiCl-MgCl2体系

在278.15～318.15K下, 测定了无液电池(A), Pt, H2│B(OH)3(m1),LiB(OH)4(m)2, LiCl(m3), MgCl2(m4)│AgCl, Ag和电池(B), Pt, H2│B(OH)3(m1), LiB(OH)4(m2), MgCl2(m4)│AgCl, Ag的电动势。利用Debye-Huckel外推法和多项式拟合法确定了硼酸镁离子对[MgB(OH)4^+缔合常数pKt, 并得到了经验方程pKt=A1+A2/T+A3T以及缔合过程的其他各标准热力学量, 同时指出缔合熵是形成[MgB(OH)4^+]离子对的推动力。     

硼酸盐水溶液热力学研究II: H3BO3-LB(OH)4-LiCl-MgCl2体系

在278.15～318.15K下, 测定了无液电池(A), Pt, H2│B(OH)3(m1),LiB(OH)4(m)2, LiCl(m3), MgCl2(m4)│AgCl, Ag和电池(B), Pt, H2│B(OH)3(m1), LiB(OH)4(m2), MgCl2(m4)│AgCl, Ag的电动势。利用Debye-Huckel外推法和多项式拟合法确定了硼酸镁离子对[MgB(OH)4^+缔合常数pKt, 并得到了经验方程pKt=A1+A2/T+A3T以及缔合过程的其他各标准热力学量, 同时指出缔合熵是形成[MgB(OH)4^+]离子对的推动力。     

葡萄糖和水混合溶液中多组份电解质溶液热力学——Ⅰ.HCl-NaCl-D-Glucose-H_2O 体系(5—45℃)

本文在恒定葡萄糖质量百分数 x=10%的条件下,应用电动势法测定无液体接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势:Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5 Pa)丨HCl(m),D-Glucose(x),H_2O(1-x)「AgCl-Ag (A)Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)丨HCl(m_A),NaCl(m_B),D-Glucose(x),H_2O(1-x)「AgCl-Ag (B)根据电池(A)电动势确定混合溶液中的 Ag-AgCl 电极的标准电极电势,讨论了 HCl 的迁移性质;利用电池(B)的电动势确定了 HCl 在该体系中的活度系数γ_A,结果表明,在恒定总离子强度下,HCl 的活度系数服从 Harned 规则.在溶液组成恒定时,lgγ_A 是温度倒数1/T 的线性函数,进一步讨论了混合物中 HCl 的相对偏摩尔焓,计算了 HCl 的介质效应.     

葡萄糖和水混合溶液多组分电解质热力学 Ⅱ.HCl-NaCl-d-Glucose-H_2O体系(5—45℃)

本文续前报在恒定溶液总离子强度I=1.00mol·kg~(-1),改变葡萄糖在混合溶液中的质量百分数x=5%、15%和20%的条件下,应用电动势法测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势: Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCl(m),d-Glucose(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (A) Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCl(m_A),NaCl(m_B),d-Glucose(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag(B) 其中x代表葡萄糖在水中的质量百分数,m_A和m_B分别是HCl和NaCl在混合溶液中的质量摩浓度。利用电池(A)的电动势数据得到了AgCl-Ag电极在d-Glucose-H_2O混合溶液中的标准电极电势Φ_m~0,讨论了HCl的迁移性质,利用电池(B)的电动势数据,确定了HCl在HCl-NaCl-d-Glucse-H_2O体系中的活度系数γ_A,实验结果表明:在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则。HCl的迁移自由能与葡萄糖的质量百分数x成线性关系。计算了HCl     

混合溶剂中氨基酸热力学性质的研究(Ⅰ)——278.15～318.15K下甘氨酸-1,2-丙二醇-水体系

本文测定了278.15～318.15K范围内5个温度下的无液接电池(A)和(B)的电动势。恒定1,2-丙二醇在混合溶剂中的摩尔分数为0.05。用本文提出的多项式逼近法,确定了甘氨酸第一、第二热力学解离常数并计算了相应的热力学量。     

Thermodynamics of amino acid dissociation in mixed solvents. 3: Glycine in aqueous glucose solutions from 5 to 45°C

The first thermodynamic dissociation constants of glycine in 5, 15 mass % glucose+water mixed solvents at five temperatures from 5 to 45°C have been determined from precise emf measrements of a cell without liquid junction using hydrogen and Ag-AgCl electrodes and a new method of polynomial approximation proposed on the basis of Pitzer's electrolytic solution theory in our previous paper. The results obtained from both methods agree within experimental error. The standard free energy of transfer for HCl from water to aqueous mixed solvent have been calculated and the results are discussed.     

邻苯二甲酸在异丙醇-水混合溶剂中电离热力学性质的研究

The first thermodynamic dissociation constants of o-phthalic acid were determined at five temperatures from 278.15 to 318.15 K in 10, 14.93 and 20 wt% isopropanol-water solvent mixtures, by precise e. m. f. measurements of hydrogen-silver chlorld electrodes in cells without liquid junction. On the basis of Pitzer's theory, the method of polynomial approximation was used to determine the dissociation constants of H_2P and the results obtained were compared with traditional extrapolation according to the extended Debye-Huckel equation Results obtained from both methods agree within experimental error. The dependence of the first thermodynamic dissociation constant on temperature was given as a function of the thermodynamic temperature T by the empirical equation: pK_1=A_0+A_1/T+A_2/T. The thermodynamic quantities of dissociation in the mixed solvents have been calculated, and the results have been discussed.     

邻苯二甲酸在异丙醇-水混合溶剂中电离热力学性质的研究

有机酸在混合溶剂中电离热力学性质的研究,无论在化学还是在生物领域中都有十分重要的意义。长期以来,人们对其进行了大量的研究,但对芳香族酸在混合溶液中的电离热力学性质的研究还只限于单取代苯甲酸在乙醇-水等少数几种混合溶剂中的热力学性质。为此,我们在278.15—318.15K范围内测定了无液接电池:     

Solvent effects on the dissociation reactions of tartaric, maleic and phthalic acids; comparative study and analysis of thermodynamic functions

The first and second dissociation constants of tartaric, maleic and phthalic acids have been determined using EMF method in water-ethanol mixed solvents, over a wide range of solvent composition (0-60 wt% ethanol) at six different temperatures (ranging from 30 to 55 degrees C at intervals of 5 degrees C). The thermodynamic parameters (DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees ) for the first and the second ionization reactions were calculated from the well known equations. The results have been discussed in terms of the solute-solvent interactions and were compared with those of malic, malonic and succinic acids in the same mixed solvents.     

Standard potential of the Ag-AgCl electrode and acidity constant of glycine at constant molality of NaCl in glucose-water mixed solvents from 278.15 to 318.15 K

Standard electrode potentials E° of Ag-AgC1 electrode in molality scale and acidityconstants of glyeine pK_1° at constant molality of NaCl (1.0 mol·kg~(-1)) in 5 and 15 mass%glucose-water mixed solvents over a range of temperatures from 278.15 to 318.15 K weredetermined from precise emf measurements.The dependence of acidity constant on temperatureis given as a function of the thermodynamic temperature T by an empirical equation, pK_1°=A_1(K/T)-A_2+A_3(T/K).The corresponding thermodynamic quantities of the first dissociationprocess of glycine were calculated and the effects of both tho solvent and the salt on themwere also discussed.     

混合溶剂中标准pH参考值的研究——KHPh(0.05 mol/kg)+KCl+异丙醇+水体系

应用电动势法在10%、14.93%和20%异丙醇+水混合溶剂中测定了0.05mol/kg邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KHPh)缓冲溶液在278.15～318.15K范围内的标准pH参考值,根据Pitzer理论,提出了确定各离子活度系数的新方法,计算了邻苯二甲酸的第二级热力学解离常数和相应的热力学量。     

Thermodynamic study of the second-stage dissociation of N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (bicine) in water at different ionic strength and different solvent mixtures

The second stage dissociation constant pK2 of N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (bicine) has been determined in aqueous solution at different ionic strengths and different temperatures, using pH-metric technique. The thermodynamic quantities (deltaG(o), deltaH(o), and deltaS(o)) have been studied and discussed. Evaluation of the effect of organic solvent of the medium on the dissociation processes have also been reported and discussed. The organic solvents used were methanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and dioxane. The pK2 for the ionization in water +10, +20, +30, +40, and +50 wt % dioxane has been determined at five different temperatures from 15 to 35 degrees C at intervals of 5 degrees C. The thermodynamic quantities were calculated. The implications of the results with regard to specific solute-solvent interactions (particularly stabilization of zwitterionic species) are also discussed.     

N-(间-取代苯基)氨基乙酸的离解常数

本文研究了N-苯基氨基乙酸中苯环间位不同取代基对氨基酸酸碱强度的影响。将按前文方法制得的N-(间-取代苯基)氨基乙酸乙酯用氢氧化钠水溶液皂化,然后用浓盐酸酸化即得N-间-取代苯基氨基乙酸。在0.1M NaClO_4存在下,于15±0.2,25±0.2,35±0.2℃,用配有231型玻璃电极和甘汞电极的PHS-2型酸度计测定了N-(间-取代苯基)氨基乙酸在30%(体积)乙醇中的离解常数。用氨基酸钠盐测定离解常数的方法业已报道。从所测得的氨基酸表观离解常数(表1)可以看出,如同N-(对-取代苯基)氨基乙酸一样,N-(间-硝基苯基)氨基乙酸(m-NO_2PhG)的pK_1值反而比N-(间-氯苯基)氨基乙酸(m-ClPhG)和N-(间-甲氧苯基)氨基乙酸(m-CH_3OPhG)的大。这是不能用诱导效应来解释的。一般说来,氨基酸具有两性离解的性质,存在下列平衡:     

Calculations of the enthalpy of solution of nonelectrolytes in mixed solvents within the framework of molecular association theory

The enthalpies of solution of nonelectrolytes in mixed solvents were calculated using the Associated Solution + Lattice thermodynamic model, whose parameters are equilibrium constants, the enthalpies of formation of associates, and the energy of mutual exchange of mixed solvent components. The method of calculations used provided close agreement between calculation results and experimental data on nonassociated solutions and systems with a complex molecular association character.