Pyrolysis of eicosane in supercritical water

Pyrolysis of eicosane and redox reactions of the pyrolysis products in supercritical water (SCW) were studied in a batch reactor at 30 MPa, in the temperature range from 450 to 750 °C and with reaction times ranging from 75 to 600 s. The rate constants for eicosane pyrolysis (k" = 10^16.5±0.5exp[–(32000±2000)/T] s^–1) and for the formation of H₂ (k = 10^25±0.8exp[–(64000±4000)/T] s^–1) were determined. The time and temperature dependences of the heat of reaction were elucidated. Water accelerates pyrolysis and participates in the subsequent transformations of the pyrolysis products. The yield of H₂ sharply increases for T > 700 °C.     

Uncatalyzed partial oxidation of p-xylene in sub- and supercritical water

In sub- and supercritical water, partial oxidation of p-xylene was performed in a batch reactor without a catalyst at 240-500^oC, 220-300 bar. The loaded amount of hydrogen peroxide was set to 0-100% of the theoretically required oxygen amount. Conversion of p-xylene was reached over 99% within 15-20 min. In sub- and supercritical water, we propose two parallel pathways and major products that consist of p-tolualdehyde, p-toluic acid, terephthalic acid, toluene and benzaldehyde. Yields of major products in subcritical conditions were higher than in a supercritical conditions.     

典型醇类物质超临界水氧化反应途径研究

采用自主设计的连续流动气封壁超临界水氧化反应装置,研究了典型醇类物质甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇在超临界水中氧化的反应途径,并归纳了醇类物质超临界水氧化反应的规律及特点。研究结果表明,甲醇超临界水氧化反应的主要中间产物为甲醛,同样条件下转化率较乙醇和异丙醇低;乙醇和异丙醇超临界水氧化反应的主要中间产物为丙酮、乙酸、乙醛和甲醇等。三种醇超临界水氧化过程中均涉及到大量活性自由基的相互作用,表现为脱氢、裂解和聚合等反应形式;产物包括碳链增长、不变、降低三种类型。总体来看,醇类物质超临界水氧化反应的趋势是向碳链降低的方向进行,即通过一系列中间产物最后生成CO₂和水。     

泥炭在超临界水中热解的研究

以氧化钙做为催化剂和CO2化学固定剂,详细考察了Ca/C摩尔比、反应温度﹑停留时间、压力等条件对泥炭在超临界水中转化的影响。在723K,Ca/C摩尔比为0.46时,CO2被完全固定,在气相产物中只有氢气、甲烷和低碳烃,碳转化率由未添加CaO时的68.73％提高到85.36％。CaO能够促进泥炭的裂解,并对烃类的重整反应和水煤气变换反应起到催化作用。液相产物的收率在723K达到极大值,在36.5MPa,液相产物的收率是热解条件下的3倍,随着停留时间的延长,液相产物中的极性组分发生分解。     

聚乙烯塑料在连续超临界水反应器中的油化研究

在连续超临界水（SCW）反应器中考察了反应温度、停留时间和反应压力对聚乙烯（PE）降解油化的影响。实验结果表明,在120s、25MPa下,从500℃提高到550℃,液体收率呈现先升后降的趋势,在530℃达到最大值（79%）;在520℃、25MPa下,随停留时间的延长,PE裂解程度加深,产物轻质化程度提高,导致液体收率降低,停留240s时,气体收率达到43%;反应压力对产物收率的影响较小,气、液产物中烯/烷比随反应压力的增加而增大。     

A detailed chemical kinetic model for the supercritical water oxidation of methylamine: The importance of imine formation

A detailed chemical kinetic model has been developed for supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of methylamine, CH₃NH₂, providing insight into the intermediates and final products formed in this process as well as the dominant reaction pathways. The model was adapted from previous mechanisms, with a revision of the peroxyl radical chemistry to include imine formation, which has recently been identified as the dominant gas-phase pathway in amine oxidation. The developed model can reproduce previous experimental data on methylamine consumption and major product formation to reasonable accuracy, although with deficiencies in describing the induction time. Our simulations indicate that oxidation of the ^•CH₂NH₂ radical to methanimine, CH₂NH, is the major channel in methylamine SCWO, with subsequent hydrolysis of CH₂NH providing the experimentally observed reaction products ammonia and formaldehyde. Integral-averaged reaction rates were used to identify major reaction pathways, and a first-order sensitivity analysis indicated that the concentration of CH₃NH₂ is most sensitive to OH radical kinetics. Overall, this work clarifies the importance of imine chemistry in the oxidation of nitrogen-containing compounds and indicates that they are necessary to model these compounds in SCWO processes.     

超临界水中煤基多孔炭孔隙形成过程的研究

在半连续超临界水反应器(SCWR)中考察了不同温度、反应时间下昭通褐煤的转化特性,结合半焦有机官能团及碳微晶结构分析,推测在超临界水中半焦孔隙的形成过程以及煤中矿物质的作用。结果表明,超临界水首先快速萃取出褐煤热解产物,促进了半焦石墨化,形成良好的炭素前驱体,此过程对半焦孔结构基本无作用;当温度高于550 ℃,炭素前驱体发生气化反应,产生了较多的C-O-C交联结构,比表面积明显提高,逐渐形成多孔炭材料;脱灰后的煤在升温过程中具有更高的萃取率,形成有利于微孔产生的炭素前驱体,煤中的矿物质更有利于中孔的形成。     

Hydrogen generation from ethanol in supercritical water without catalyst

Without oxidizing reagents or catalysts, ethanol was smoothly converted to CH₃CHO and H₂ in supercritical water at 450-500°C. CH₃CHO was further decomposed into CH₄ and CO instead of being oxidized into acetic acid. These features suggest the direct participation of water molecules in the ethanol dehydrogenation.     

超临界水中煤焦油沥青轻质化的实验研究

采用间歇超临界水（supercritical water, SCW）反应器,考察了反应温度（400℃~480℃）、停留时间(1 min~80 min)和反应压力（25 MPa~40 MPa）对煤焦油沥青轻质化的影响。与常压N2热解相比,煤焦油沥青在SCW中反应后产物中的轻油质量分数高,残焦质量分数低,表明SCW可以促进煤焦油沥青的轻质化反应进行并抑制缩合反应。沥青质是煤焦油沥青在SCW中发生反应的主要组分。在440 ℃和34 MPa时反应20 min,产物中轻油的质量分数可达原料的两倍,说明煤焦油沥青在SCW中可以发生明显轻质化反应。与温度相比,压力和停留时间的影响相对较小。     

连续式超临界水反应器中褐煤制氢过程影响因素的研究

建立了煤处理量为1kg/h的连续式超临界水反应装置并实现稳定运行,考察了反应温度（500℃～650℃）、反应压力(20MPa～30MPa)、水煤浆浓度(20%~50％)以及KOH添加量对小龙潭褐煤在超临界水中连续化制氢的影响。实验结果表明,反应进行20min后连续装置达到稳定运行状态。反应温度和KOH添加量是影响超临界水中褐煤制氢的关键因素。随着反应温度从500℃提高到650℃,氢气的体积分数与产率分别由11%和25mL/g增加到29%和110mL/g。添加0.5%KOH可明显提高碳气化率以及氢气的产率,但随着KOH加入量进一步增加,氢气产率增加的幅度减小。随着压力增加,甲烷产率有升高的趋势,氢气产率变化不大,提高水煤浆的浓度,碳气化率降低。     

固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用快速监测水中的萘及硝基萘

采用涂有聚二甲基硅酮的纤维快速吸附水中的萘、１－硝基萘和２－硝基萘，再利用气相色谱的气化室温度热解析纤维上的待测物。方法简单、灵敏，不需要使用任何有机萃取溶剂。该种类型纤维可较好地吸附萘及硝基萘。加入硫酸钠可改善样品的基质，增加纤维吸附量。监测水中的萘、１－硝基萘和２－硝基萘的方法检出限可分别达０．２５、０．３０、０．２０μｇ／Ｌ。     

聚苯胺及聚邻甲基苯胺的直接裂解质谱研究

本文用直接裂解质谱和裂解色谱/质谱研究了不同氧化程度聚苯胺(PAn)和聚邻甲基苯胺(POT)的裂解过程及链结构,并用碰撞诱导解离(CID)和联合扫描(B/E)等技术探讨了链的断裂机理。结果表明,聚苯胺及其衍生物在650℃下裂解时产生5个单元的线状齐聚物,PAn及POT中苯二胺和醌亚胺两种结构单元共存。并提出了PAn和POT的自由基过渡态热解机理。     

超临界水中煤与聚苯乙烯的共液化研究

在间歇式高压反应装置中,研究了兖州烟煤与塑料聚苯乙烯(PS)在超临界水中的共液化,考察了水/物料比(质量比10～30)、反应温度(360℃～430℃)和塑料添加量(10%～40%)对煤液化转化率及产物收率的影响.结果表明,随着水/物料比的增加,煤液化转化率先升高,之后变化不大;油气产率则呈上升的趋势.反应温度高于420...     

Metal(salen)-catalyzed oxidation of limonene in supercritical CO2

Summary The Mn(Salen)Cl and Ni(Salen)-catalyzed oxidation of limonene has been carried out. The catalytic cycle involved PhIO via a rebound mechanism. In all cases the use of organic solvents resulted in reasonable selectivities of oxidized products. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) led at least to comparable results in terms of conversions, but showed different selectivities. In ordinary solvents epoxidation appears to predominate over allylic oxidation. This tendency, in SCCO₂, appears only after 4 h of reaction. Shorter reaction times (2 h) appear to lead to opposite selectivity. These results showed the advantages of using SCCO₂ as solvent in these reactions. SCCO₂ is much more compatible with green technology than are organic solvents.     

超临界水中甲酸降解过程实验研究

在550℃~650℃,24 MPa~30 MPa,反应停留16 s~46 s的条件下,对初始浓度0.05 mol/L~0.70 mol/L的甲酸溶液在超临界水中的降解过程进行实验研究。结果表明,甲酸降解的气体产物为H2、CO2和CO,其中H2、CO2为主要产物。高温有利于甲酸降解和H2生成。温度较高(600℃)时,压力变化对甲酸降解无明显影响。在一定范围内延长反应时间可提高气体产物中H2的体积分数和碳气化率。甲酸初始浓度对甲酸降解机理有重要影响,浓度较低(0.1 mol/L)时,甲酸降解主要包含脱羧反应和脱羰反应两条反应路径,其中脱羧反应为主反应路径;浓度较高时则有许多副反应发生。碱性添加剂不利于甲酸降解生成H2。     

The catalytic role of transition metal salts on supercritical water oxidation of phenol and chlorophenols in a titanium reactor

The oxidation of phenol and some chlorophenols by molecular oxygen at a concentration of 1.5x10^-4 mol dm^-3 has been studied in a small static titanium tubular reactor at temperatures of 648, 657, 673 K and a pressures of 22 MPa. The effect of transition metal salts (CuSO₄, VSO₄, FeSO₄, MnSO₄, NiSO₄, CoSO₄), added in small environmentally acceptable amounts as homogeneous catalysts, was also studied, with copper showing a good catalytic effect. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

超临界水中聚乙烯油化的研究

采用125mL间歇式高压釜反应器，在超临界水条件下考察了反应温度、反应时间、水/聚乙烯比和水填充率对聚乙烯降解油化的影响。实验结果表明,聚乙烯在超临界水中迅速降解，油收率可达90%以上；随温度从450℃提高到480℃，油收率从91.4％下降到61.7％，气体收率从1.9％提高到27.7％；在450 ℃反应时间从1 min延长到30 min时，油收率略有下降，油品中C7-11组分所占比例增大一倍。水/聚乙烯比和水填充率的增加在一定程度上对聚乙烯的降解起抑制作用。     

煤焦油萘择形异丙基化产物组成的气相色谱/质谱分析

 采用毛细管气相色谱 /质谱 (CGC/MS)联用技术 ,经计算机质谱库检索并结合人工谱图解析 ,研究了在不同沸石分子筛催化剂上煤焦油萘择形异丙基化产物的组成。研究结果表明 ,煤焦油萘异丙基化产物主要由一取代萘、二取代萘以及少量三取代萘组成 ;除 HZSM-5活性较低以外 ,其它催化剂均有较高的反应活性 ,其中 HY和 Hβ反应活性最高 ,萘转化率分别达 75 .1 5 %和 5 5 .96% ,但β位产物的选择性较差 ;ZM类催化剂既有一定的活性 ,又有较高的β选择性 ,是萘择形异丙基化反应理想的备选催化剂。     

CaO对褐煤在超临界水中制取富氢气体的影响

以褐煤在超临界水中制取富氢气体为目的,利用小型高压间歇反应装置,在Ca/C 摩尔比为0～0.60、温度450℃～680℃、压力23MPa～38MPa和停留1min～30min下,考察了小龙潭褐煤的反应特性。研究表明,CaO不仅可以固定气相中的CO2,提高H2的体积分数,而且可以提高碳转化率和气体产率。600℃、28MPa,Ca/C摩尔比为0.42时,气相产物中的CO2趋于完全固定,H2产率比无添加剂时提高2.5倍,H2体积分数为48％,其余为CH4和烃类气体。升高反应温度使CaO的催化作用更为显著, 碳转化率和气体产率（H2、CH4、烃类气体）随着反应温度的升高而逐渐增加,液相收率减少。增大反应压力可以促使煤转化率和气体产率升高,停留时间对反应的影响相对较小。以900℃热解焦为反应原料进行了气化实验,结果表明,在600℃和650℃反应5min后,碳转化率分别为8.6％和12.5％,CaO对气化反应和甲烷化反应起不同程度的催化作用。     

煤焦油及其组分在超临界水中的反应特性研究

采用间歇超临界水（supercritical water, SCW）反应器,考察了三种煤焦油及其组分在SCW中的反应性。实验结果表明,沥青质裂解活性高的煤焦油在SCW中反应,轻质产物多,轻质化效果好。沥青质是轻质化反应的主要组分,它发生两极分化反应生成轻油和残焦。与常压N2热解相比,SCW可以促进沥青质转化为轻油并抑制缩合成焦的反应。由沥青质组分反应产物推断,煤焦油沥青质的芳香核主要是由1~4环的芳香族化合物构成。轻油组分在SCW中较为稳定,不足10%的轻油转化为沥青质和残焦。残焦组分在SCW中不发生反应。基于各组分的反应,探讨了煤焦油组分在SCW中的反应路径。