Semiclassical Description of Undulator Radiation

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics - We present a semiclassical approximation for treating the radiation from classical currents. In particular, we present exact quantum states of the...     

Recent Advancements in Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Applications: A Review

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), that display extraordinary properties of high strength, corrosion resistance, polymer-like formability, and excellent magnetic properties, are emerging as modern quintessential engineering materials. BMGs have garnered significant research enthusiasm owing to their tremendous technological and scientific standing. In this article, the recent advancements in the field of BMGs and their applications are put in a nutshell. Novel state-of-the-art production routes and nano/microimprinting strategies with salient features capable of circumventing the processing related complexities as well as accelerating modern developments, are briefly summarized. Heterogeneous BMG composite systems that lead to incredible combination of otherwise conflicting properties are highlighted. Biocorrosion studies and recent developments in the field of magnetic BMGs are presented owing to their significance for prospective biomedical and magnetic applications, respectively. In the last section, the current status of BMGs applications in the field of catalysis, biomedical materials, structural materials, functional materials, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and micro/macro devices are summed up.     

Undulator Development for SPring-8-II

After the construction of the X-ray free electron laser facility SACLA, which achieved first lasing in 2011 [1 T. Ishikawa, Nature Photon. 6, 540 (2012)[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] and has been successfully operated for nearly four years, SPring-8 has now turned to upgrading its storage ring to further enhance the light source performance in terms of brilliance. In this “SPring-8-II” project, a new lattice structure composed of five bending magnets has been chosen [2 SPring-8-II Conceptual Design Report (2014), available from http://rsc.riken.jp/pdf/SPring-8-II.pdf [Google Scholar]] in order to reduce the horizontal emittance, which, in turn, requires us to shorten the straight sections available for undulators by roughly 1 m. In addition, the electron energy will be reduced down to 6 GeV from the current 8 GeV for further reduction of the emittance. This upgrade plan is not necessarily compatible with the existing undulators in SPring-8 and thus most of them need to be replaced with new ones optimized for operation in the new ring in order to maximize the brilliance. This raises a number of technical challenges toward realization of SPring-8-II, including considerable reduction of the manufacturing cost and further shortening of the magnetic period of undulators. In this article, we report relevant R&;D activities to overcome these challenges, together with a new concept to enable a flexible polarization control, which is one of the important options in synchrotron radiation (SR) beamlines.     

Undulator with permanent ferrimagnetic magnets

Undulator for terahertz FEL is created of ferrite materials. The length of the undulator period is 9 cm and the number of periods is 27. By means of selection and redistribution of magnetic elements it was succeeded to reduce the spread in amplitudes of the magnetic field down to 7%. Additional windings in magnetic elements were used to compensate for the residual spread. The needed focusing gradient of the magnetic field is obtained by means of relative displacement, along the x-axis, of alternating poles with opposite signs of the magnetic field. The undulator parameters, including the properties of focusing in the horizontal plane, are studied.     

Klaus Halbach,Undulator Pioneer

I am indebted to Karl Brown for suggesting that I invite Klaus, who I did not know at the time, to a workshop on wiggler magnets in March 1977. I recall Karl saying to me something like, “Herman, if you want someone who knows about magnets, you should invite Klaus Halbach.” Klaus came and even made a contribution about some aspects of the design of electromagnet wigglers, the only type of wigglers that had been considered to that time. However, it was at that workshop that Klaus got his introduction to synchrotron radiation, mostly by listening to talks by Albert Hofmann and Andy Sesler, who explained the marvelous properties of undulator magnets as radiation sources. Klaus filed this information in his long-term memory banks while working on other topics, particularly the design of permanent magnet quadrupoles for proton linacs.     

Silica Aerogel: Synthesis,Characterization, Applications,and Recent Advancements

Silica aerogels have drawn considerable attention due to their low density (almost 95% of the total volume is composed of air), hydrophobicity, optical transparency, low conductivity of heat, and large surface to volume ratio. Sol–gel processing is used to prepare aerogels from molecular precursors. To replace the pore fluid with air while retaining the solid network, a supercritical drying process (the most frequent approach) is used. However, recent technologies use atmospheric pressure to allow for liquid removal followed by chemical alteration of the gel's internal layer, which leaves only a silica network with a porous structure filled with air. This study discusses the sol–gel method for preparing silica aerogels and their various drying processes. Furthermore, various areas of applications of silica aerogels, including electronics, construction, aerospace, purification of water and air, sensing, catalyst, biomedical, absorbent, food packing, textile, etc., are also discussed. Lastly, this review provides a perception of the recent scientific progress along with the futuristic development of silica aerogel.     

超长波荡器系统相位匹配的理论研究

波荡器是自由电子激光装置的核心部件, 如何实现超长波荡器段间相位的匹配是实现高增益X射线自由电子激光饱和输出的必要条件. 本文以北京大学973项目红外SASE自由电子激光实验装置波荡器的研制为模型, 给出了比较完整的相位匹配理论的描述, 进行了实现相位匹配的理论计算, 给出了实现段间相位匹配的具体端部结构和参数, 通过模拟计算表明, 当磁极调节范围为±0.5mm时可获得±100°的相位调整量. 该理论工作为今后高增益X射线自由电子激光超长波荡器系统总体方案的确立奠定了基础.     

Undulator Development Towards Very Short Period Lengths

Synchrotron light sources have made progress through the third generation to the fourth generation. Realization of linac-based free electron lasers is a representative example of recent remarkable achievements in fourth-generation light sources. In this progress, there has been a demand to reach shorter wave lengths to expand research possibilities. The on-axis wavelength λ_k of the k-th harmonic of the undulator radiation is given by

Here, K is a deflection parameter proportional to the period length λ_u of the undulator magnetic field and the strength B₀ of a periodic field of the undulator,

At the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization of the Photon Factory (KEK-PF), research and development for in-vacuum undulators have focused on obtaining shorter wavelengths and higher-energy photons. Here, the undulator magnets are contained in the vacuum of the light source accelerator. This method allows one to utilize the shortest period length of the undulator field which can be produced by novel magnet materials provided with the newest magnet technology. The first breakthrough was a successful in-vacuum undulator with a period length of 4 cm, which was installed in the 6.5 GeV Photon Factory-Accumulation Ring (PF-AR) [1 S. Yamamoto, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 400 (1992).[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2 S. Yamamoto, J. Appl. Phys., 74, 500 (1993).[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] for use on the Moessbouer beamline. This was followed by several in-vacuum undulators with the same period length which were installed in the PF-AR, and by several in-vacuum short gap undulators (SGU) installed in the 2.5 GeV PF ring. The latter have period lengths of 1–2 cm and are capable of producing hard X-rays with the third or fifth (or higher) harmonics [3 S. Yamamoto, AIP Conf. Proc., 879, 384 (2007).[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 4 S. Yamamoto, AIP Conf. Proc., 1234, 599 (2010). [Google Scholar]].     

Electron Motion in the Three-Dimensional Field of Undulator

In this paper we consider the motion of relativistic electrons in an ideal three-dimensional magnetic field of an undulator. The ideality of the magnetic field means that, on the undulator axis, the field is directed strictly vertically upward and has a strictly sinusoidal shape. In the overwhelming majority of cases, only this leading component of the field is taken into account in calculating the electron trajectory. In this paper, in the equations of motion of an electron in the magnetic field of an undulator, all three components of the field are taken into account, so that the undulator field under consideration satisfies the stationary Maxwell equations. In this case, the differential equations of motion of the electron are solved analytically with the help of perturbation theory, and not by the method of averaging over fast oscillations of the electron, as was done in a number of previous papers. These analytic expressions for trajectories describe the behavior of particles in the focusing magnetic field of an undulator much more completely. An analysis of these expressions shows that the behavior of electrons in such a three-dimensional field of the undulator is much more complicated than what follows from the equations obtained by the averaging method. In particular, there is a cross effect when changes in the initial vertical parameters of the electron trajectory cause changes in the horizontal component of its trajectory and vice versa. A comparison of the solutions obtained analytically with the results of numerical calculations of electron trajectories using the Runge–Kutta method demonstrates their high accuracy.     

Analytical Description of Electron Motion in a Three-Dimensional Undulator Field

The motion of relativistic electrons in an ideal three-dimensional magnetic undulator field satisfying the stationary Maxwell equation is considered. The system of nonlinear differential equations of the electron motion is solved analytically using perturbation theory rather than the method for averaging fast oscillations of the electron trajectory (the focusing approximation), as was done in a series of previous studies. The obtained analytical expressions for the trajectories describe the behavior of particles in a three-dimensional magnetic undulator field much more accurately than the formulas obtained within the framework of the focusing approximation. The analysis of these expressions shows that the behavior of electrons in a three-dimensional undulator field is much more complicated than that described by equations obtained using the averaging method. In particular, it turns out that the electron trajectories in the undulator have a cross dependence; in this case, variations in the initial trajectory parameters in the vertical plane cause changes in the horizontal trajectory components, and vice versa. The results of calculations of the trajectories carried out using analytical expressions are close to those of numerical calculations using the Runge-Kutta method.     

High Power THz Undulator Radiation from Linear Accelerator

A 30-MeV femto-second electron linac is built at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, which can produce high power, coherent THz undulator radiation. We report the experimental facility and measurement of the power, frequency spectrum. First experiments show the averaged power at THz to be about 20mW.     

Recent Advancements in Ln‐Ion‐Based Upconverting Nanomaterials and Their Biological Applications

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) convert low‐energy infrared (IR) or near‐infrared (NIR) photons into high‐energy emission radiation ranging from ultraviolet to visible through a photon upconversion process. In comparison to conventional fluorophores, such as organic dyes or semiconductor quantum dots, lanthanide‐ion‐doped UCNPs exhibit high photostability, no photoblinking, no photobleaching, low cytotoxicity, sharp emission lines, and long luminescent lifetimes. Additionally, the use of IR or NIR for excitation in such UCNPs reduces the autofluorescence background and enables deeper penetration into biological samples due to reduced light scattering with negligible damage to the samples. Because of these attributes, UCNPs have found numerous potential applications in biological and medicinal fields as novel fluorescent materials. Different upconversion mechanisms commonly observed in UCNPs, various methods that are used in their synthesis, and surface modification processes are discussed. Recent applications of Ln‐UCNPs in the biological and medicinal fields, including in vivo and in vitro biological imaging, multimodal imaging, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, and antibacterial activity, are also presented.     

强聚焦混合型扭摆器的优化设计

扭摆器是自由电子激光装置的一个核心部件.强聚焦混合型扭摆器具有结构紧凑等一系列优点,但其结构复杂,技术难度很高,在国内还没有成功研制的先例.本文描述该类型扭摆器研制的一个基础而关键性的工作:一台10周期的强聚焦混合型扭摆器的优化设计     

Synchrotron and Undulator Radiation Experiments on the SIRIUS Synchrotron

This paper discusses the main results of synchrotron and undulator radiation experiments performed on the SIRIUS accelerator at Tomsk Polytechnical University. Some examples of the use of the SIRIUS synchrotron as a vacuum UV and soft-x-ray source for investigations in solid-state physics and for applied research are given.     

纯永磁波荡器磁场计算的三维修正

 用归一化量对纯永磁波荡器的磁场进行三维计算分析,讨论了一般情况下有限磁极宽度的三维修正以及对好场区的影响,给出了磁极宽度对通常二维近似的修正曲线以及在不同磁极宽度下相对场强的横向变化曲线。     

用于THz源的混合型波荡器数值模拟

波荡器是基于自由电子激光的小型THz源关键器件, 其可调节的周期性磁场结构与两端的光腔配合, 使得穿越的电子束产生带增益的相干辐射, 最终达到THz源所需要的功率. 同纯永磁结构相比, 混合型波荡器通过软铁材料调节由永磁块磁化方向性差异导致的磁场分布误差, 同时可提供更高的场强. 本文针对小型THz源需求, 对混合型波荡器进行了相关物理设计. 在解析方法分析的基础上, 采用OPERA3D/TOSCA有限元分析软件, 对波荡器进行了三维磁场数值模拟和积分场优化. 通过对波荡器端部结构的调整, 优化后模型的一次场积分(导向误差)小于0.01Gs﹒m, 电子轨迹偏移小于0.02mm.     

用于THz源的混合型波荡器数值模拟

波荡器是基于自由电子激光的小型THz源关键器件,其可调节的周期性磁场结构与两端的光腔配合,使得穿越的电子束产生带增益的相干辐射,最终达到THz源所需要的功率.同纯永磁结构相比,混合型波荡器通过软铁材料调节由永磁块磁化方向性差异导致的磁场分布误差,同时可提供更高的场强.本文针对小型THz源需求,对混合型波荡器进行了相关物理设计.在解析方法分析的基础上,采用0PERA3/TOSCA有限元分析软件,对波荡器进行了三维磁场数值模拟和积分场优化.通过对波荡器端部结构的调整,优化后模型的一次场积分(导向误差)小于0.0lGs.m,电子轨迹偏移小于0.02mm.