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在HL-2A装置孔栏位形放电的等离子体实验中,电子回旋辅助加热期间观察到了等离子体约束改善的现象,并对等离子体从低约束模式(L模)向约束改善模式转换时的等离子体线平均电子密度、等离子体储能、分界面内辐射功率、能量约束时间、Hα辐射等进行了研究。同时,分析了电子密度和等离子体辐射功率的空间分布随时间的演化。对改善约束的相关功率(辅助加热、欧姆加热功率和损失功率)进行了分析,并研究了等离子体约束改善转换时的边界净输入功率(阈值)与电子线平均密度和环向磁场的关系。     

HL-2A装置的约束改善和边界净输入功率分析

在HL-2A装置孔栏位形放电的等离子体实验中,电子回旋辅助加热期间观察到了等离子体约束改善的现象,并对等离子体从低约束模式(L模)向约束改善模式转换时的等离子体线平均电子密度、等离子体储能、分界面内辐射功率、能量约束时间、H_α辐射等进行了研究。同时,分析了电子密度和等离子体辐射功率的空间分布随时间的演化。对改善约束的相关功率(辅助加热、欧姆加热功率和损失功率)进行了分析,并研究了等离子体约束改善转换时的边界净输入功率(阈值)与电子线平均密度和环向磁场的关系。     

HL-1M装置边缘等离子体结构研究

描述HL-1M装置上几种典型放电中的边缘等离子体物理实验结果.利用马赫/朗缪尔6探针组、静电4探针组、20组三探针阵列研究了低杂波电流驱动、超声分子束注入、多发弹丸注入和中性束注入放电中的粒子约束性能、等离子体旋转和边缘静电雷诺胁强的变化对改善约束的影响.给出了雷诺胁强和极向相速度的关系.结果表明，雷诺胁强的径向变化可以自发产生托卡马克等离子体的剪切极向流.LHCD能使低密度放电的粒子约束增加1至2倍.弹丸注入后，粒子约束时间和极向旋转至少可增加1倍，而SMBI可使粒子约束时间增加约一个数量级并取得高性能等离子体. 关键词： 粒子约束 雷诺胁强 极向流剪切 马赫/朗缪尔6探针组     

Continuous improvement of H-mode discharge performance with progressively increasing lithium coatings in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Lithium wall coatings have been shown to reduce recycling, improve energy confinement, and suppress edge localized modes in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. Here, we show that these effects depend continuously on the amount of predischarge lithium evaporation. We observed a nearly monotonic reduction in recycling, decrease in electron transport, and modification of the edge profiles and stability with increasing lithium. These correlations challenge basic expectations, given that even the smallest coatings exceeded that needed for a nominal thickness of the order of the implantation range.     

HT-7装置液态锂限制器实验中锂的腐蚀与沉积特性的研究

在磁约束聚变等离子体装置中, 面对等离子体的第一壁将直接影响高温等离子体性能及第一壁寿命, 具有表面自我修复的、能有效抑制边界粒子再循环的液态金属锂第一壁越来越被重视, 其中液态锂第一壁与等离子体相互作用的研究尤其重要. 本文研究了HT-7装置液态锂限制器实验中锂的表面腐蚀及在装置内沉积特性、及其对等离子体性能影响. 实验表明, 当锂与等离子体相互作用较弱时, 锂以微弱的蒸发及溅射形式从表面腐蚀并进入等离子体, 表现为锂的线辐射有所增强, 等离子体内杂质水平降低, 氢再循环降低, 有利于等离子体约束性能提高; 当锂与等离子体间的相互作用比较强时, 锂主要以锂滴形式直接进入等离子体, 引起锂的辐射爆发, 最终引发等离子体放电破裂. 通过对锂斑及样品的分析发现, 锂主要沉积在限制器周围, 并且在低场侧及沿着等离子体电流方向沉积居多, 表现为极向和环向分布不均匀, 这也导致边界粒子再循环分布的不均匀. 这些实验为研究液态锂第一壁与等离子体相互作用, 分析液态锂第一壁在托卡马克装置上应用具有重要参考意义.     

Siliconization for Wall Conditioning in the HL-2A Tokamak

The sputtering of impurities is caused by the interactions between plasma and the first wall, and the recycling of the gas affects the particle and energy transport of plasmas with a complicated mechanism in plasma operation. It is important for present tokarnaks to achieve a good confinement and high performance plasmas by means of controls of the vacuum condition, usage of low Z materials, control of the recycling of neutral particles and suppressions of the appearances and yield of impurities. For higher plasma parameters, some of the first wall of HL-2A is covered with graphite materials and carbon fiber tiles. Hence the studies on the in-situ coating application and development, and the interactions between the coating film and plasma are needed to effectively control the impurity, improve plasma confinement and achieve high performance plasma.     

HL—1装置等离子体粒子平衡的光谱研究

本文描述HL-1装置器壁碳化,观察了碳化前后氢的约束时间和再循环现象,同时还观察了加抽气孔栏条件下粒子约束时间和再循环的变化。实验表明,碳化后氢的再循环增大,使用抽气孔栏可以控制壁附近边缘等离子体的粒子密度,粒子约束时间比不用抽气孔栏增大17.7％,再循环系数减小13.2％。     

HL-1装置辐射和粒子损失功率测量

一、前言在等离子体中,由于杂质的存在,产生很强的线辐射、轫致辐射和复合辐射,电荷交换产生的中性粒子由于不受磁场约束而逃逸出等离子体。本文叙述用高增益、快响应的钽酸锂热电探测器对HL-1装置等离子体辐射和电荷交换粒子损失功率的测量。二、测量方法实验中采用了KT-3130钽酸锂(LiTaO_3)热电探测器和KTH-103前置放大器。LiTaO_3     

gamma-Ray wavelength standard for atomic scales

H-mode operation has been achieved in high current (I(p)>200 kA) plasmas in the START spherical tokamak for both neutral-beam-injection-heated and Ohmic discharges. The transition to H mode features the development of well-defined edge pedestals in density and temperature, which signifies the formation of an edge-transport barrier, and associated edge-localized modes. Recent operation at plasma currents exceeding 250 kA shows that these features are accompanied by increases in energy confinement time. This is the first clear demonstration of the H-mode regime in a spherical tokamak.     

Rotation reversal bifurcation and energy confinement saturation in tokamak Ohmic L-mode plasmas

Direction reversals of intrinsic toroidal rotation have been observed in diverted Alcator C-Mod Ohmic L-mode plasmas following electron density ramps. For low density discharges, the core rotation is directed cocurrent, and reverses to countercurrent following an increase in the density above a certain threshold. Such reversals occur together with a decrease in density fluctuations with 2 cm(-1)≤k(θ)≤11 cm(-1) and frequencies above 70 kHz. There is a strong correlation between the reversal density and the density at which the Ohmic L-mode energy confinement changes from the linear to the saturated regime.     

Effect of background plasma on electromagnetic properties of coaxial gyrotron cavity

We analyze the effect of the background plasma on the electromagnetic properties of coaxial resonators with a smooth and a corrugated inner conductors used in high-power gyrotrons. It is shown that the plasma produces different effects on the modes with different signs of the azimuthal index, leading to a decrease or an increase in the resonance frequencies. A modification of the distributions of electromagnetic fields and the electromagnetic energy density by the background plasma occurs in such a way that Ohmic losses decrease both on the inner and on the outer conductors. In the case of a smooth inner conductor, this is due to a decrease in the field strengths on the surface of the conductors. If the inner conductor is corrugated, the background plasma leads to an increase in the field strengths on its surface. Nevertheless, the relative Ohmic loss power decreases due to an increase in the energy density in the resonator (which is also caused by the background plasma). Calculations were mainly performed for a coaxial resonator of a gyrotron operating on the TE34.19 mode (Karlsruhe, Germany).     

HT-7托卡马克大功率低混杂波电流驱动的实验研究

在HT-7超导托卡马克成功进行了大功率（P_LHW=100—800 kW,f=2.45 GHz）低混杂波电流驱动实验.研究了不同入射功率和等离子体密度下的低混杂波电流驱动效率.获得了以平均电子密度增加、氘阿尔法（D_α）线辐射减少为特征的粒子约束改善;粒子约束时间τ_p增加了约1.5倍.仔细研究了能量约束时间与等离子体密度和低混杂波功率的关系. 关键词： 托卡马克 低混杂波 约束改善 电流驱动效率     

样品温度和空间约束两种方法相结合对激光诱导击穿光谱的影响

升高样品温度和采用空间约束能提高激光诱导击穿光谱的信号强度,两种技术的结合可以进一步提高激光诱导击穿光谱的光谱强度.本文在空气环境中研究了升高样品温度和空间约束效应两种方法相结合对激光诱导击穿光谱的影响,测量了激光诱导铝等离子体的时间分辨光谱.实验结果表明:升高样品温度能增加激光诱导击穿光谱的信号强度,高温样品能耦合更...     

Increase in radiation intensity in a quasi-spherical “double liner”/“dynamic hohlraum” system

A concept of the magnetic implosion of quasi-spherical liners, concentration of their kinetic energies, conversion of energy into thermal radiation, confinement of its energy in the cavity of an emitting plasma shell in the “double liner”/“dynamic hohlraum” system, and the irradiation of a spherical target is proposed for the physics of high energy densities and inertial confinement fusion. The radiation intensity on the target was shown to increase considerably due to capture of radiation in the process of converting the kinetic energy of the liner into radiation. The dynamics of the liners and the generation of radiation are simulated by the ZETA code using a physical model developed for a nonequilibrium plasma in a cylindrical geometry. The effect of the instability and inhomogeneity of the liners on confinement of radiation energy is estimated.     

Initiation of ecton processes by interaction of a plasma with a microprotrusion on a metal surface

Evolution of rapid (～10 ns) Ohmic overheating of a microprotrusion on a surface in contact with a plasma by emission current is studied taking into account the energy carried by plasma ions and electrons, as well as Ohmic heating, emissive source of energy release (Nottingham effect), and heat removal due to heat conduction. Plasma parameters were considered in the range of n = 10¹⁴?10²⁰ cm^?3 and T _e = 0.1 eV?10 keV. The threshold value of energy transferred to the surface from the plasma is found to be 200 MW/cm²; above this value, heating becomes explosive (namely, an increase in the temperature growth rate (δ² T/δt ² > 0) and in passing current (δJ/δt > 0) is observed in the final stage at T ～ 10⁴ K and j ～ 10⁸ A/cm²). In spite of the fact that Ohmic heating does not play any significant role for plasmas with a density lower than 10 18 cm^?3 because the current is limited by the space charge of electrons, rapid overheating of top of microprotrusion is observed much sooner (over a time period of ～1 ns) when the threshold is exceeded. In this case, intense ionization of vapor of the wall material leads to an increase in the plasma density at the surface, and the heating becomes of the Ohmic explosion type. Such conditions for the formation of a micr?xplosion on the surface and of an ecton accompanying it can be created during the interaction of a plasma with the cathode, anode, or an insulated wall and may lead to the formation of cathode and anode spots, as well as unipolar arcs.     

Role of reynolds stress-induced poloidal flow in triggering the transition to improved ohmic confinement on the HT-6M tokamak

Time and space resolved measurements of electrostatic Reynolds stress, radial electric field E(r), and plasma rotations have been performed across the transition to improved Ohmic confinement in the Hefei Tokamak-6M (HT-6M). The first experimental evidence of the correlation between the enhanced Reynolds stress gradient and the poloidal flow acceleration in the edge plasma is presented. The results indicate that the turbulence-induced Reynolds stress might be the dominant mechanism to create the sheared poloidal flow and E(r), which may further trigger the transition.     

Neutral particle modelling assumptions: Theory and experiment

The neutral particle recycling models that have been used to date in numerical plasma confinement simulations are by no means equivalent but may lead, instead, to divergent results. As a consequence of this confinement studies based on individual neutral assumptions must be received with a healthy degree of scepticism. We go on to compare experimental observations of the time development of plasma density, temperature, and neutral pressure made in an electrostatic surface trap with numerical plasma simulations incorporating a number of alternative neutral models.     

HT-7超导托卡马克调制电流改善等离子体约束

 在HT-7超导托卡马克上进行了电流调制改善等离子体约束物理实验，获得了初步的实验结果。对电流调制时的径向电场进行了数值计算和讨论。当等离子体环向电流以适当的频率和幅值周期性调制时，低模数的磁流体不稳定性得到明显的抑制，等离子体中心电子温度增加了33%，等离子体电子密度分布明显陡化，能量约束时间增加了27%~45%。杂质辐射周期性减少,粒子约束时间增加了2倍。在等离子体边界产生更强的径向负电场。     

The Study of Fueling Method and Particle Confinement Improvement

Several high performance tokamak operation regimes have been achieved experimentally in the experiments with the peaked density profiles. The regimes include the improved Ohmic confinement in ASDEX, the pellet enhanced performance mode in Alcator-C, and the super-shot mode in TFTR. In these regimes, peaked core density profiles are always existent, and almost always go with the internal transport barriers, these barriers generally produced by sheared radial electric field. In addition to enhance confinement, the peaked density profile is also needed for the optimized fusion reaction rate and alpha heating power in tokamak plasma, and combined peaked density profile and peaked temperature profile, would make the ignition condition easy obtained. It is desirable to seek and analyze the density profile control schemes that effectively lead to density profile peaking in particle transports experimental investigation.     

利用低杂波改善约束的实验研究

介绍了在HT-6M托卡马克上,利用双低杂波的组合,成功地实现了准稳态的高约束模式运行. 能量约束时间提高两倍以上,粒子的约束在较高密度下依然改善3倍以上.通过应用波扩散及 电流径向扩散方程计算低杂波电流传播的方法,对一组典型的数据进行数值模拟.计算表明 ,在HT-6M低杂波实验中,由于纵场较低,密度较高,低杂波的能量沉积在离磁轴较远的位 置,使等离子体电流密度分布成为反剪切位形,内部输运垒地形成,大大提高了等离子体的 约束状况.实验数据也给出了反剪切的证据. 关键词： 托卡马克 低杂波 约束改善