卢卡斯数列和斐波那契数列关系性质新解

本文探讨通项公式非常相似的斐波那契数列{F_n}和卢卡斯数列{L_n}之间新的关系、性质和变化趋势.发现任何一个卢卡斯数L_n均可表达成两个斐波那契数F_(n+1),F_(n-1)之和,而两个卢卡斯数L_(n+1),L_(n-1)之和却等于5F_n;在讨论{F_n}和{L_n}前后比值数列{a_n/a_(n+1)}趋近于黄金数时,发现{a_n/a_(n+1)}的奇偶子列具有严格单调性和有界性;最后给出下一步关于{F_n}和{L_n}的研究思路.     

关于斐波那契数列的十六个等式

斐波那契数列{F_n}: F_1=F_2=1 F_(n 2)=F_(n 1) F_n (n∈N) (1) 有许多美妙性质,本文作进一步探讨。先看两个定理: 定理1 对数列(1),记a 6=1,ab=-1,则 F_n=(a~n-b~n)/(a-b) (2) 证明可在许多文献中找到。注意到     

关于Littlewood的一个问题

本文证明了: (1)如果{a_n}_n~N=1是非负不减序列,p>0,q>0,0≤r≤1,且p(q+r)≥q+p,则sum from n=1 to N(a_n~pA_n~q)(sum from m=n to N(a_n~(1+p/q)~r≤1·sum from n=1 to N(a_n~pA_n~q)~(1+p/q),其中A_n=sum from m=n to n (a_m).上述不等式在0≤r≤1时完全解决了H.Alzer~([4])在1996年提出的一个问题,且1是最佳常数; (2)如果{a_n}_n~N=1是非负序列,p,p≥1,r>0,r(p-1)≤2(q-1),令α=((p-1)(q+r)+p~2+1)/(p+1) β=(2p+2r+p-1)/(q+1),σ=(q+r-1)/(p+q+r)则sum from n=1 to N (a_n~p)sum from i=1 to n (a_i~qA_i~r)≤2~σsum from n=1 to N(a_n~αA_n~β)(0.2)(0.2)式改进了G.Be(?)et~([2,3])在1987年对Littlewood一个问题的结果,常数因子的3/2降为2~(3/2)=1.2598…     

THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF REAL ROOTS OF A RANDOM ALGEBRAIC EQUATION

The average number of real roots of the random algebraio equation \[{F_n}(\omega ,t) = {a_0}(\omega ) + {a_2}(\omega )t + \cdots + {a_n}(\omega ){t^{n - 1}} = 0\] has been estimated by Kao, M.[5] for the case where the \({a_i}(\omega ){\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} (i = 0,1, \cdots ,n - 1)\) are indenpendent Gaussian random variables with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. Let \(E{N_F}(\omega )\) be the average： aiumber of real roots of \({F_n}(\omega ,t)\) , Kao's main result is \[E{N_F}(\omega ) \le \frac{2}{\pi }{\rm{In}}n + \frac{{14}}{\pi }\] Later in (8), Stevens obtained \[\frac{2}{\pi }{\rm{In}}n - 0.6 < E{N_F}(\omega ) < \frac{2}{\pi }{\rm{In}}n + 1.4\]. The purpose of this paper is to prove the following theorem. Theorem. Let \[{F_n}(\omega ,t) = {a_0}(\omega ) + {a_2}(\omega )t + \cdots + {a_n}(\omega ){t^{n - 1}} = 0\] be a random algebraic equation where \({a_i}(\omega ){\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} (i = 0,1, \cdots ,n - 1)\) are indenpendent Gaussian random variables with mean 0 and standard deviation 1, Then for all \(n \ge 1\), \[\frac{2}{\pi }{\rm{In}}n \le E{N_F}(\omega ) \le \frac{2}{\pi }{\rm{In}}n + 1.2372771\].     

局部时的Cauchy主值的精确完全收敛性

设{X,Xn;n≥1}为i.i.d.的随机变量序列,其均值为0且EX2=1.令s={Sn}n＞0为一维随机游动,其中S0=0,Sn=n∑k=1 Xk,对n≥1.定义G(n)为随机游动局部时的Cauchy主值.本文得到了,若存在某δ1＞0,E|X|2r/(3p-4)+δ1＜∞成立,那么对4/3＜p＜2及r＞p,有limε→02(r-p)/2-p∞Σn=1nr-2/p{│G(n)│εn1/p}=2p/(r-p)πE│N│2(R-P)/2-P∞ΣK=O(-1)K(2/2K+1)2(R-P)/2-P+1.     

UNBOUNDED SELF-ADJOINT OPERATOR ΠK SPACE

如果A是Πsubsub空间上的自共轭算子，由文[1]可知存在空间昨一个标准分解 \[{\Pi _k} = N \oplus \{ Z + {Z^*}\} \oplus P\] 在此分解下，A有三角模型\[A = \{ S,{A_N},{A_p},F,G,Q\} \].利用三角模型，我们直接证明了 定理1设A是\[{\Pi _k}\]上的-共轭算子，n是任何自然数，那末\[{A^n}\]也是自共轭算子. 定理2设A是\[{A^n}\]上的自共轭算子，那末对所有的\[{A^n}(n = 1,2,...)\]，存在一个公共 的标准分解，在此分解下 \[\begin{gathered} {A^n} = \{ {S^n},A_N^n,A_P^n,\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n - 1} {{S^i}} FA_N^{n - 1 - i},\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n - 1} {{S^i}GA_P^{n - 1 - i}} , \hfill \ \sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n - 1} {{S^i}} Q{S^{*n - 1 - i}} - \sum\limits_{i + j + k = n - 2} {{S^i}(FA_N^j{F^*} + GA_P^j{G^*}){S^{*k}}} \} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] 定理3 设A是瓜空间上的自共轭算子，\[\sigma (A) \subset [0,\infty ),0 \notin {\sigma _P}(A),\]，那末存在唯 一的自共轭算子A1，满足\[A_1^n = A,\sigma ({A_1}) \subset [0,\infty )\] 其次，我们研究了谱系在临界点附近的性状.记临界点全体为\[C(A)\]).对 \[{\lambda _0} \in C(A)\]记S与入0相应的最高阶根向量的阶数为\[r({\lambda _0})\] 定理4设A是\[{\Pi _k}\]空间上的无界自共轭算子，\[C(A) \cap ({\mu _1},{\nu _1}) = \{ {\lambda _0}\} \],那末以下四 个命题等价： (i）\[\mathop {sup}\limits_{\mu ,\nu } \{ \left\| {{E_{\mu \nu }}} \right\||{\lambda _0} \in (\mu ,\nu ) \subset ({\mu _1},{\nu _1})\} < \infty \] (ii）\[{\mu ^{{\text{1}}}}...,{\mu ^{{{\text{k}}_{\text{0}}}}}\]是全有限的测度； （iii）\[s - \lim {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {E_{\mu \nu }}\]存在； （iv)A与\[{\lambda _0}\]相应的根子空间\[{\Phi _{{\lambda _0}}}\]非退化；这里\[{\mu ^{{\text{1}}}}...,{\mu ^{{{\text{k}}_{\text{0}}}}}\]是由\[{A_P}\]与G导出的测度. 定通5 设A是\[{\Pi _k}\]上自共轭算子，\[{\lambda _0} \in C(A),r({\lambda _0}) = n\]，那么 （i）\[{E_{\mu \nu }}\]在\[{{\lambda _0}}\]处的奇性次数不超过2n， （ii）\[s - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\varepsilon \to 0} \int_{[{M_1},{\lambda _0} - \varepsilon )} {(t - {\lambda _0}} {)^{2n}}d{E_t},s - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\varepsilon \to 0} \int_{[{\lambda _0} + \varepsilon ,{M_2})} {(t - {\lambda _0}} {)^{2n}}d{E_t},\]存在。这里\[{M_1},{M_2}\]满足\[[{M_1},{M_2}] \cap C(A) = \{ {\lambda _0}\} \] 定理6 设A是\[{\Pi _k}\]上的自共轭算子，临界点集\[C(A) = \{ {\lambda _1},...,{\lambda _l},{\lambda _{l + 1}},{\overline \lambda _{l + 1}},...,{\lambda _{l + p}},{\overline \lambda _{l + p}},\]，这里\[\operatorname{Im} {\lambda _v} = 0(1 \leqslant \nu \leqslant l),r({\lambda _\nu }) = {n_\nu }\]那么有 \[{(\lambda - A)^{ - 1}} = \int_{ - \infty }^\infty {K(\lambda ,t)d{E_t}} + \sum\limits_{\nu = 1}^l {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{2{n_\nu } + 1} {\frac{{{B_{\nu i}}}}{{{{(\lambda - {\lambda _\nu })}^i}}}} } + \sum\limits_{\nu = l + 1}^{l + p} {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{{n_\nu }} {[\frac{{{B_{\nu i}}}}{{{{(\lambda - {\lambda _\nu })}^i}}}} } + \frac{{B_{\nu i}^ + }}{{{{(\lambda - {{\overline \lambda }_v})}^i}}}]\] 这里 \[K(\lambda ,t) = \frac{1}{{\lambda - t}} - \sum\limits_{v = 1}^l {\delta (t - {\lambda _v}} )\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{2{n_v}} {\frac{{{{(t - {\lambda _v})}^{i - 1}}}}{{{{(\lambda - {\lambda _v})}^i}}}} ,\delta \lambda {\text{ = }}\left\{ \begin{gathered} {\text{1}}{\text{|}}\lambda {\text{| < }}\delta \hfill \ {\text{0}}{\text{|}}\lambda {\text{|}} \geqslant \delta \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right.\] \[0 < \delta < \mathop {\min }\limits_\begin{subarray}{l} 1 \leqslant \mu ,v \leqslant l \\ {\lambda _\mu } \ne {\lambda _v} \end{subarray} |{\lambda _\mu } - {\lambda _v}|\].对\[1 \leqslant v \leqslant l\]，\[{B_{vi}}\]是\[{\Pi _k}\]上的有界自共轭算子，而当\[l + 1 \leqslant v \leqslant l + p\]时，\[{B_{vi}} = {({\lambda _\mu } - S)^{i - 1}}{P_{\lambda v}}\]是以与\[{{\lambda _v}}\]相应的根子空间为值域的某些平行投影. 定理7 在定理6的条件下，有 \[\begin{gathered} {\text{f}}(A) = \int_{ - \infty }^\infty {[f(t) - \sum\limits_{v = 1}^l {\delta (t - {\lambda _v}} } )\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{2{n_v} - 1} {\frac{{{f^{(i)}}({\lambda _v})}}{{i!}}} (t - {\lambda _v})d{E_t} \hfill \ {\text{ + }}\sum\limits_{{\text{v = 1}}}^{\text{l}} {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{2{n_v}} {\frac{{{f^{(i)}}({\lambda _0})}}{{i!}}} } {B_v} + \sum\limits_{v = l + 1}^{l + p} {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{{n_v} - 1} {[\frac{{{f^{(i)}}({\lambda _v})}}{{i!}}} } {B_{vi}} + \frac{{{f^{(i)}}({{\overline \lambda }_v})}}{{i!}}B_{vi}^ + ] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] 这里\[f(\lambda )\]在\[\sigma (A)\]的一个邻域内解析. 为了建立更一般的算子演算，我们引入两个特殊的代数： \[{\Omega _n} = \{ (f,\{ {a_i}\} _{i = 0}^{2n})|f\]为Borel可测函数，\[\{ {a_i}\} \]为一常数}。对\[F = (f,\{ {a_i}\} ) \in {\Omega _n},G = (g,\{ {b_i}\} ) \in {\Omega _n}\]，定义 \[\begin{gathered} \alpha F + \beta G = (\alpha f + \beta G,\{ \alpha {a_i} + \beta {b_i}\} ) \hfill \ F \cdot G = (f \cdot g,\{ \sum\limits_{j = 0}^i {{a_j}} {b_{i - j}}\} ),\overline F = (\overline f ,\{ {\overline a _i}\} ) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] 显然\[{\Omega _n}\]是一个交换代数，它的子代数\[{\omega _n}\]定义为 \[{\omega _n} = \{ F = (f,\{ {a_i}\} ) \in {\Omega _n}|\]在0点的一个与F有关的邻域中，成立\[{\text{|f(t) - }}\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{2n} {a{t^i}} | \leqslant {M_F}|t{|^{2n + 1}},{M_F}\]与F有关} 定义 设A是\[{\Pi _k}\]上的自共轭算子，C（A）={0}，r(0)=n,对\[F = (f,\{ {a_i}\} ) \in {\omega _n}\]，定义 \[\begin{gathered} FA{\text{ = }}\int_{{\text{ - }}\infty }^\infty {|f(t) - \sum\limits_{i = 0}^{2n} {{a_i}} } {t^i}{|^2}d{E_t} + \sum\limits_{i = 0}^{2n} {{a_i}} {A^i} \hfill \ DF(A)) = D({A^{2n}}) \cap \{ x \in {\Pi _k}\int_{{\text{ - }}\infty }^\infty {|f(t) - \sum\limits_{i = 0}^{2n} {{a_i}} } {t^i}{|^2}d{\left\| {{E_t}x} \right\|^2} < \infty \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] 如果f解析，\[F = (f,\{ \frac{{{f^{(i)}}(0)}}{{i!}}\} )\]，那么可得F（A）=f（A）。 定理8 设A是有界自共轭算子，C（A）={0}，r（0）=n，\[G \in {\omega _n}\]，那么 \[\begin{gathered} \overline F (A) = {[F(A)]^ + },(\alpha F + \beta G)(A) = \alpha F(A) + \beta G(A) \hfill \ (FG)(A) = F(A)G(A). \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] 定理9 设A是\[{\Pi _k}\]上的自共轭算子，C（A）={0}，r（0）=n，\[{F_1} = ({f_1},\{ {a_i}\} ) \in {\Omega _n}\]，\[{F_2} = ({f_2},\{ {a_i}\} ) \in {\omega _n},{f_1},{f_2}\]在\[( - \infty ,\infty )\]连续，在\[\sigma (A)\]上恒等，那么\[{F_1}(A) = {F_2}(A)\]。 定理10 设A是\[{\Pi _k}\]上自共轭算子C（A）={0}，r（0）=n，\[F = (f,\{ {a_i}\} ) \in {\Omega _n}\]f是连续函数，那么\[\sigma (F(A)) = \{ f(t)|t \in \sigma (A)\} \]。 在定理11中，我们建立了F（A）的三角模型并由此证明当\[F = \overline F \]时，\[C(F(A)) = \{ f(t)|t \in C(A)\} \] 定理12 设A施可析\[{\Pi _k}\]空间上的自共轭算子，C（A）={0}，r（0）=n，与0相应的根子空间非退化，T是稠定闭算子，那么\[T \in {\{ A\} ^{'}}\]的充要条件是存在\[F \in {\Omega _n}\]，使T=F（A）。这里\[{\{ A\} ^{'}} = \{ T|\]对满足\[BA \subset AB\]的有界算子B，均有\[BT \subset TB\]}     

关于B值随机元赋范部分和最大值的矩的若干讨论

本文讨论B值随机元部分和序列的最大值的矩的问题,对1≤p≤2及r>p证明了下列叙述的等价性; (ⅰ)存在常数0相似文献   

POSITIVE MAPS CONSTRUCTED FROM PERMUTATION PAIRS

A property(C) for permutation pairs is introduced. It is shown that if a pair{π_1, π_2} of permutations of(1,2,…,n) has property(C),then the D-type map Φ_(π_1,π_2) on n× n complex matrices constructed from {π_1,π_2} is positive. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for a pair {π_1,π_2} to have property(C),and an easily checked necessary and sufficient condition for the pairs of the form {π~p,π~q} to have property(C) is given, whereπ is the permutation defined by π(i) = i + 1 mod n and 1≤ p q≤ n.     

严格伪压缩映象的复合隐格式迭代序列的收敛率估计

设K是实Banach空间E的非空闭凸集,{Ti}iN=1:K→K是N个严格伪压缩映象且公共不动集F=∩Ni=1F(Ti)≠φ,其中F(Ti)={x∈K:Tix=x}.{αn}n∞=1,{βn}n∞=1[0,1]是实序列且满足条件:(i)sum from n=1 to ∞ (αn)(ii)lim(n→∞)αn=lim(n→∞)βn=0(iii)αnβnL2<1,n≥1其中L≥1是{Ti}iN=1的公共Lipschitz常数.对于任意的x0∈K,设{xn}n∞=1是由下列产生的复合隐格式迭代序列:xn=(1-αn)xn-1+αn Tnynyn=(1-βn)xn-1+βnTnxn其中Tn=Tn mod N,则{xn}强收敛到{Ti}iN=1的公共不动点.结果推广和改进了相关文献的结果,且主要定理的证明方法也是不同的.并且进一步给出了序列的收敛率估计.     

同分布混合序列的最大值不等式及其应用

设{X_n,n≥1}是同分布的混合序列,记S_n=sum from i=1 to n X_i．该文讨论了(|S_i|)/i(n≥1)的分布函数的上界．作为应用,获得了随机变量(|S_n|)/n的1阶矩及p(＞1)阶矩分别存在有限的充分必要条件,这是一个与独立同分布场合相一致的结果．     

Liénard方程极限环的存在唯一性定理

<正> 的极限环的存在唯一性问题[1,2],给出了定理1,此定理的一个推论即已包含了熟知的Lienard定理以及Levinson-Smith[3],Sansone[2],Barbalat[4],余澍祥[5]的存在唯一性定理.作为定理1推论的直接应用,还对方程     

环F_(p~k)+uF_(p~k)+u~2F_(p~k)上的常循环码和循环码

记环R=F_(p~k)+uF_(p~k)+u~2F_(p~k),定义了一个从R~n到F_(p~k)~(2np~k)的Gray映射.利用Gray映射的性质,研究了环R上(1-u~2)-循环码和循环码.证明了环R上码是(1-u~2)-循环码当且仅当它的Gray象是F_(p~k)上的准循环码.当(n,p)=1时,证明了环R上的长为n的线性循环码的Gray象置换等价于域F_(p~k)上的线性准循环码.     

图U(F_(m_i,t)) from i=1 to n和U(F_(m_i,t)) from i=1 to n的优美性

本文构造了两类非连通图U(F_(m_i,t)) from i=1 to n和U(F_(m_i,t)) from i=1 to n,并证明了这两类图是优美的,且也是交错的.     

Several identities in the Catalan triangle

In this paper, we first establish several identities for the alternating sums in the Catalan triangle whose (n, p) entry is defined by B _{n, p} = $ \tfrac{p} {n}\left( {_{n - p}^{2n} } \right) $ \tfrac{p} {n}\left( {_{n - p}^{2n} } \right) . Second, we show that the Catalan triangle matrix C can be factorized by C = FY = ZF, where F is the Fibonacci matrix. From these formulas, some interesting identities involving B _{n, p} and the Fibonacci numbers F _n are given. As special cases, some new relationships between the well-known Catalan numbers C _n and the Fibonacci numbers are obtained, for example:

沿着不连通曲面的Heegaard分解的不可稳定化的融合积

Let M be a 3-manifold, F= {F1 , F2 , . . . , Fn } be a collection of essential closed surfaces in M (for any i, j ∈ {1, ..., n}, ifi≠j, Fi is not parallel to Fj and Fi ∩Fj = φ) and0 M be a collection of components of M. Suppose M-UFi ∈FFi×(-1, 1) contains k components M1 , M2 , . . . , Mk . If each M i has a Heegaard splitting ViUSiWi with d(Si) > 4(g(M1 ) + ··· + g(Mk )), then any minimal Heegaard splitting of M relative to 0M is obtained by doing amalgamations and self-amalgamations from minimal Heegaard splittings or -stabilization of minimal Heegaard splittings of M1 , M2 , . . . , Mk .     

An exponential Diophantine equation related to the sum of powers of two consecutive terms of a Lucas sequence and x-coordinates of Pell equations

Periodica Mathematica Hungarica - For the Fibonacci sequence the identity $$F_n^2+F_{n+1}^2 = F_{2n+1}$$ holds for all $$n \ge 0$$ . Let $${\mathcal {X}}:= (X_\ell )_{\ell \ge 1}$$ be the sequence...     

关于多项式系数的整除性

设 n是正整数 ,k1 ,k2 ,… ,ks 是适合 k1 +k2 +… +ks=n的非负整数 ,正整数 nk1 k2 … ks=n!k1 !k2 !… ks!称为多项式系数 .本文讨论了当n=a0 +a1 p+a2 p2 +… +arpr ,其中 p为素数且 p≤ n,0≤ ai相似文献   

An asymptotically optimal maximal inequality

Доказывается следую щая теорема Пусть φ(t) — неубывающая па [0,+∞] непрерывная сле ва функция, φ(0)=0.Пусть дале е \(\Phi (t) = \mathop \smallint \limits_0^t \varphi (s) ds u \mathop {sup}\limits_{t > 0} \frac{{t\varphi (t)}}{{\Phi (t)}}< \infty \) .Если X ₁ Х ₂, ... —такая последовательность случайных величин, что $$E\left( {\Phi \left( {\left| {\mathop \sum \limits_{i = m + 1}^{m + n} X_i } \right|} \right)} \right) \leqq g^\alpha (F_{m, n} ) (m \geqq 0, n \geqq 1)$$ , где α>1, а g(F_m,n) — некоторый функционал, зависящи й от совместного распред еления X_i и удовлетворяющий ус ловиям $$g(F_{m, n} ) + g(F_{m + k, n} ) \leqq g(F_{m, n + k} ) (m \geqq 0, n \geqq 1, k \geqq 1)$$ ,k ≧1), moсправедливы оценки $$E\left( {\Phi \left( {\mathop {\max }\limits_{1 \leqq k \leqq n} \left| {\mathop \sum \limits_{i = m + 1}^{m + n} X_i } \right|} \right)} \right) = Kg^\alpha (F_{m, n} ) (m \geqq 0, n \geqq 1)$$ ,где множитель К конеч ен и не зависит от т. п.     

Study of LG-Holling type III predator–prey model with disease in predator

Let \(\mathbb F_{q}\) be a finite field with \(q=p^{m}\) elements, where p is an odd prime and m is a positive integer. In this paper, let \(D=\{(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb F_{q}^{n}\backslash \{(0,0,\ldots )\}: Tr(x_{1}^{p^{k_{1}}+1}+x_{2}^{p^{k_{2}}+1}+\cdots +x_{n}^{p^{k_{n}}+1})=c\}\), where \(c\in \mathbb F_p\), Tr is the trace function from \(\mathbb F_{q}\) to \(\mathbb F_{p}\) and each \(m/(m,k_{i})\) ( \(1\le i\le n\) ) is odd. we define a p-ary linear code \(C_{D}=\{c(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}):(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n})\in \mathbb F_{q}^{n}\}\), where \(c(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n})=(Tr(a_{1}x_{1}+a_{2}x_{2}+\cdots +a_{n}x_{n}))_{(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})\in D}\). We present the weight distributions of the classes of linear codes which have at most three weights.     

非线性递归数列的极限

探讨了形如Fn+p=pΣ1=1α1Fbin+i,≥1的非线性递归数列{Fn)的极限问题,给出了在满足一定条件时,数列{Fn}极限存在且与初始值无关.