钯催化的Grignard型反应

对钯催化的Grignard类型反应作了论述.总结了钯催化的有机卤化物或炔烃与C=O键或C≡N键的二组分反应和有机卤化物、烯烃或炔烃与C=O键或C≡N键的三组分反应.在这些反应中的C-Pd键是通过C-X键与Pd(0)的氧化加成或通过碳碳双键或叁键的碳/亲核钯反应生成,C-Pd键与C=O键或C≡N键之间的反应一般为分子内反应.当然,人们也观察到了通过芳香C-H键活化产生的芳基碳钯键与腈基的分子间反应.在这些反应中催化剂的再生是关键.本工作对反应的机理也作了一些探讨.     

三价铑催化硝酮与炔的碳氢活化偶联合成二氢吲哚（英文）

三价铑在氧化还原中性条件下催化硝酮与炔发生偶联,经过氮芳环的碳氢键活化和氧转移可以高化学选择性、中等到良好非对映选择性的得到三取代二氢吲哚.     

氮掺杂碳材料负载Pd纳米结构催化剂催化硝基芳烃与苄醇借氢还原偶联制备亚胺

亚胺化合物作为一类重要的有机合成中间体,在医药、染料以及精细化学品制备方面具有重要的应用价值.使用竹笋为生物质原料制备一种氮掺杂碳材料负载的Pd纳米结构催化剂,以醇为氢源和反应物,通过借氢还原策略实现硝基芳烃原位还原并偶联反应高效制备亚胺化合物.该催化剂相对于其他商业化的催化剂和载体具有明显的性能优势,催化体系具有良好的底物适用性和官能团兼容性.此外,该催化剂具有良好的催化稳定性,能够循环使用多次并保持催化活性不变.     

基于Heck插入策略的钯催化烯烃与α-溴代烷基羰基化合物的烯烃氧化双官能化反应合成吲哚2-酮类化合物

正钯催化Heck偶联反应一般首先经过插入和加成步骤生成含C—Pd键中间体A,最后通过β-H消除来实现钯催化循环.如何利用中间体A中的C—Pd键引入新官能团是有机合成研究难点之一.目前有两种策略:(1)零价钯催化体系下,烯烃与卤代烃反应生成含C—Pd键中间体A,然后与亲核试剂(芳基硼酸,Cl-,CO,烯烃和炔烃等)实现烯烃双官能团化反应;(2)两价钯/氧化剂催化体系下,烯烃与有机金属试剂反应生成含C—Pd键中间体A,然后与亲核试     

偶氮基作为可离去导向基团辅助的C—H键定向硝化反应:区域专一性地合成邻苯二胺类化合物

由苯胺类化合物经传统硝化反应难以区域专一性地制备邻苯二胺类化合物.介绍一种由苯胺类化合物区域专一性地合成邻苯二胺类化合物的方法.即首先由苯胺类化合物制得偶氮类化合物,再经钯催化的偶氮基导向的邻位C—H键定向硝化反应合成邻硝基偶氮类化合物,最后经Zn/HCOOH体系还原制得邻苯二胺类化合物.在该过程中,钯催化的偶氮基导向的邻位C—H键硝化反应是获得高区域选择性的关键.     

钯纳米粒子的形貌可控合成与催化性能

借助于一种全新的表面活性剂N,N-dimethyloctadecylammonium bromide acetate sodium（OTAB-Na）,成功实现了对小尺寸钯纳米粒子微结构的控制。通过对合成条件的微扰,高度均匀且分散性良好的枝化结构和凹面体结构的钯纳米粒子被成功地制备。催化测试（利用氨硼烷作为氢化试剂来还原4-硝基苯酚为4-胺基苯酚）发现,钯纳米粒子的催化活性与其微观纳米结构相关,其中枝化结构的钯纳米粒子表现出了更为突出的催化性能。     

锆氢催化的酰胺硼氢化合成胺类化合物研究:机理、使用范围和应用

发展温和条件下胺类化合物的高效合成方法是催化与合成领域长期研究的课题.其中,酰胺还原因其原料来源广、易于合成而广受关注.酰胺还原到胺需要选择性断裂C=O键,因此该反应具有很大的挑战性.传统酰胺还原方法需要使用当量的强还原试剂,如四氢铝锂、硼氢化钠等,且官能团兼容性较差.使用氢气还原原子经济性最高,也最有吸引力;然而,目前已报道的体系大都在高温(>120℃)或高压(>40 bar H2)的条件下进行.虽然催化硼氢化可以在温和的条件下将羰基化合物还原,但由于酰胺化合物惰性比较高,其选择性的催化硼氢化研究则相对较少,而且在温和条件下对三级、二级、一级酰胺都适用的例子依然非常有限.本文采用前过渡金属锆氢催化剂实现了室温条件下酰胺选择性硼氢化制备胺类化合物,并进行了详细的机理研究.原位红外监测到反应过程中酰胺和硼烷逐渐减少,目标产物逐渐增多;但并未给出其他反应中间体的信息.核磁研究以及对照实验结果表明,反应中有苯甲醛的生成,可能是反应中间体.因此推测,该催化体系经历了锆氢介导的酰胺C?N键断裂、重组、C?O键断裂这一特殊的酰胺键活化转化过程.DFT计算也证实了上述反应历程的可行性.除一些常见官能团外,本方法对羧酸酯、氰基、硝基、烯烃和炔烃这些可能被硼氢化的官能团同样具有兼容性.而且本文体系对一些生物、药物分子衍生酰胺的硼氢化也可以顺利进行.可见,本文发展了一种温和条件下使用廉价催化剂和原料选择性合成胺类化合物的方法.     

三价铑催化硝酮与炔的碳氢活化偶联合成二氢吲哚

三价铑在氧化还原中性条件下催化硝酮与炔发生偶联,经过氮芳环的碳氢键活化和氧转移可以高化学选择性、中等到良好非对映选择性的得到三取代二氢吲哚。     

锆氢催化的酰胺硼氢化合成胺类化合物研究:机理、使用范围和应用

发展温和条件下胺类化合物的高效合成方法是催化与合成领域长期研究的课题.其中,酰胺还原因其原料来源广、易于合成而广受关注.酰胺还原到胺需要选择性断裂C=O键,因此该反应具有很大的挑战性.传统酰胺还原方法需要使用当量的强还原试剂,如四氢铝锂、硼氢化钠等,且官能团兼容性较差.使用氢气还原原子经济性最高,也最有吸引力;然而,目前已报道的体系大都在高温(>120℃)或高压(>40 bar H2)的条件下进行.虽然催化硼氢化可以在温和的条件下将羰基化合物还原,但由于酰胺化合物惰性比较高,其选择性的催化硼氢化研究则相对较少,而且在温和条件下对三级、二级、一级酰胺都适用的例子依然非常有限.本文采用前过渡金属锆氢催化剂实现了室温条件下酰胺选择性硼氢化制备胺类化合物,并进行了详细的机理研究.原位红外监测到反应过程中酰胺和硼烷逐渐减少,目标产物逐渐增多;但并未给出其他反应中间体的信息.核磁研究以及对照实验结果表明,反应中有苯甲醛的生成,可能是反应中间体.因此推测,该催化体系经历了锆氢介导的酰胺C?N键断裂、重组、C?O键断裂这一特殊的酰胺键活化转化过程.DFT计算也证实了上述反应历程的可行性.除一些常见官能团外,本方法对羧酸酯、氰基、硝基、烯烃和炔烃这些可能被硼氢化的官能团同样具有兼容性.而且本文体系对一些生物、药物分子衍生酰胺的硼氢化也可以顺利进行.可见,本文发展了一种温和条件下使用廉价催化剂和原料选择性合成胺类化合物的方法.     

钯纳米粒子的形貌可控合成与催化性能

借助于一种全新的表面活性剂N,N-dimethyloctadecylammonium bromide acetate sodium（OTAB-Na）,成功实现了对小尺寸钯纳米粒子微结构的控制。通过对合成条件的微扰,高度均匀且分散性良好的枝化结构和凹面体结构的钯纳米粒子被成功地制备。催化测试（利用氨硼烷作为氢化试剂来还原4-硝基苯酚为4-胺基苯酚）发现,钯纳米粒子的催化活性与其微观纳米结构相关,其中枝化结构的钯纳米粒子表现出了更为突出的催化性能。     

Norbornadiene as an efficient hydrogen scavenger for the palladium-catalyzed conversion of hydrosilanes to alkoxysilanes

A palladium-catalyzed mild and efficient method for the alcoholysis of hydrosilanes containing a C=C bond in the presence of norbornadiene (NBD) is reported. The highly strained NBD acts as a hydrogen scavenger, which abstracts the hydrogen produced during the process, protecting the C=C bond from being hydrogenated.     

A polarizable dipole–dipole interaction model for evaluation of the interaction energies for NH···OC and CH···OC hydrogen‐bonded complexes

In this article, a polarizable dipole–dipole interaction model is established to estimate the equilibrium hydrogen bond distances and the interaction energies for hydrogen‐bonded complexes containing peptide amides and nucleic acid bases. We regard the chemical bonds N? H, C?O, and C? H as bond dipoles. The magnitude of the bond dipole moment varies according to its environment. We apply this polarizable dipole–dipole interaction model to a series of hydrogen‐bonded complexes containing the N? H···O?C and C? H···O?C hydrogen bonds, such as simple amide‐amide dimers, base‐base dimers, peptide‐base dimers, and β‐sheet models. We find that a simple two‐term function, only containing the permanent dipole–dipole interactions and the van der Waals interactions, can produce the equilibrium hydrogen bond distances compared favorably with those produced by the MP2/6‐31G(d) method, whereas the high‐quality counterpoise‐corrected (CP‐corrected) MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ interaction energies for the hydrogen‐bonded complexes can be well‐reproduced by a four‐term function which involves the permanent dipole–dipole interactions, the van der Waals interactions, the polarization contributions, and a corrected term. Based on the calculation results obtained from this polarizable dipole–dipole interaction model, the natures of the hydrogen bonding interactions in these hydrogen‐bonded complexes are further discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Calcium borohydride for hydrogen storage: catalysis and reversibility

We demonstrate a new solid-state synthesis route to prepare calcium borohydride, Ca(BH4)2, by reacting a ball-milled mixture of CaB(6) and CaH(2) in a molar ratio of 1:2 at 700 bar of H2 pressure and 400-440 degrees C. Moreover, doping with catalysts was found to be crucial to enhance reaction kinetics. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry revealed a reversible low-temperature to high-temperature endothermic phase transition at 140 degrees C and another endothermic phase transition at 350-390 degrees C associated with hydrogen release upon formation of CaB(6) and CaH(2), as was evident from X-ray diffraction analysis. Thus, since Ca(BH(4))(2) here is shown to be prepared from its anticipated decomposition products, the conclusion is that it has potential to be utilized as a reversible hydrogen storage material. The theoretical reversible capacity was 9.6 wt % hydrogen.     

Study of a hydrogen-bombardment process for molecular cross-linking within thin films

A low-energy hydrogen bombardment method, without using any chemical additives, has been designed for fine tuning both physical and chemical properties of molecular thin films through selectively cleaving C-H bonds and keeping other bonds intact. In the hydrogen bombardment process, carbon radicals are generated during collisions between C-H bonds and hydrogen molecules carrying ～10 eV kinetic energy. These carbon radicals induce cross-linking of neighboring molecular chains. In this work, we focus on the effect of hydrogen bombardment on dotriacontane (C(32)H(66)) thin films as growing on native SiO(2) surfaces. After the hydrogen bombardment, XPS results indirectly explain that cross-linking has occurred among C(32)H(66) molecules, where the major chemical elements have been preserved even though the bombarded thin film is washed by organic solution such as hexane. AFM results show the height of the perpendicular phase in the thin film decreases due to the bombardment. Intriguingly, Young's modulus of the bombarded thin films can be increased up to ～6.5 GPa, about five times of elasticity of the virgin films. The surface roughness of the thin films can be kept as smooth as the virgin film surface after thorough bombardment. Therefore, the hydrogen bombardment method shows a great potential in the modification of morphological, mechanical, and tribological properties of organic thin films for a broad range of applications, especially in an aggressive environment.     

Preparation and Catalytic Activity of a Novel Nanocrystalline ZrO2@C Composite for Hydrogen Storage in NaAlH4

Sodium alanate (NaAlH₄) has attracted intense interest as a prototypical high‐density hydrogen‐storage material. However, poor reversibility and slow kinetics limit its practical applications. Herein, a nanocrystalline ZrO₂@C catalyst was synthesized by using Uio‐66(Zr) as a precursor and furfuryl alcohol (FA) as a carbon source. The as‐synthesized ZrO₂@C exhibits good catalytic activity for the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation of NaAlH₄. The NaAlH₄‐7 wt % ZrO₂@C sample released hydrogen starting from 126 °C and reabsorbed it starting from 54 °C, and these temperatures are lower by 71 and 36 °C, respectively, relative to pristine NaAlH₄. At 160 °C, approximately 5.0 wt % of hydrogen was released from the NaAlH₄‐7 wt % ZrO₂@C sample within 250 min, and the dehydrogenation product reabsorbed approximately 4.9 wt % within 35 min at 140 °C and 100 bar of hydrogen. The catalytic function of the Zr‐based active species is believed to contribute to the significantly reduced operating temperatures and enhanced kinetics.     

Radical addition of alkyl halides to formaldehyde in the presence of cyanoborohydride as a radical mediator. A new protocol for hydroxymethylation reaction

Hydroxymethylation of alkyl halides was achieved using paraformaldehyde as a radical C1 synthon in the presence of tetrabutylammonium cyanoborohydride as a hydrogen source. The reaction proceeds via a radical chain mechanism involving an alkyl radical addition to formaldehyde to form an alkoxy radical, which abstracts hydrogen from a hydroborate anion.     

Ceramic microreactors for on-site hydrogen production from high temperature steam reforming of propane

The steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels is a promising method for the production of hydrogen for portable electrical power sources. A suitable reactor for this application, however, must be compatible with temperatures above 800 degrees C to avoid coking of the catalytic structures during the reforming process. Here, ceramic microreactors comprising high surface area, tailored macroporous SiC porous monoliths coated with ruthenium (Ru) catalyst and integrated within high-density alumina reactor housings were used for the steam reforming of propane into hydrogen at temperatures between 800 and 1000 degrees C. We characterized these microreactors by studying C3H8 conversion, H2 selectivity, and product stream composition as a function of the total inlet flow rate, steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C), and temperature. As much as 18.2 sccm H2, or 3.3 x 104 sccm H2 per cm3 of monolith volume, was obtained from a 3.5 sccm entering stream of C3H8 at a S/C of 1.095 and temperatures greater than 900 degrees C. Operating at a S/C close to 1 reduces the energy required to heat excess steam to the reaction temperature and improves the overall thermal efficiency of the fuel processor. Kinetic analysis using a power law model showed reaction orders of 0.50 and -0.23 with respect to propane and steam, respectively, indicating that the rate limiting step in the steam reforming reaction is the dissociative adsorption of propane on the Ru catalyst. The performance of the microreactor was not affected after exposure to more than 15 thermal cycles at temperatures as high as 1000 degrees C, and no catalyst deactivation was observed after more than 120 h of continuous operation at 800 degrees C, making these ceramic microreactors promising for efficient on-site hydrogen production from hydrocarbons for use in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells.     

Eosin Y as a Direct Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer Photocatalyst for the Functionalization of C−H Bonds

Eosin Y, a well‐known economical alternative to metal catalysts in visible‐light‐driven single‐electron transfer‐based organic transformations, can behave as an effective direct hydrogen‐atom transfer catalyst for C?H activation. Using the alkylation of C?H bonds with electron‐deficient alkenes as a model study revealed an extremely broad substrate scope, enabling easy access to a variety of important synthons. This eosin Y‐based photocatalytic hydrogen‐atom transfer strategy is promising for diverse functionalization of a wide range of native C?H bonds in a green and sustainable manner.     

Gas-sensing internal enzyme fiber optic biosensor for hydrogen peroxide

Feasibility is demonstrated for a novel gas-sensing, internal enzyme biosensing scheme for the selective measurement of hydrogen peroxide. Two horseradish peroxidase catalysed reactions are evaluated for the detection of hydrogen peroxide as it crosses a microporous Teflon membrane at 37 degrees C. The rate at which hydrogen peroxide crosses the membrane is determined by either a fluorescence or chemiluminescence measurement and this rate is related to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the sample solution. Detection limits of 0.7 mM and 10 muM are estimated for the fluorescence and chemiluminescence methods, respectively. Selectivity is demonstrated for hydrogen peroxide over ascorbic acid, uric acid and tyrosine.     

A new Li-Al-N-H system for reversible hydrogen storage

Complex metal hydrides are considered as a class of candidate materials for hydrogen storage. Lithium-based complex hydrides including lithium alanates (LiAlH(4) and Li(3)AlH(6)) are among the most promising materials owing to its high hydrogen content. In the present work, we investigated dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions of a combined system of Li(3)AlH(6) and LiNH(2). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Li(3)AlH(6)/3LiNH(2)/4 wt % TiCl(3)-(1)/(3)AlCl(3) mixtures indicated that a large amount of hydrogen (approximately 7.1 wt %) can be released between 150 degrees C and 300 degrees C under a heating rate of 5 degrees C/min in two dehydrogenation reaction steps. The results also show that the dehydrogenation reaction of the new material system is nearly 100% reversible under 2000 psi pressure hydrogen at 300 degrees C. Further, a short-cycle experiment has demonstrated that the new combined material system of alanates and amides can maintain its hydrogen storage capacity upon cycling of the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions.