用不饱和度计算键级的研究

键级一般都从分子轨道理论、共振论、价键理论、等电子体等角度确定。研究了利用不饱和度方法计算简单分子或离子的键级,避免了分子轨道理论中的繁杂书写,比较直观和方便,并通过若干竞赛试题进行了应用。     

价键理论的不变式方法的新算法

价键理论的不变式方法的新算法吴玮，莫亦荣，张乾二（厦门大学化学系，厦门，３６１００５）关键词价键理论，群论，不变式近年来，我们提出了闭壳层的价键（ＶＢ）计算的不变式（或称正行列式）方法［１，２］．将置换群ＳＮ对ＶＢ结构的对称子群Ｑ进行陪集分解。每一个...     

经典价键理论的从头算计算方法

价键理论是两大现代化学键理论之一,广泛应用于化学键本质和化学反应机理的研究。由于计算困难,价键理论应用局限于定性的讨论而无法有效地开展从头计算研究。现代经典价键理论在经典价键理论的理论基础上,引入合理有效的计算方法,提高了价键计算的效率。本文回顾近年来经典价键理论从头算方法在提高计算精度和拓展研究范围方面的发展,并简要展望价键理论方法的发展趋势。     

钨氧键价参数的研究

根据键价理论中的指数方程s_ij=exp[(R_o-r_ij)/B],利用晶体结构报告中不同氧化态n的329个W-O键长数据,选取不同的B值对键价参数R₀进行了拟合,建立了一系列R₀-n线性方程,并进而得到与W氧化态无关的键价参数R₀=0.1896 nm和B=0.028nm.与文献数据比较,本文拟合的键价参数取得了较好的键价和计算结果,讨论了几个应用的实例.     

S_N2反应X_l~-+CH_3X_r→X_lCH_3+X_l~-(X_l=X_r=F,Cl,Br,I)的价键方法研究

应用最近发展的价键组态相互作用 ( VBCI)方法计算了 SN2反应 X-l +CH3 Xr→ Xl CH3 +X-r ( Xl=Xr=F,Cl,Br,I)的反应能垒和价键相关参数 .计算结果表明 ,VBCI能垒与采用分子轨道理论的 CCSD( T)方法计算的能垒相一致 .讨论了 SN2反应的反应参数 .     

SN2反应X-l+CH3XrXlCH3+X-r(Xl=Xr=F, Cl, Br, I)的价键方法研究

应用最近发展的价键组态相互作用(VBCI)方法计算了SN2反应X-l+CH3Xr→XlCH3+X-r(Xl=Xr=F, Cl, Br, I)的反应能垒和价键相关参数. 计算结果表明, VBCI能垒与采用分子轨道理论的CCSD(T)方法计算的能垒相一致. 讨论了SN2反应的反应参数.     

超价化合物

超价分子和离子是一类奇特而迷人的物种,它们的出现对经典的Ｌｅｗｉｓ－Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ主族元素价层成键理论提出了挑战。本文从超价化合物的发展史、定义、理论描述、表示方法、合成、稳定性、周期性变化、光谱表征等方面对超价化合物进行了较详细的论述。     

直链烷烃体系电子转移的价键方法研究

应用价键理论研究直链烷烃体系的电子转移过程, 直接计算得到的耦合能与实验值以及其它的理论计算结果一致. 对于阳离子系列, BOVB方法和VBCIS方法都给出了与实验相符的计算结果, 但对于阴离子系列, VBCIS方法的β值基本一致, 而BOVB方法的β值较大. 计算结果表明, 价键理论可以应用于电子转移的理论研究, 而VBCIS方法是研究电子转移问题的一种合适的价键计算方法.     

价键理论中的组态相互作用

近 2 0年来 ,从头计算水平的价键 (VB)方法得到了人们的重视 ,并广泛应用于化学反应等问题的研究[1～ 5] ,然而目前价键理论的计算方法仍然很不完善 .用 VBSCF方法进行计算虽然比较简单 ,能正确地描述化学反应的形成机理 ,但数值结果不理想 ;而用 BOVB方法[4 ] 进行计算虽然可以得到较好的计算结果 ,但存在收敛困难等问题 .分子轨道理论中的组态相互作用是一种简单直接的电子相关能计算方法 ,显然这一方法可以应用于价键方法中 .然而与分子轨道理论方法不同 ,在价键方法中 ,无法直接得到空轨道 ,此外如何选取激发价键函数使得计算结果…     

价键理论的对不变式方法——Ⅱ. 无自旋价键计算程序Xiamen

发展完善了价键理论的对不变式方法,给出了对不变式的正则展开方法,并证明了对不变式可以展开成任意阶的子对不变式和相应余子式乘积的形式.利用对不变式方法,完成一个新的无自旋价键理论方法从头计算程序──Xiamen. 测试计算表明,Xiamen程序比基于传统价键方法的程序计算效率高,为量子化学计算研究提供了一个新工具.     

A variational biorthogonal valence bond method

The details of a simple and efficient scheme for performing variational biorthogonal valence bond calculations are presented. A variational bound on the energy functional is obtained through the use of a complete configuration expansion in a well-chosen subset of orbitals. The resultant wave functions are clearly dominated by the covalent (spin-coupled) structures, with a negligible contribution from ionic structures. The orbitals obtained compare favorably with overlap enhanced atomic orbitals obtained by other valence bond approaches. The method is illustrated by calculations on water and dioxygen difluoride. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The Nature of Chemical Bonds from PNOF5 Calculations

Natural orbital functional theory (NOFT) is used for the first time in the analysis of different types of chemical bonds. Concretely, the Piris natural orbital functional PNOF5 is used. It provides a localization scheme that yields an orbital picture which agrees very well with the empirical valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) and Bent’s rule, as well as with other theoretical pictures provided by valence bond (VB) or linear combination of atomic orbitals–molecular orbital (LCAO‐MO) methods. In this context, PNOF5 provides a novel tool for chemical bond analysis. In this work, PNOF5 is applied to selected molecules that have ionic, polar covalent, covalent, multiple (σ and π), 3c–2e, and 3c–4e bonds.     

Charge‐Shift Bonding: A New and Unique Form of Bonding

Charge‐shift bonds (CSBs) constitute a new class of bonds different than covalent/polar‐covalent and ionic bonds. Bonding in CSBs does not arise from either the covalent or the ionic structures of the bond, but rather from the resonance interaction between the structures. This Essay describes the reasons why the CSB family was overlooked by valence‐bond pioneers and then demonstrates that the unique status of CSBs is not theory‐dependent. Thus, valence bond (VB), molecular orbital (MO), and energy decomposition analysis (EDA), as well as a variety of electron density theories all show the distinction of CSBs vis‐à‐vis covalent and ionic bonds. Furthermore, the covalent–ionic resonance energy can be quantified from experiment, and hence has the same essential status as resonance energies of organic molecules, e.g., benzene. The Essay ends by arguing that CSBs are a distinct family of bonding, with a potential to bring about a Renaissance in the mental map of the chemical bond, and to contribute to productive chemical diversity.     

An efficient algorithm for energy gradients and orbital optimization in valence bond theory

An efficient algorithm for energy gradients in valence bond theory with nonorthogonal orbitals is presented. A general Hartree-Fock-like expression for the Hamiltonian matrix element between valence bond (VB) determinants is derived by introducing a transition density matrix. Analytical expressions for the energy gradients with respect to the orbital coefficients are obtained explicitly, whose scaling for computational cost is m(4), where m is the number of basis functions, and is thus approximately the same as in HF method. Compared with other existing approaches, the present algorithm has lower scaling, and thus is much more efficient. Furthermore, the expression for the energy gradient with respect to the nuclear coordinates is also presented, and it provides an effective algorithm for the geometry optimization and the evaluation of various molecular properties in VB theory. Test applications show that our new algorithm runs faster than other methods.     

Unpaired electrons at the second‐order reduced density matrix level: Covalent bonding,and coulomb and fermi correlations in closed shell systems

The usual one‐electron populations in atomic orbitals of closed shell systems are split into unpaired and paired at the (spin‐dependent) second‐order reduced density matrix level. The unpaired electron in an orbital is defined as the “simultaneous occurrence of an electron and an electron hole of opposite spins in the same spatial orbital,” which for simplicity is called “electropon.” The electropon population in a given orbital reveals whether and to what degree the Coulomb correlations, and hence, the chemical bonding between this orbital and the remaining orbitals of the system are globally favorable or unfavorable. The interaction of two electropons in two target orbitals reveals the quality (favorable or unfavorable) and the strength of the covalent bonding between these orbitals; this establish a bridge between the notion of “unpaired electrons” and the traditional covalent structure of valence‐bond (VB) theory. Favorable/unfavorable bonding between two orbitals is characterized by the positive/negative (Coulomb) correlation of two electropons of opposite spins, or alternatively, by the negative/positive (Fermi) correlation of two parallel spin electropons. A spin‐free index is defined, and the relationship between the electropon viewpoint for chemical bonding and the well‐known two‐electron Coulomb and Fermi correlations is established. Benchmark calculations are achieved for ethylene, hexatriene, benzene, pyrrole, methylamine, and ammonia molecules on the basis of physically meaningful natural orbitals. The results, obtained in the framework of both orthogonal and nonorthogonal population analysis methods, provide the same conceptual pictures, which are in very good agreement with elementary chemical knowledge and VB theory. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

XMVB: a program for ab initio nonorthogonal valence bond computations

An ab initio nonorthogonal valence bond program, called XMVB, is described in this article. The XMVB package uses Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling (HLSP) functions as state functions, and calculations can be performed with either all independent state functions for a molecule or preferably a few selected important state functions. Both our proposed paired-permanent-determinant approach and conventional Slater determinant expansion algorithm are implemented for the evaluation of the Hamiltonian and overlap matrix elements among VB functions. XMVB contains the capabilities of valence bond self-consistent field (VBSCF), breathing orbital valence bond (BOVB), and valence bond configuration interaction (VBCI) computations. The VB orbitals, used to construct VB functions, can be defined flexibly in the calculations depending on particular applications and focused problems, and they may be strictly localized, delocalized, or bonded-distorted (semidelocalized). The parallel version of XMVB based on MPI (Message Passing Interface) is also available.