THE CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTION MODEL OF INSULIN MONOMER

The extensive conformational comparisons among the determined structures of the differeat species and crystal forms of insulin and the varied insulin derivatives were performed by using the least-squares superimposition technique and the graphics technique. The results of the investigation showed that the structure of molecule I in 2Zn insulin was closer to that of the natural monomer; the conformational difference between two molecules of a dimer came out during dimerization and it was further improved and stabilized during the hexamerization and packing of hexamers in crystal; through the hinge peptides, such as A10, B4, B8, B24, B20 and B23, there was a flexible relative motion among the structural segments in the insulin molecule, and the residues at the B-chain C-terminal might have a shift of more than 10; the mobility for each residue side-chain was very different due to the different surroundings.     

SYNTHESIS OF ACETIC ACID BY CARBONYLATION OF METHANOL ON Ni(Ⅱ)CATALYSTS

The synthesis of acetic acid by carbonylation of methanol in the presence of Ni(Ⅱ)complexcatalysts at 200℃ under mild pressure was studied.The results showed that among the tested catalyststhe MCC-Ⅰ catalyst had the best performance for the reaction with a mathanol conversion of 98.2%and a carbonyl compound yield of 94.5%.The effects of the pKa values of ligands and the Debyevalues of solvents on the reaction were determined and a suggested mechanism involved in this reactionwas briefly discussed.     

STUDIES ON CROP LOSS CAUSED BY STRIPE RUST ON WINTER WHEAT (Ⅱ)——EFFECT OF DISEASE ON THE LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Winter wheat was used to investigate the effect of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformisWest.) on the photosynthesis of leaves with different disease severity. The rates of CO_2 uptakeof leaves were measured with an infrared gas analyzer. The results showed that on the dis-eased leaves the maximum rate of photosynthesis of the uncolonized part (P'_(max)) was negative-ly proportional to the disease severity and could be described as P'_(max)=P_(max)*(1- 0. 826*S).The photosynthsis model was built as P = I*@*P_(max)* (1 - b*S)/(P_(max)* (1- b*S) + I*@).From this model two relative photosynthesis reduction models were deduced: L_(photo) = A*S~n,where n = f(P'_(max)/P_(max)), and L_(photo) = 1 - (1 - S)*(1-b*S)*(P_(max) + I*@)/(P'_(max) + I*@).The relationship between the critical point crop loss model and these models was discussed.     

STUDIES ON THE KINETICS OF PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY ANILINE

The dependence of the rate of polymerization on the aniline concentration in the photopolymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by aniline was studied.The rate of polymerization of acrylonitrile increased with increasing of the aniline concentration and showed a maximum at first, then showed another increase after a minimum.This phenomenon was explained with the extinction coefficient of aniline at 313 nm,334 nm and 365 nm wavelengths.Similar results were obtained for the aniline derivatives.Therefore, the initiator exponents in the photopolymerization varies with the different concentrations of initiator and the square-root dependence can be obtained only at certain low concentrations, i.e. with low absorbance.     

STUDY ON THE ADSORPTION OF PHENOL BY CHITOSAN FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The effects of pH, initial concentration and temperature on the adsorption of phenol by chitosan were investigated in this paper. The isothermal data was applied to Langmuir linear and the Freundlich linear isotherm equation, and the thermodynamic parameters （AH, AG, AS） were calculated according to the values of binding Langmuir constant, KL. Results indicated that the adsorption between chitosan and phenol was significantly physical in nature, the negative ΔH constant at lower temperature confirmed that more phenol was adsorbed by chitosan at lower temperature. The kinetics of the sorption process of phenol on chitosan was investigated using the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetics, and results showed that the second order equation model provided the best correlation with the experimental results.     

A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYBUTYLALDEHYDE FORMED IN LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA

The polybutylaldehyde obtained by plasma polymerization was investigated by means of IR, X-ray diffraction, GC-MS, elementary analysis, TEM, electron diffraction and contact angle measurements etc. The results showed that the polymer formed in plasma is amorphous crosslinked polymer, and its backbone is made of carbon atoms. The surface energy of the polymer film is independent of the polymerization conditions. No addition reaction has taken place in the carbonyl group of butylaldehyde in the plasma condition. The result of the wettability measurements showed that the polymer film is generally hydrophobic and the surface energy of the film is about 41 dyn/cm, in which the dispersion force contribution is the majority. The electron diffraction proved that some crystal substance, even the single crystals were present in the polymer. X-ray diffraction also proved the presence of crystal and showed about 15% crystaUinity fraction.     

A multiple-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometric method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of five plasma apolipoproteins

A multiplexed targeted proteomic assay using a mTRAQ-MRM/MS-based approach was developed and assessed to systematically quantify the relative expressions of five candidate plasma apolipoproteins that have been previously shown to be dysregulated in neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunction:apolipoprotein H(APOH),apolipoprotein J(APOJ),apolipoprotein A4(APOA4),apolipoprotein E(APOE),and apolipoprotein D(APOD).The peptides and transitions of each APO were carefully selected according to the tandem MS signals acquired on a TripleTOFTM 5600,followed by optimization of the declustering potential and collision energy voltages for transitions on a QTRAP 5500.Our results showed that the collision energies of mTRAQ-labeled peptides were approximately 15%–20%higher than corresponding non-labeled peptides.Through optimized transitions and parameters,we analyzed the relative abundances of the five APOs in human plasma with and without depletion of high abundant proteins.The results indicated that the MRM signals of four target APOs were significantly increased after depletion,while the MRM signal of one APO,APOD,was decreased.Furthermore,the relative abundances of the five target APOs in healthy human plasma were stable,and the ranking of these proteins according to their MS responses changed slightly.Therefore,we deduced that the rank order of the MS signals for these target proteins can be developed as a diagnostic signature for diseased plasma.     

EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC AND HEATING TREATMENT ON THE SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF NITROCELLULOSE

The effect of cryogenic and heating treatment on the solution properties of rigid polymer nitrocellulose (NC) in dilute tetrahydrofuran solution were studied with a sealed viscometer and a size exclusion chromatograph (SEC),respectively. The experimental results show that the relative viscosity of NC solution decreases after repeated freezing-thawing treatment. The decreased viscosity value of NC could not be restored but decreased further after the solution being re-heated. The experimental results of SEC are fully consistent with that of viscosity measurements. It is believed that the effect of two treatments on NC solution both causes the apparent hydrodynamic volume to decrease. But they are assumed to be ascribed to different mechanisms.     

EFFECT OF HYPERCROSSLINKED RESINS SURFACE CHEMISTRY ON THE ADSORPTION OF PHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Two hypercrosslinked resins with similar physical characters but different surface chemistry were synthesized and used to remove phenol from aqueous solutions. The FTIR spectra, elemental analysis and the Boehm titration were used to characterize the chemical properties of the resins. The adsorption experiments were carried out using the bottle-point technique, and the effects of the surface chemistry on the adsorption were discussed. The adsorption data fit well with the Freundlich model, indicating the heterogeneity of the resins surface. It could be seen from the experimental results that the adsorption capacity increased with the increase in the total surface concentration of oxygen-containing groups. The pH dependence and the effects of ionic strength were also discussed. The kinetic adsorption data fit well with the pseudo-second order model, and the results showed that the surface oxygen-containing groups have little effect on the adsorption rate.     

EFFECTS OF PREPARATOIN CONDITIONS ON THE KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX-RESINS

The effects of the reaction temperature, the crosslinking degree of the matrix, the pore-forming agent and the initial concentration of PVA on the kinetic properties of the complex-resins were investigated. The ion-exchange rate of the complex-resin for L-lysine chlorate was three-fold that of 001×8 resin and two-fold that of D61 resin.     

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE MICROPOROUS MEMBRANES BY THE ADSORPTION OF NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS

Surface modification by physical adsorption of a series of non-ionic surfactants including Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80 and Tween 85, was accomplished on polypropylene microporous hollow fiber and flat membranes. The adsorption curve of the membrane surface was analyzed by weight measurements and the typical results showed a twoplatform character similarly. Differences in the degree and curve shape of adsorption resulting from such factors as concentration, temperature, as well as water cleaning time were observed for Tween 85 among other Tweens. Attenuated total reflection - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy observation showed that the adsorption of Tween on polypropylene microporous membrane （PPMM） is effective and occurs mainly in the pores of PPMMs at low adsorption amount, and on the membrane surface also at high adsorption value.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE STEM LEAF ANATOMY OF THE THREE WILD RICE SPECIES IN CHINA

The results of study on the anatomy of the stem leaf of Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea Roschev.,O. officinalis Wall. and O. meyeriana Baill. in China indicated that O. sativa L. f. spontanea had full lysigenous space in the internodes,large lysigenous space in the mid rib of the leaf,and the lysigenous path in the large vascular bundles of the leaf.Its mesophyll cells were arranged compactly and its cell walls were much inwardly folded.In the lysigenous space in the internodes of O. officinalis remained some membranes. O. meyeriana had neither large lysigenous space in the internodes and leaf mid rib nor the lysigenous path in the large vascular bundles of the leaf.The results mentioned above showed that the three wild rice species having different anatomical structures adapted to growing in the water-grown and high solar-radiation ecotype of the swamp-land, the wet and little-sunlight ecological conditions of the mountain valley and the xerophilous and shady ecological environment, respectively.The autho     

DEPENDENCE OF ACRYLONITRILE POLYMERIZATION KINETICS ON THE COMPOSITION OF POLYAMIDOXIME-THIOUREA SYSTEM

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by polypropylene based-polyamidoxime (PPAO)-thiourea (TU) system was investigated at [TU]/[PPAO]>0.5 molar ratio. It shows that the variation of the concentrations of PPAO, thiourea and nitric acid does not exert an observable influence on the reaction rate. The overall rate of polymerization (R_p) isR_p = 2.07e~(-7,800/RT)[ AN]~(2.0)The zero order dependence on PPAO and thiourea concentrations and the lowest value of the collision frequence factor were considered to be a feature of the primary radical termination.     

INSERTION REACTION OF CARBOETHOXYLCARBENE TO N-HEXANE IN THE PRESENCE OF BENZOPHENONE AND THE SENSITIZED PHOTO-OXIDATION OF N-HEXANE

In the presence of protosensitizer-benzophenone, ethyl diazoacetate was photolyzedand the resulting carboethoxylcarbene reacted with n-hexane. The result was compared withthat done without the sensitizer. It was revealed that the nature of the insertion products andtheir relative proportions remained the same, whether the sensitizer was presentor not. At the same time, the influence of oxygen on the sensitized and unsensitized inser-tion reaetions was also studied; these showed also no influence on the nature of insertionproducts and their relative proportions no matter whether the sensitizer or oxygen was pres-ent or not. Since oxygen ks a well-known seavenger for the triplet state carbene, the ex-perimental results indicate clearly that the insertion reactions are conducted by the carbenein singlet state. The photo-oxidation products of n-hexane sensitized by air in the presence of benzophe-none were carefully studied, showing that the primary hexyl radical seemed to be rearrang-ed to thermodynamicall     

HYDROGEN-BONDING INDUCED CHANGE OF CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF POLY（BUTYLENE SUCCINATE） IN ITS MIXTURES WITH BISPHENOL A

In the present work, the blend of poly（butylene succinate） （PBS） and bisphenol A （BPA） was prepared by solution mixing, and the intermolecular interactions between the two components were characterized by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. The results showed that intermolecular hydrogen-bonding forms between the carbonyl group of PBS and phenol hydroxyl of BPA. With the increase of BPA content, more hydrogen bonds were formed. The effect of hydrogen bonding on the crystallization behavior of PBS was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and polarized optical microscopy （POM）. The results showed that the overall isothermal crystallization kinetics and the spherulite growth rate of PBS decrease with the increase of BPA content, while the PBS spherulite size increases with BPA content.     

SYNTHESIS OF ALCOHOLS FROM HYDROGENATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE(Ⅲ)

The effects of catalyst preparation and reaction conditions on thecatalytic activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to alcoholsover zeolite supported bimetal catalyst were studied.The results showed that:(1)ethanol easily formed on the zeolite with larger pores and methanol did onthat with smaller pores;(2)when pH value of the ion exchange solution was10,the activity reached the maximum;(3)the optimum Cu/Ru mole ratio was3;(4)the influence of reation conditions such as temperature,pressure andH_2/CO_2 mole ratio on the topic reaction was greater.     

BRITTLE-DUCTILE TRANSITION OF POLYMERS AND ITS PERCOLATION MODEL

The brittle-ductile transition (BDT) of particlc toughened polymers was extensively studied in terms ofmorphology, strain rate, and temperature. The calculation results showed that both the critical interparticle distance (ID_c) andthe brittle-ductile transition temperature (T_(BD)) of polymers were a function of strain rate. The ID_c reduced nonlinearly withincreasing strain rate, whereas T_(BD) increased considerably with increasing strain rate. The effects of temperature andplasticizer concentration on BDT were discussed using a percolation model. The results were in agreement with theexperiments.     

STUDIES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES

The effects of inter facial modifier on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical properties andcrystallization behavior of the polyethylene composites were investigated in the present paper.It was found that the interfacial modifer significantly improved the mechanical properties,influenced the dynamic mechanical spectra and slightly changed the crystallization behavior.The results showed that the interfacial modifier changed the dispersion state of dispersedphase of the composites, resulting in different phase structure, which was the major reasonIeading to different mechanical and crystallization properties.     

STUDY ON TPR OF NICKEL OXIDE CATALYSTS CALCINED AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

TPR technique has been used, to investigate the reducibilities of three types of nickel oxide catalysts calcined in air between 650℃and 1050℃: NiO/Al2O3, NiO/MgAl2O4and NiO/(CaO, MgO) · A12O3· xSiO2. The results indicate that the TPR peaks of all the catalysts were shifted toward high temperature and peak areas were gradually reduced with increasing calcination temperature. Particularly, the main TPR peaks almost disappeared at 1050℃-It was also observed that NiO/(CaO, MgO)· Al2O3 · xSiO2 catalyst was the easiest to be reduced of these catalysts, and there was a small shoulder peak before the main peak for each catalyst. Examination of these catalysts by XPS showed that there were two forms of nickel oxides on support surface .     

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF POLYSTYRENE SULFONIC ACID MACROMOLECULES ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDE

The effect of polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) macromolecules on the polymerization of acrylamide (AM) has been studied. It was found that the rates of polymerization of AM were greatly increased in the presence of PSSA in the polymerization system.The maximum value of the rate of polymerization of AM was obtained when the ratio of [—SO_3H]: [AM] reached 3:1. When the insoluble crosslinked PSSA was used instead of the soluble one, this effect decreased considerably. The interaction between molecules of PSSA and AM was determined by infrared spectroscopy, elementary analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The combination form, —SO_3-NH_3~ CO—, formed between sulfonic group and amide group was found to be existed since the infrared absorption band of —NH_2 shifted from 3400cm~(-1) to 3150 cm~(-1), the binding energy of electron N_(18) changed from 399.7 eV to 401.3 eV, and the atomic ratio of N to S of the products was similar to the ratio of reagents. Based on these experimental results, the mechanism of AM polymerization in the presence of PSSA is proposed. The initial step is the combination of AM with sulfonic group to form —CONH_3~ , then followed by polymerization on the PSSA macromolecule. The role of PSSA on the polymerization of AM is discussed.