晶体塑性变形离散滑移模型及有限元分析

基于韧性单晶体实验现象，建立了描述晶体塑性变形的离散滑移模型．该模型的主要特点是：晶体滑移变形在宏观上是不均匀的，滑移带的分布是离散的．利用晶体塑性理论对模型进行了有限变形有限元分析，计算结果揭示了晶体滑移的离散行为，模拟的应力 应变曲线与实验曲线相吻合     

A crystal plasticity model that incorporates stresses and strains due to slip gradients

This work is concerned with incorporating the kinematic and stress effects of excess dislocations in a constitutive model for the elastoplastic behavior of crystalline materials. The foundation of the model is a three term multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in which the two classical terms of plastic and elastic deformation are included along with an additional term for long range strain due to the collective effects of excess dislocations. The long range strain is obtained from an assumed density of Volterra edge dislocations and is directly related to gradients in slip. A new material parameter emerges which is the size the region about a continuum point that contributes to long range strains.Using Hookean elasticity, the stress at a point is linearly related to the sum of the elastic plus the long range strain fields. However, the driving force for slip is postulated to be due only to the elastic stress so that the long range stress is a back stress in the constitutive relationship for plastic deformation. A consistent balance of the total deformation rate with the three proposed mechanisms of deformation leads to a set of differential equations that can be solved for the elastic stress, rotation and pressure which then implicitly defines the material state and equilibrium stress. Results from the simulation of a tapered tensile specimen demonstrate that the constitutive model exhibits isotropic and kinematic type hardening effects as well as changes in the pattern of plastic deformation and necking when compared to a material without slip gradient effects.     

Randomness and slip avalanches in gradient plasticity

While localization of deformation at macroscopic scales has been documented and carefully characterized long ago, it is only recently that systematic experimental investigations have demonstrated that plastic flow of crystalline solids on mesoscopic scales proceeds in a strongly heterogenous and intermittent manner. In fact, deformation is characterized by intermittent bursts (‘slip avalanches’) the sizes of which obey power-law statistics. In the spatial domain, these avalanches produce characteristic deformation patterns in the form of slip lines and slip bands. Unlike to the case of macroscopic localization where gradient plasticity can capture the width and spacing of shear bands in the softening regime of the stress–strain graph, this type of mesoscopically jerky like localized plastic flow is observed in spite of a globally convex stress–strain relationship and may not be captured by standard deterministic continuum modelling. We thus propose a generalized constitutive model which includes both second-order strain gradients and randomness in the local stress–strain relationship. These features are related to the internal stresses which govern dislocation motion on microscopic scales. It is shown that the model can successfully describe experimental observations on slip avalanches as well as the associated surface morphology characteristics.     

A dislocation density based crystal plasticity finite element model: Application to a two-phase polycrystalline HCP/BCC composites

We present a multiscale model for anisotropic, elasto-plastic, rate- and temperature-sensitive deformation of polycrystalline aggregates to large plastic strains. The model accounts for a dislocation-based hardening law for multiple slip modes and links a single-crystal to a polycrystalline response using a crystal plasticity finite element based homogenization. It is capable of predicting local stress and strain fields based on evolving microstructure including the explicit evolution of dislocation density and crystallographic grain reorientation. We apply the model to simulate monotonic mechanical response of a hexagonal close-packed metal, zirconium (Zr), and a body-centered cubic metal, niobium (Nb), and study the texture evolution and deformation mechanisms in a two-phase Zr/Nb layered composite under severe plastic deformation. The model predicts well the texture in both co-deforming phases to very large plastic strains. In addition, it offers insights into the active slip systems underlying texture evolution, indicating that the observed textures develop by a combination of prismatic, pyramidal, and anomalous basal slip in Zr and primarily {110}〈111〉 slip and secondly {112}〈111〉 slip in Nb.     

Constitutive equations of the elastoviscoplastic model and slip theory

On the basis of ideas of the Batdorf-Budiansky slip theory, we construct a model of an elastoviscoplastic medium. The slip conditions on the unit area take into account the fact that the tangential stresses depend on the slip velocity but are close to the dry friction conditions for small viscosity. Under certain assumptions, we manage to integrate the plastic shear rate over all possible slip areas in the case of an arbitrary three-dimensional stress state and obtain an expression for the plastic strain rate tensor.     

Non-local crystal plasticity model with intrinsic SSD and GND effects

A strain gradient-dependent crystal plasticity approach is presented to model the constitutive behaviour of polycrystal FCC metals under large plastic deformation. In order to be capable of predicting scale dependence, the heterogeneous deformation-induced evolution and distribution of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) are incorporated into the phenomenological continuum theory of crystal plasticity. Consequently, the resulting boundary value problem accommodates, in addition to the ordinary stress equilibrium condition, a condition which sets the additional nodal degrees of freedom, the edge and screw GND densities, proportional (in a weak sense) to the gradients of crystalline slip. Next to this direct coupling between microstructural dislocation evolutions and macroscopic gradients of plastic slip, another characteristic of the presented crystal plasticity model is the incorporation of the GND-effect, which leads to an essentially different constitutive behaviour than the statistically stored dislocation (SSD) densities. The GNDs, by their geometrical nature of locally similar signs, are expected to influence the plastic flow through a non-local back-stress measure, counteracting the resolved shear stress on the slip systems in the undeformed situation and providing a kinematic hardening contribution. Furthermore, the interactions between both SSD and GND densities are subject to the formation of slip system obstacle densities and accompanying hardening, accountable for slip resistance. As an example problem and without loss of generality, the model is applied to predict the formation of boundary layers and the accompanying size effect of a constrained strip under simple shear deformation, for symmetric double-slip conditions.     

A fully anisotropic single crystal model for high strain rate loading conditions with an application to α-RDX

In this paper, we develop a fully anisotropic, nonlinear, thermodynamically consistent model for single crystals under high rates of loading with thermodynamically consistent decoupling of the stress tensor into hydrostatic and deviatoric components. A new slip resistance model, which accounts for the main high-pressure mechanisms arising at the microscale including the effects of phonon drag, has been developed. When applied to α-RDX single crystals, the model is capable of predicting the salient elastic-plastic wave characteristics observed in gas gun experiments which include stress relaxation behind the elastic wave, elastic wave decay and increasing separation between the elastic and plastic waves with propagation. At lower pressures, slip activity is observed to occur over a longer period of time resulting in a distinct elastic plastic wave, which is missing at higher pressures.     

Cylindrical void in a rigid-ideally plastic single crystal III: Hexagonal close-packed crystal

The analytical solution is derived for the plane strain stress field around a cylindrical void in a hexagonal close-packed single crystal with three in-plane slip systems oriented at the angle π/3 with respect to one another. The critical resolved shear stress on each slip system is assumed to be equal. The crystal is loaded by both internal pressure and a far-field equibiaxial compressive stress. The deformation field takes the form of angular sectors, called slip sectors, within which only one slip system is active; the boundaries between different sectors are radial lines. The stress fields are derived by enforcing equilibrium and a rigid, ideally plastic constitutive relationship, in the spirit of anisotropic slip line theory. The results show that each slip sector is divided into smaller regions denoted as stress sectors and the stress state valid within each stress sector is derived. It is shown that stresses are unique and are continuous within stress sectors and across stress sector boundaries, but the gradient of stresses is not continuous across the boundaries between stress sectors. The solution shows self-similarity in that the stresses over the entire domain can be determined from the stresses within a small region adjacent to the void by invoking certain scaling and symmetry properties. In addition, the stress state exhibits periodicity along logarithmic spirals which emanate from the void. The results predict that the mean value of in-plane pressure required to activate plastic deformation around a void in a single crystal can be higher than that necessary for a void in an isotropic material and is sensitive to the orientation of the slip systems relative to the void.     

Grain boundary interface mechanics in strain gradient crystal plasticity

Interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries play an important role in the plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals. Capturing accurately the behaviour of these internal interfaces is particularly important for applications where the relative grain boundary fraction is significant, such as ultra fine-grained metals, thin films and micro-devices. Incorporating these micro-scale interactions (which are sensitive to a number of dislocation, interface and crystallographic parameters) within a macro-scale crystal plasticity model poses a challenge. The innovative features in the present paper include (i) the formulation of a thermodynamically consistent grain boundary interface model within a microstructurally motivated strain gradient crystal plasticity framework, (ii) the presence of intra-grain slip system coupling through a microstructurally derived internal stress, (iii) the incorporation of inter-grain slip system coupling via an interface energy accounting for both the magnitude and direction of contributions to the residual defect from all slip systems in the two neighbouring grains, and (iv) the numerical implementation of the grain boundary model to directly investigate the influence of the interface constitutive parameters on plastic deformation. The model problem of a bicrystal deforming in plane strain is analysed. The influence of dissipative and energetic interface hardening, grain misorientation, asymmetry in the grain orientations and the grain size are systematically investigated. In each case, the crystal response is compared with reference calculations with grain boundaries that are either ‘microhard’ (impenetrable to dislocations) or ‘microfree’ (an infinite dislocation sink).     

Micromechanical modeling of the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of semi-crystalline polymers

A micromechanically based constitutive model for the elasto-viscoplastic deformation and texture evolution of semi-crystalline polymers is developed. The model idealizes the microstructure to consist of an aggregate of two-phase layered composite inclusions. A new framework for the composite inclusion model is formulated to facilitate the use of finite deformation elasto-viscoplastic constitutive models for each constituent phase. The crystalline lamellae are modeled as anisotropic elastic with plastic flow occurring via crystallographic slip. The amorphous phase is modeled as isotropic elastic with plastic flow being a rate-dependent process with strain hardening resulting from molecular orientation. The volume-averaged deformation and stress within the inclusions are related to the macroscopic fields by a hybrid interaction model. The uniaxial compression of initially isotropic high density polyethylene (HDPE) is taken as a case study. The ability of the model to capture the elasto-plastic stress-strain behavior of HDPE during monotonic and cyclic loading, the evolution of anisotropy, and the effect of crystallinity on initial modulus, yield stress, post-yield behavior and unloading-reloading cycles are presented.     

An efficient constitutive model for room-temperature,low-rate plasticity of annealed Mg AZ31B sheet

Metals and alloys with hexagonal close packed (HCP) crystal structures can undergo twinning in addition to dislocation slip when loaded mechanically. The complexity of the plastic response and the limited extent of twinning are impediments to their room-temperature formability and thus their widespread adoption. In order to exploit the unusual deformation characteristics of twinning sheet materials in designing novel forming operations, a practical plane stress material model for finite element implementation was sought. Such a model, TWINLAW, has been constructed based on three phenomenological deformation modes for Mg AZ31B: S (slip), T (twinning), and U (untwinning). The modes correspond to three testing regimes: initial in-plane tension (from the annealed state), initial in-plane compression, and in-plane tension following compression, respectively. A von Mises yield surface with initial non-zero back stress was employed to account for plastic yielding asymmetry, with evolution according to a novel isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening model. Texture and its evolution were represented throughout deformation using a weighted discrete probability density function of c-axis orientations. The orientation of c-axes evolves with twinning or untwinning using explicit rules incorporated in the model.     

Self-consistent modeling of large plastic deformation, texture and morphology evolution in semi-crystalline polymers

A self-consistent model for semi-crystalline polymers is proposed to study their constitutive behavior, texture and morphology evolution during large plastic deformation. The material is considered as an aggregate of composite inclusions, each representing a stack of crystalline lamellae with their adjacent amorphous layers. The deformation within the inclusions is volume-averaged over the phases. The interlamellar shear is modeled as an additional slip system with a slip direction depending on the inclusion's stress. Hardening of the amorphous phase due to molecular orientation and, eventually, coarse slip, is introduced via Arruda-Boyce hardening law for the corresponding plastic resistance. The morphology evolution is accounted for through the change of shape of the inclusions under the applied deformation gradient. The overall behavior is obtained via a viscoplastic tangent self-consistent scheme. The model is applied to high density polyethylene (HDPE). The stress-strain response, texture and morphology changes are simulated under different modes of straining and compared to experimental data as well as to the predictions of other models.     

An atomistically-informed dislocation dynamics model for the plastic anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry of BCC metals

Atomistic simulations have shown that a screw dislocation in body-centered cubic (BCC) metals has a complex non-planar atomic core structure. The configuration of this core controls their motion and is affected not only by the usual resolved shear stress on the dislocation, but also by non-driving stress components. Consequences of the latter are referred to as non-Schmid effects. These atomic and micro-scale effects are the reason slip characteristics in deforming single and polycrystalline BCC metals are extremely sensitive to the direction and sense of the applied load. In this paper, we develop a three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) simulation model to understand the relationship between individual dislocation glide behavior and macro-scale plastic slip behavior in single crystal BCC Ta. For the first time, it is shown that non-Schmid effects on screw dislocations of both {110} and {112} slip systems must be implemented into the DD models in order to predict the strong plastic anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry experimentally observed in the stress-strain curves of single crystal Ta. Incorporation of fundamental atomistic information is critical for developing a physics-based, predictive meso-scale DD simulation tool that can connect length/time scales and investigate the underlying mechanisms governing the deformation of BCC metals.     

The bimodal theory of plasticity: A form-invariant generalisation

The bimodal plasticity model of fibre-reinforced materials is currently available and applicable only in association with thin-walled fibrous composites containing a family of straight fibres which are conveniently assumed parallel with the x₁-axis of an appropriately chosen Cartesian co-ordinate system. Based on reliable experimental evidence, the model suggests that plastic slip in the composite operates in two distinct modes; the so-called matrix dominated mode (MDM) which depends on a matrix yield stress, and the fibre dominated mode (FDM) which depends also on the fibre yield stress. Each mode is activated by different states of applied stress, has its own yield surface (or surfaces) in the stress space and has its own segment on the overall yield surface of the composite. This paper employs theory of tensor representations and produces a form-invariant generalisation of both modes of the model. This generalisation furnishes the model with direct applicability to relevant plasticity problems, regardless of the shape of the fibres or the orientation of the co-ordinate system. It thus provides a proper mathematical foundation that underpins important physical concepts associated with the model while it also elucidates several technical relevant issues. A most interesting of those issues is the revelation that activation of the MDM plastic regime is possible only if the applied stress state allows the fibres to act like they are practically inextensible. Moreover, activation of the more dominant, between the two MDM plastic slip branches is possible only if conditions of material incompressibility hold, in addition to the implied condition of fibre inextensibility. A direct mathematical connection is thus achieved between basic, experimentally verified concepts of the bimodal plasticity model and a relevant mathematical model originated earlier from the theory of ideal fibre-reinforced materials. An additional issue of discussion involves the number of independent yield stress parameters that the bimodal theory needs to take into consideration. Moreover, an analytical expression is provided of a relatively simple mathematical surface that possesses all known features of the FDM yield surface; currently captured with the aid of both experimental and computational means. The present study is guided by the existing relevant experimental evidence which, however, is principally associated with the plastic behaviour of solids reinforced by strong fibres. Nevertheless, several of the outlined developments are expected to be applicable to composite materials containing a single family of more compliant or even weak fibres.     

Micromechanical modelling of the effect of plastic deformation on the mechanical behaviour in pseudoelastic shape memory alloys

Except for the recoverable strain induced by phase transformation, NiTi alloys are very ductile even in the martensite phase. The purpose of the present paper is to study the influence of permanent deformation, which results from plastic deformation of martensite, on the mechanical behaviour of pseudoelastic NiTi alloys. Based on phenomenological theory of martensitic transformation and crystal plasticity, a new three dimensional micromechanical model is proposed by coupling both the slip and twinning deformation mechanisms. The present model is implemented as User MATerial subroutine (UMAT) into ABAQUS/Standard to study the influences of plastic deformation on the stress and strain fields, and on the evolution of martensite transformation. Results show that with the increasing of plastic deformation the residual strain increases and the phase transformation stress–strain curves from the martensite to austenite become steeper and less obvious. Both characteristics, stabilisation of martensite and impedance of the reverse transformation, due to plastic deformation are captured.     

基于有限变形单晶塑性滑移的微观热-力耦合模型及其有限元计算

基于率相关的晶体塑性滑移理论,论文考虑晶体内部塑性变形产生的热以及快速热冲击作用下温度急剧变化产生热应力的热-力双向耦合效应,建立起微观单晶的瞬态热-弹-塑性耦合模型,推导出与温度有关的剪应变率和弹塑性切模量公式.根据论文建立的模型,对ABAQUS软件进行二次开发[1],数值模拟出<001>/{100}单晶Cu在单轴拉伸状态下的应力、应变与温度的关系和弹性模量的变化,结果如下:轴向应力随温度升高先呈线性增加再呈非线性减小,轴向应变随温度增加而增加;弹性模量随塑性变形的增加而降低,与分子动力学模拟的趋势[2]是一致的.数值实验表明,论文建立的模型和算法是正确合理的,且计算量远远小于分子动力学模拟.     

A substructure mixtures model for the cyclic plasticity of single slip oriented nickel single crystal at low plastic strain amplitudes

The cyclic plasticity behavior of nickel single crystals oriented for single slip is characterized by uniaxial, symmetric, tension–compression, strain controlled tests carried out at constant plastic strain amplitudes ranging from 5(10⁻⁵) to 1(10⁻³). Annealed single crystals are cycled in this manner to post-cyclic saturation and microstructural characterizations, including transmission electron microscopy and optical micrographs of specimen surface replicas are used to verify and evaluate dislocation substructures. Stress–strain and microstructure data are used to construct a mixtures model that couples cyclic plasticity models for three substructures as well as a model for reverse magnetostriction (Villari effect) that is a significant component of inelastic strain at the lower plastic strain amplitudes. The model is used to correlate the stress–plastic strain hysteresis loop responses over the range of plastic strain amplitudes and from cumulative plastic strains from 0.3 to post-cyclic saturation. Complex evolution of substructure plastic strain amplitudes toward their so-called intrinsic values upon the formation of persistent slip bands is modeled. Additionally, bulk Young’s modulus is found to vary significantly with plastic strain amplitude and cumulative plastic strain. A correlation of this behavior is included.     

考虑晶体滑移面分解正应力的细观损伤模型

材料内部的解理、滑移面剥离等细观损伤是引起宏观失效的根源,从细观尺度研究损伤的发生和发展有助于深入认识材料的变形和失效过程.本文基于晶体塑性理论,从滑移系的受力和变形出发研究材料的细观损伤,建立了考虑滑移面分解正应力的细观损伤模型,为晶体材料解理断裂的分析提供了新方法.首先,在晶体弹塑性变形构型的基础上引入损伤变形梯度...     

Finite element simulation of PSB macroband nucleation and propagation in single crystal nickel cycled at low plastic strain amplitudes

Substructure models for vein matrix and persistent slip band (PSB) structures are extracted from a uniaxial mixtures model that was developed to simulate cyclic loading experiments on nickel single crystals oriented for single slip. Reverse magnetostriction is included as well. These substructure models are implanted in a single crystal plasticity framework with fully anisotropic elasticity. The resulting constitutive models are incorporated in finite element models to simulate the process of PSB macroband formation and propagation. Perturbation elements (PEs), elements assigned with PSB properties, are used as the loci for PSB macroband nucleation. Transition of elements with vein matrix properties to elements with PSB properties is triggered at integration points by a shear stress criterion applied on slip systems. The resulting finite element models successfully demonstrate the process of PSB formation and propagation, and plastic strain amplitude partitioning between vein matrix and PSB macrobands. The effect of model boundary constraints, strain increment dependence, mesh sensitivity, PE distribution, specimen axis misorientation, and PSB volume fraction generated is examined.     

On the uniqueness of a rate-independent plasticity model for single crystals

This paper presents the uniqueness and existence conditions for a rate-independent plasticity model for single crystals under a general stress state. The model is based on multiple slips on three-dimensional slip systems. The uniqueness condition for the plastic slips in a single crystal with nonlinear hardening is derived using the implicit function theorem. The uniqueness condition is the non-singularity of a matrix defined by the Schmid tensors, the elasticity, and the hardening rates of the slip systems. When this matrix becomes singular, the limitations on the loading paths that can be accommodated by the active slip systems (i.e., the existence conditions) are also given explicitly. For the compatible loading paths, a particular solution is selected by requiring the solution vector to be orthogonal to the null space of the singular coefficient matrix. The paper also presents a fully implicit algorithm for the plasticity model. Numerical examples of an fcc copper single crystal under cyclic loadings (pure shear and uniaxial strain) are presented to demonstrate the main features of the algorithm.