Cycles and perfect matchings

Fan Chung and Ron Graham (J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 65 (1995) 273–290) introduced the cover polynomial for a directed graph and showed that it was connected with classical rook theory. Dworkin (J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 71 (1997) 17–53) showed that the cover polynomial naturally factors for directed graphs associated with Ferrers boards. The authors (Adv. Appl. Math. 27 (2001) 438–481) developed a rook theory for shifted Ferrers boards where the analogue of a rook placement is replaced by a partial perfect matching of K_2n, the complete graph on 2n vertices. In this paper, we show that an analogue of Dworkin's result holds for shifted Ferrers boards in this setting. We also show how cycle-counting matching numbers are connected to cycle-counting “hit numbers” (which involve perfect matchings of K_2n).     

Convexity in oriented graphs

For vertices u and v in an oriented graph D, the closed interval I[u,v] consists of u and v together with all vertices lying in a u−v geodesic or v−u geodesic in D. For S⊆V(D), I[S] is the union of all closed intervals I[u,v] with u,v∈S. A set S is convex if I[S]=S. The convexity number con(D) is the maximum cardinality of a proper convex set of V(D). The nontrivial connected oriented graphs of order n with convexity number n−1 are characterized. It is shown that there is no connected oriented graph of order at least 4 with convexity number 2 and that every pair k, n of integers with 1⩽k⩽n−1 and k≠2 is realizable as the convexity number and order, respectively, of some connected oriented graph. For a nontrivial connected graph G, the lower orientable convexity number con⁻(G) is the minimum convexity number among all orientations of G and the upper orientable convexity number con⁺(G) is the maximum such convexity number. It is shown that con⁺(G)=n−1 for every graph G of order n⩾2. The lower orientable convexity numbers of some well-known graphs are determined, with special attention given to outerplanar graphs.     

The behaviour of (k,…,kn,n−ik)ci/i! is asymptotically normal

Let N(n,i) = (k,…,kⁿ,n?ik)c^i/i, i = O.…,[n/k]. We prove that the random variable X_n such that $\text{P(X}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>n</mtext>}}\text{= i) =}\text{N(n, i)}\text{Σ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>j</mtext>}}\text{N(n, j)}$ has asymptotically (n → ∞) a normal distribution and we give some combinatorial applications of this result.We also improve a result of Godsil [3] dealing with matchings in graph.     

Homology of certain algebras defined by graphs

Let K(G) for a finite graph G with vertices v₁,...,v_n denote the K-algebra with generators X₁,...,X_n and defining relations X_iX_j=X_jX_i if and only if v_i is not connected to v_j by an edge in G. We describe centralizers of monomials, show that the centralizer of a monomial is again a graph algebra, prove a unique factorization theorem for factorizations of monomials into commuting factors, compute the homology of K(G), and show that K(G) is the homology ring of a certain loop space. We also construct a K(π, 1) explicitly where π is the group with generators X₁,...,X_n and defining relations X_iX_j=X_jX_i if and only if v_i is not connected to v_j by an edge in G.     

Nordhaus-Gaddum results for the convex domination number of a graph

The distance d _G (u, v) between two vertices u and v in a connected graph G is the length of the shortest uv-path in G. A uv-path of length d _G (u, v) is called a uv-geodesic. A set X is convex in G if vertices from all ab-geodesics belong to X for any two vertices a, b ?? X. The convex domination number ??_con(G) of a graph G equals the minimum cardinality of a convex dominating set. In the paper, Nordhaus-Gaddum-type results for the convex domination number are studied.     

The crossing numbers of join of the special graph on six vertices with path and cycle

There are only few results concerning crossing numbers of join of some graphs. In the paper, for the special graph H on six vertices we give the crossing numbers of its join with n isolated vertices as well as with the path P_n on n vertices and with the cycle C_n.     

The convexity spectra of graphs

Let D be a connected oriented graph. A set S⊆V(D) is convex in D if, for every pair of vertices x,y∈S, the vertex set of every x-y geodesic (x-y shortest dipath) and y-x geodesic in D is contained in S. The convexity numbercon(D) of a nontrivial oriented graph D is the maximum cardinality of a proper convex set of D. Let G be a graph. We define that S_C(G)={con(D):D is an orientation of G} and S_SC(G)={con(D):D is a strongly connected orientation of G}. In the paper, we show that, for any n?4, 1?a?n-2, and a≠2, there exists a 2-connected graph G with n vertices such that S_C(G)=S_SC(G)={a,n-1} and there is no connected graph G of order n?3 with S_SC(G)={n-1}. Then, we determine that S_C(K₃)={1,2}, S_C(K₄)={1,3}, S_SC(K₃)=S_SC(K₄)={1}, S_C(K₅)={1,3,4}, S_C(K₆)={1,3,4,5}, S_SC(K₅)=S_SC(K₆)={1,3}, S_C(K_n)={1,3,5,6,…,n-1}, S_SC(K_n)={1,3,5,6,…,n-2} for n?7. Finally, we prove that, for any integers n, m, and k with , 1?k?n-1, and k≠2,4, there exists a strongly connected oriented graph D with n vertices, m edges, and convexity number k.     

The symmetric (2k,k)‐graphs

A noncomplete graph G is called an (n, k)‐graph if it is n‐connected and G − X is not (n − |X| + 1)‐connected for any X ⊆ V(G) with |X| ≤ k. Mader conjectured that for k ≥ 3 the graph K_{2k + 2} − (1‐factor) is the unique (2k, k)‐graph. We settle this conjecture for strongly regular graphs, for edge transitive graphs, and for vertex transitive graphs. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 36: 35–51, 2001     

A note on infinite transitive graphs

In [4] Jung and Watkins proved that for a connected infinite graph X either κ_∞(X) = ∞ holds or X is a strip, if Aut(X) contains a transitive abelian subgroup G. Here we prove the same result under weaker assumptions.     

The circumference of the square of a connected graph

The celebrated result of Fleischner states that the square of every 2-connected graph is Hamiltonian. We investigate what happens if the graph is just connected. For every n ≥ 3, we determine the smallest length c(n) of a longest cycle in the square of a connected graph of order n and show that c(n) is a logarithmic function in n. Furthermore, for every c ≥ 3, we characterize the connected graphs of largest order whose square contains no cycle of length at least c.     

The disconnection number of a graph

The disconnection number d(X) is the least number of points in a connected topological graph X such that removal of d(X) points will disconnect X (Nadler, 1993 [6]). Let Dn denote the set of all homeomorphism classes of topological graphs with disconnection number n. The main result characterizes the members of Dn+1 in terms of four possible operations on members of Dn. In addition, if X and Y are topological graphs and X is a subspace of Y with no endpoints, then d(X)?d(Y) and Y obtains from X with exactly d(Y)−d(X) operations. Some upper and lower bounds on the size of Dn are discussed.The algorithm of the main result has been implemented to construct the classes Dn for n?8, to estimate the size of D₉, and to obtain information on certain subclasses such as non-planar graphs (n?9) and regular graphs (n?10).     

A class of symmetric graphs with 2‐arc transitive quotients

Let Γ be an X‐symmetric graph admitting an X‐invariant partition ?? on V(Γ) such that Γ_?? is connected and (X, 2)‐arc transitive. A characterization of (Γ, X, ??) was given in [S. Zhou Eur J Comb 23 (2002), 741–760] for the case where |B|>|Γ(C)∩B|=2 for an arc (B, C) of Γ_??.We con‐sider in this article the case where |B|>|Γ(C)∩B|=3, and prove that Γ can be constructed from a 2‐arc transitive graph of valency 4 or 7 unless its connected components are isomorphic to 3 K ₂, C ₆ or K _{3, 3}. As a byproduct, we prove that each connected tetravalent (X, 2)‐transitive graph is either the complete graph K ₅ or a near n‐gonal graph for some n?4. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 65: 232–245, 2010     

The bondage numbers of graphs with small crossing numbers

The bondage number b(G) of a nonempty graph G is the cardinality of a smallest edge set whose removal from G results in a graph with domination number greater than the domination number γ(G) of G. Kang and Yuan proved b(G)?8 for every connected planar graph G. Fischermann, Rautenbach and Volkmann obtained some further results for connected planar graphs. In this paper, we generalize their results to connected graphs with small crossing numbers.     

On the X-join decomposition for undirected graphs

In his paper [17], Sabidussi defined the X-join of a family of graphs. Cowan, James, Stanton gave in [6] and O(n⁴) algorithm that decomposes a graph, when possible, into the X-join of the family of its subgraphs. We give here another approach using an equivalence relation on the edge set of the graph. We prove that if G and its complement are connected then there exists an unique class of edges that covers all the vertices of G. This theorem yields immediately an O(n³) decomposition algorithm.     

Exklusive Graphen und Hamiltonche Graphenn-ten Grades II

The graphs considered are finite and undirected, loops do not occur. An induced subgraphI of a graphX is called animitation ofX, if

1. the degreesd _I(v)≡d _X(v) (mod 2) for allv∈V(I)
2. eachu∈V(X)?V(I) is connected with the setv(I) by an even number of edges. If the set of imitations ofX consists only ofX itself, thenX is anexclusive graph. AHamiltonian graph of degree n (abbr.:HG ⁿ) in the sense ofA. Kotzig is ann-regular graph (n>1) with a linear decomposition and with the property, that any two of the linear components together form a Hamiltonian circuit of the graph.

In the first chapter some theorems concerning exclusive graphs and Euler graphs are stated. Chapters 2 deals withHG ^n′ s and bipartite graphs. In chapters 3 a useful concept—theX-graph of anHG ⁿ—is defined; in this paper it is the conceptual connection between exclusive graphs andHG ^n′ s, since a graphG is anHG ⁿ, if all itsX-graphs are exlusive. Furthermore, some theorems onX-graphs are proved. Chapter 4 contains the quintessence of the paper: If we want to construct a newHG ⁿ F from anotherHG ⁿ G, we can consider certain properties of theX-graphs ofG to decide whetherF is also anHG ⁿ.     

On 2-dimensional Nonaspherical Cell-like Peano Continua: A Simplified Approach

We construct a functor AC(?, ?) from the category of path connected spaces X with a base point x to the category of simply connected spaces. The following are the main results of the paper: (i) If X is a Peano continuum then AC(X, x) is a cell-like Peano continuum; (ii) If X is n-dimensional then AC(X, x) is (n + 1)?dimensional; and (iii) For a path connected space X, π ₁(X, x) is trivial if and only if π ₂(AC(X, x)) is trivial. As a corollary, AC(S ¹, x) is a 2-dimensional nonaspherical cell-like Peano continuum.     

On the enumeration of certain weighted graphs

We enumerate weighted simple graphs with a natural upper bound condition on the sum of the weight of adjacent vertices. We also compute the generating function of the numbers of these graphs, and prove that it is a rational function. In particular, we show that the generating function for connected bipartite simple graphs is of the form p₁(x)/(1-x)^m+1. For nonbipartite simple graphs, we get a generating function of the form p₂(x)/(1-x)^m+1(1+x)^l. Here m is the number of vertices of the graph, p₁(x) is a symmetric polynomial of degree at most m, p₂(x) is a polynomial of degree at most m+l, and l is a nonnegative integer. In addition, we give computational results for various graphs.     

Paths of homomorphisms from stable Kneser graphs

We denote by SG _n,k the stable Kneser graph (Schrijver graph) of stable n-subsets of a set of cardinality 2n+k. For k≡3 (mod 4) and n≥2 we show that there is a component of the χ-colouring graph of SG _n,k which is invariant under the action of the automorphism group of SG _n,k . We derive that there is a graph G with χ(G)=χ(SG _n,k ) such that the complex Hom(SG _n,k ,G) is non-empty and connected. In particular, for k≡3 (mod 4) and n≥2 the graph SG _n,k is not a test graph.     

Connected Resolvability of Graphs

For an ordered set W = {w ₁, w ₂,..., w _k} of vertices and a vertex v in a connected graph G, the representation of v with respect to W is the k-vector r(v|W) = (d(v, w ₁), d(v, w ₂),... d(v, w _k)), where d(x, y) represents the distance between the vertices x and y. The set W is a resolving set for G if distinct vertices of G have distinct representations with respect to W. A resolving set for G containing a minimum number of vertices is a basis for G. The dimension dim(G) is the number of vertices in a basis for G. A resolving set W of G is connected if the subgraph 〈W〉 induced by W is a nontrivial connected subgraph of G. The minimum cardinality of a connected resolving set in a graph G is its connected resolving number cr(G). Thus 1 ≤ dim(G) ≤ cr(G) ≤ n?1 for every connected graph G of order n ≥ 3. The connected resolving numbers of some well-known graphs are determined. It is shown that if G is a connected graph of order n ≥ 3, then cr(G) = n?1 if and only if G = K _n or G = K _1,n?1. It is also shown that for positive integers a, b with a ≤ b, there exists a connected graph G with dim(G) = a and cr(G) = b if and only if $\left( {a,b} \right) \notin \left\{ {\left( {1,k} \right):k = 1\;{\text{or}}\;k \geqslant 3} \right\}$ Several other realization results are present. The connected resolving numbers of the Cartesian products G × K ₂ for connected graphs G are studied.     

Commutativity of the adjacency matrices of graphs

We say that two graphs G₁ and G₂ with the same vertex set commute if their adjacency matrices commute. In this paper, we find all integers n such that the complete bipartite graph K_n,n is decomposable into commuting perfect matchings or commuting Hamilton cycles. We show that there are at most n−1 linearly independent commuting adjacency matrices of size n; and if this bound occurs, then there exists a Hadamard matrix of order n. Finally, we determine the centralizers of some families of graphs.