The effect of gravitational waves from a spinning rod on its rigidity

The energy and angular momentum flux carried by gravitational waves from a spinning rod are calculated exactly in the weak field limit of general relativity. It is shown that contrary to common belief, the energy and angular momentum flux are not proportional and the energy and angular momentum equations governing the evolution of the rod are not identical. The spinning rod does not remain rigid: Its length increases. Both the angular deceleration and the rate of change of length are dependent on the nature of the material of the rod, and these rates are small, as expected.     

Absorption of gravitational waves by nearly Newtonian systems

We determine the formula giving the energy absorbed per unit time by a nearly Newtonian system whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelength of an incident plane gravitational wave. We also indicate the variation of angular momentum. In order to determine them, we must take into account the nonlinear nature of the Einstein equations.     

An exact solution for a rotating body with negligible mass

If it becomes possible to test general relativity by laboratory experiments on rotation, the ratios of mass to angular momentum per unit mass are likely to be extremely small. Solutions for a rotating body with low m/a are therefore of interest. Here I discuss Papapetrous exact solution, which has zero mass and arbitrary angular momentum.     

Quantum theory of single events: Localized De Broglie wavelets,Schrödinger waves,and classical trajectories

For an arbitrary potential V with classical trajectoriesx=g(t), we construct localized oscillating three-dimensional wave lumps (x, t,g) representing a single quantum particle. The crest of the envelope of the ripple follows the classical orbitg(t), slightly modified due to the potential V, and (x, t,g) satisfies the Schrödinger equation. The field energy, momentum, and angular momentum calculated as integrals over all space are equal to the particle energy, momentum, and angular momentum. The relation to coherent states and to Schrödinger waves is also discussed.     

Energy, momentum and angular momentum in the dyadosphere of a charged spacetime in teleparallel equivalent of general relativity

We apply the energy momentum and angular momentum tensor to a tetrad field,with two unknown functions of radial coordinate,in the framework of a teleparallel equivalent of general relativity(TEGR).The definition of the gravitational energy is used to investigate the energy within the external event horizon of the dyadosphere region for the Reissner-Nordstrm black hole.We also calculate the spatial momentum and angular momentum.     

Classical theory of wave beams

The Helmholtz and Maxwell equations describing fields of the beam type are solved. The energy streamlines in a vector beam coincide with the generatrices of an unparted hyper-boloid of revolution and are twisted. The angular momentum of a monochromatic electromagnetic field in coordinate space naturally splits into orbital and spin parts. The orbital angular momentum is perpendicular to the Poynting vector, and the spin part is parallel to it. Each beam m is characterized by a definite projection of the angular momentum on the z axis and is localized near a corresponding hyperboloid _m.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, No. 1, pp. 101–105, January, 1971.     

A class of exact solutions to the force-free,axisymetric, stationary magnetosphere of a Kerr black hole

We analyze the constraint equation giving allowed solutions describing fields and currents in a force-free magnetosphere around a rotating black hole. Utilizing the divergence properties of the energy and angular-momentum fluxes, for physically allowed solutions with nonzero energy and angular momentum extraction, we conclude that poloidal surfaces are independent of the radial coordinate for large values of r. Imposing this requirement and the Znajek regularity condition, we explicitly derive all possible exact solutions admitted by the constraint equation for r independent poloidal surfaces which are given in terms of the electromagnetic angular velocity function , where a is the angular momentum per unit mass of the black hole. Further, we show that for the class of solutions we have developed there is no electromagnetic extraction of energy. G. M. acknowledges funding through a Troy University sabbatical. The work of C. D. D. is supported by the Office of Naval Research. This research was also supported through NASA GLAST Science Investigation No. DPR-S-1563-Y.     

Energy, momentum and angular momentum in the dyadosphere of a charged spacetime in teleparallel equivalent of general relativity

We apply the energy momentum and angular momentum tensor to a tetrad field, with two unknown functions of radial coordinate, in the framework of a teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR). The definition of the gravitational energy is used to investigate the energy within the external event horizon of the dyadosphere region for the Reissner-Nordström black hole. We also calculate the spatial momentum and angular momentum.     

Superconducting vortices in semilocal models

It is shown that the SU(2) semilocal model--the Abelian Higgs model with two complex scalars--admits a new class of stationary, straight string solutions carrying a persistent current and having finite energy per unit length. In the plane orthogonal to their direction they correspond to a nontrivial deformation of the embedded Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen (ANO) vortices by the current flowing through them. The new solutions bifurcate with the ANO vortices in the limit of vanishing current. They can be either static or stationary. In the stationary case, the relative phase of the two scalars rotates at constant velocity, giving rise to an electric field and angular momentum, while the energy remains finite. The new static vortex solutions have lower energy than the ANO vortices and could be of considerable importance in various physical systems (from condensed matter to cosmic strings).     

Approximate Noether symmetries of the geodesic equations for the charged-Kerr spacetime and rescaling of energy

Using approximate symmetry methods for differential equations we have investigated the exact and approximate symmetries of a Lagrangian for the geodesic equations in the Kerr spacetime. Taking Minkowski spacetime as the exact case, it is shown that the symmetry algebra of the Lagrangian is 17 dimensional. This algebra is related to the 15 dimensional Lie algebra of conformal isometries of Minkowski spacetime. First introducing spin angular momentum per unit mass as a small parameter we consider first-order approximate symmetries of the Kerr metric as a first perturbation of the Schwarzschild metric. We then consider the second-order approximate symmetries of the Kerr metric as a second perturbation of the Minkowski metric. The approximate symmetries are recovered for these spacetimes and there are no non- trivial approximate symmetries. A rescaling of the arc length parameter for consistency of the trivial second-order approximate symmetries of the geodesic equations indicates that the energy in the charged-Kerr metric has to be rescaled and the rescaling factor is r-dependent. This re-scaling factor is compared with that for the Reissner–Nordström metric.     

Q- and Z-dependence of angular momentum transfer in deeply inelastic collisions of 86Kr with 209Bi

The dependence of the in-plane and out-of-plane angular correlations of fragments from fissioning heavy products on the kinetic energy and Z of the light reaction partner have been measured. From the dependence of the angular correlations on Q-value and hence energy loss, together with existing data from which the total angle-integrated cross section as a function of energy loss can be extracted, we have determined the dependence of the angular momentum transferred to the heavy product on the initial orbital angular momentum or impact parameter. The resulting dependence is qualitatively consistent with the sticking limit for a reaction intermediate of touching deformed fragments. More specific nuclear models generally underestimate the angular momentum transfer, although the one-body proximity-friction model accounts for the major fraction of the angular momentum transfer. A recent model incorporating both one-body proximity friction and collective excitations accounts quite well for the observed angular momentum transfer. The Z-dependendence of the anisotropy shows the importance of angular momentum fractionation for the less probable events, where the Z of the fissioning system is appreciably less than that of the target. The transferred angular momentum is shown to be fairly strongly aligned along the perpendicular to the reaction plane, with alignment values of 0.6 to 0.8. The component of angular momentum not along the perpendicular to the reaction plane is found to be primarily oriented perpendicular rather than parallel to the recoil direction. The absolute fission probabilities are found to be qualitatively consistent with J-dependent calculations using the J-values deduced from the angular correlations.     

X射线在金属表面产生Compton电流引起的电磁辐射时空分布

 研究了强X射线在金属表面产生的Compton电流时空分布,利用Compton散射公式计算了出射电子动量和微分散射截面随电子出射角的变化关系,发现在光子能量为1 MeV、入射光强为10²¹ W·m^-2的条件下,沿入射光方向形成的Compton电流密度达到10⁷ A·m^-2量级。采用1维电动力学模型计算了斜入射的X射线在金属表面产生的Compton电流密度引起的电磁脉冲,结果表明：X射线在单位长度金属辐射产生的磁场强度达到106 A·m^-1量级,脉冲宽度为ps量级;电磁脉冲沿X射线反射方向传播,具有良好的定向性。     

Radiation spectrum of a high-dimensional rotating black hole

This study extends the classical Damour-Ruffini method and discusses Hawking radiation in a (n + 4)-dimensional rotating black hole. Under the condition that the total energy and angular momentum of spacetime are conservative, but angular momentum a = J/M of unit mass of the black hole is variable, taking into consideration the reaction of the radiation of the particle to the spacetime, a new Tortoise coordinate transformation and discuss the black hole radiation spectrum is discussed. The radiation spectru...     

为什么轨道角动量不能是?/2?

讨论了一般角动量与轨道角动量的联系和区别，指出它们的联系在于SU（2）群和SO（3）群的局部性质即李代数相同（同构），它们的差别在于两群的整体性质不同．一般角动量的最小单位?/2由群的局部性质决定，亦即李代数的对易关系（相当于角动量的对易关系）决定，而轨道角动量的最小单位?由SO（3）群的整体性质决定 关键词：     

Analytical results for the interaction energy of a trapped, weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate

We examine the problem of a repulsive, weakly interacting and harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate under rotation. We derive a simple analytic expression for the energy incorporating the interactions when the angular momentum per particle is between zero and one and find that the interaction energy decreases linearly as a function of the angular momentum in agreement with previous numerical and limiting analytical studies.     

20MeV到180MeV／u~（16）O＋~（197）Au系统的BUU计算：线动量与角动量转移依赖碰撞参数与能量研究

用考虑了角动量守恒的ＢＵＵ模型计算了２０ＭｅＶ≤Ｅ／ｕ≤１８０ＭｅＶ能区１６Ｏ＋１９７Ａｕ系统的反应线性动量转移（ＬＭＴ）及余核角动量，着重讨论了反应线性动量转移及余核角动量对反应碰撞参量、入射能Ｅ／ｕ的依赖关系，比较了计算ＬＭＴ与Ｖｉｏｌａ系统性给出的结果间的偏差．计算结果揭示了当Ｅ／ｕ≥９０ＭｅＶ时，余核角动量对Ｅ／ｕ增长出现的饱和现象，主要来源于靶核对弹核捕获能力的持续丢失．     

Measurement of the 3He(e,e'p)pn reaction at high missing energies and momenta

Results of the Jefferson Lab Hall A quasielastic 3He(e,e'p)pn measurements are presented. These measurements were performed at fixed transferred momentum and energy, q=1502 MeV/c and omega=840 MeV, respectively, for missing momenta p(m) up to 1 GeV/c and missing energies in the continuum region, up to pion threshold; this kinematic coverage is much more extensive than that of any previous experiment. The cross section data are presented along with the effective momentum density distribution and compared to theoretical models.     

Energy and angular momentum transfers from an electromagnetic wave to a copper ring in the UHF band

Electromagnetic waves could carry orbital angular momentum. Such momentum can be transferred to macroscopic objects and can make them rotate under a constant torque. Based on experimental observations, we investigate the origin of orbital angular momentum and energy transfer. Due to angular momentum and energy conservation, we show that angular momentum transfer is due to the change in the sign of angular momentum upon reflection. This leads to a rotational Doppler shift of the electromagnetic wave frequency, ensuring energy conservation.     

Mechanical equivalence of spin and orbital angular momentum of light: an optical spanner

We use a Laguerre-Gaussian laser mode within an optical tweezers arrangement to demonstrate the transfer of the orbital angular momentum of a laser mode to a trapped particle. The particle is optically confined in three dimensions and can be made to rotate; thus the apparatus is an optical spanner. We show that the spin angular momentum of +/-?per photon associated with circularly polarized light can add to, or subtract from, the orbital angular momentum to give a total angular momentum. The observed cancellation of the spin and orbital angular momentum shows that, as predicted, a Laguerre-Gaussian mode with an azimuthal mode index l=1 has a well-defined orbital angular momentum corresponding to ? per photon.