Extraction of essential oils from Algerian myrtle leaves using instant controlled pressure drop technology

In the present work, the new extraction process of Détente Instantanée Contrôlée DIC (French, for instant controlled pressure drop) was studied, developed, quantitatively and qualitatively compared to the conventional hydrodistillation method for the extraction of essential oils from Algerian myrtle leaves. DIC was used as a thermomechanical treatment, DIC subjecting the product to a high-pressure saturated steam. The DIC cycle ends with an abrupt pressure drop towards vacuum, and this instantly leads to an autovaporization of myrtle volatile compounds. An immediate condensation in the vacuum tank produced a micro-emulsion of water and essential oils. Thus, an ultra-rapid cooling of residual leaves occurred, precluding any thermal degradation. An experimental protocol was designed with 3 independent variables: saturated steam pressure between 0.1 and 0.6 MPa, resulting in a temperature between 100 and 160 °C, a total thermal processing time between 19 and 221 s, and between 2 and 6 DIC cycles. The essential oils yield was defined as the main dependent variable. This direct extraction gave high yields and high quality essential oil, as revealed by composition and antioxidant activity (results not shown). After this treatment, the myrtle leaves were recovered and hydrodistilled in order to quantify the essential oil content in residual DIC-treated samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed some modification of the structure with a slight destruction of cell walls after DIC treatment.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation essential oil extracted from Rumex Crispus leaves using definitive screening design

Conversion of nonfood natural products to value-added products is an important work, which is going on worldwide. In addition, to obtain a product with better quality, a sufficient separation method is helpful to improve its utilization value by using effective, rapid and environmentally friendly techniques. Thus in this work, the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) process of essential oils from important natural plant Rumex Crispus leaves was investigated. The experimental design and extraction conditions were optimized using a definitive screening design. The yield of essential oils of 4.67 ± 0.02 % was investigated under the optimum conditions; 534.89 W of microwave power, 23.48 min of hydrodistillation time and 4.5 mL/g of the volume of water to plant mass ratio. Under these conditions, the essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results revealed that the essential oil extracted by MAHD possessed high quality as proved by its higher percentage of oxygenated compounds. In addition, α-santol (29.63 %) and β-santol (25.60 %) are the primary components of oxygenated compounds in essential oils. In conclusion, the MAHD was successfully employed to obtain mainly Oxygenated compounds-rich essential oil that may be used in several industrial applications. Subsequently, a definitive screening design may be regarded as an alternative and reliable method for the prediction of experimental parameters. It was concluded that the weeds plant (Rumex Crispus) contains a reliable quantity of oils that is extremely feasible to use and recommended as good feedstock for possible use in industrial applications.     

A Novel Continuous Industrial Process for Producing Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Fluidinova, a recent start‐up high technology engineering company, has developed and is now commercializing a novel continuous industrial reactor NETmix for the manufacture of high added value products, such as nanomaterials, microemulsions, and pharmaceutical products. Through this technology, Fluidinova, in cooperation with Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, has developed and patented the industrial process for the synthesis of a new high quality product consisting of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with extremely high purity and crystallinity to be used as biocompatible nanomaterial for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, to improve the quality of the already existing hydroxyapatite based medical devices, such as bone grafts, coated implants, and drug delivery systems.     

The effect of pressure on the characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts from Calamintha nepeta subsp. nepeta

Chemists and industrialists are continuously attempting to develop greener and more environmentally benign chemical processes to extract essential oils and bioactive metabolites of high purity, finding various applications in cosmetics, detergents, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. An increase preferenced for natural products over synthetic ones has made supercritical fluid technology a primary alternative for the generation of high-value bioactive ingredients. This effective technique requires only moderate temperatures, eliminates clean-up steps and avoids the use of harmful organic solvents. In this context, our study was focused on the chemical analysis of Calamintha nepeta subsp. nepeta aromatic extracts obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide. The effect of different operating conditions on the capacity of the lipophilic solvent to extract the targeted volatile components was also studied. The process was carried out at a fairly low constant temperature of 40°C, and with varying the pressure from 90 to 300 bar. The chemical composition of the extracts was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The results showed that the composition pattern, the concentrations of individual components and the quality of the extractable analytes were affected by pressure increase. The extraction yields varied from 0.73 to 1.21 wt% at 90 and 300 bar, respectively.     

Industrial development and applications of plant oils and their biobased oleochemicals

In the concepts for new products, performance, product safety, and product economy criteria are equally important. They are taken into account already when the raw materials base for a new industrial product development is defined. Here, renewable resources gain-again after the earlier “green trend” in the 1980s—increasing attention as an alternative raw materials source compared to fossil feedstock. The industrial use of carbohydrates, proteins, and plant oils aligns perfectly with the principles of Responsible Care and is an important part of green chemistry and sustainability in general. Since the 1950s, oleochemistry has grown to a major research and technology area in several institutions and industries. A large variety of products based on fats and oils have been developed since then for different uses, such as specialties for polymer applications, biodiesel, surfactants, emollients for home and personal-care industries, pesticides and biodegradable mineral oil replacements for lubricants. However, at present it seems that the use of renewable resources, especially plant oils, has to compete more and more with the increasing demand for bioenergy, which could cause an unbalanced supply and demand in the future or even a threat for the increasing demand for food in certain areas of the world.     

减压提取与常压提取柴胡挥发油品质比较

对比减压和常压条件下提取的柴胡挥发油在成分、含量及药效方面的差异,考察挥发油的品质,优选提取方法.采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法分析柴胡挥发油成分及其相对含量,再采用气相色谱法建立挥发油中己醛、庚醛、正辛醛和反式-2,4-癸二烯醛的含量检测方法,测定不同压力下提取的柴胡挥发油有效成分含量,通过背部皮下注射酵母混...     

黄芩-栀子配伍治疗糖尿病肾病大鼠的尿液代谢组学研究

采用基于超高效液相色谱与串联四极杆飞行时间质谱仪(Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UHPLC-Q-TOF MS)联用的代谢组学方法,通过分析大鼠尿液内源性代谢物的变化,研究黄芩-栀子药对治疗糖尿病肾病的作用机制。利用高脂高糖饲料喂养并腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型。给药12周后,采用UHPLC-Q-TOF MS对正常对照组、模型组、黄芩-栀子药对治疗组的尿液样品进行代谢轮廓分析。利用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对实验数据进行分析,挑选出对各组分分离贡献较大(VIP>1,p<0.05)的化合物在Human Metabolome Database(HMDB)等数据库进行质谱信息匹配,共鉴定出糖尿病肾病潜在生物标记物31个,给药后回调生物标记物16个。研究结果表明,黄芩-栀子药对通过影响胆汁酸的合成与代谢、尿毒素代谢、能量代谢、色氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢等通路对糖尿病肾病起到治疗作用,其中胆汁酸的合成与代谢、尿毒素代谢和能量代谢可能是黄芩-栀子药对发挥治疗作用的主要途径。与单味药相比,配伍后的药对具有了新的药理作用。     

A rapid and automated low resolution NMR method to analyze oil quality in intact oilseeds

Oilseeds with modified fatty acid profiles have been the genetic alternative for high quality vegetable oil for food and biodiesel applications. They can provide stable, functional oils for the food industry, without the hydrogenation process that produces trans-fatty acid, which has been linked to cardiovascular disease. High yield and high quality oilseeds are also necessary for the success of biodiesel programs, as polyunsatured or saturated fatty acid oil produces biofuel with undesirable properties. In this paper, a rapid and automated low resolution NMR method to select intact oilseeds with a modified fatty acid profile is introduced, based on ¹H transverse relaxation time (T₂). The T₂ weighted NMR signal, obtained by a CPMG pulse sequence and processed by chemometric methods was able to determine the oil quality in intact seeds by its fatty composition, cetane number, iodine value and kinematic viscosity with a correlation coefficient r > 0.9. The automated system has the potential to analyze more than 1000 samples per hour and is a powerful tool to speed up the selection of high quality oilseeds for food and biodiesel applications.     

Steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction of some Mexican spices

Summary By means of steam distillation and supercritical fluid extractions, we are in a process of evaluating the essential oil and the oleoresin quality and yield obtain respectively by the above methods outlined.Our area of interest is the isolation, separation and purification of compounds whose applications are well supported by the food technology demands.We pretend to characterize the aromatic components of edible or other commercial oils from the widespread spices and plant natural collections, throughout the country of Mexico.The facilities for the obtention of reference standards characteristic of our flora specimens, is under research.Poster presented at the First Symposium of Supercritical Fluids, Nice, France, 14–17 October, 1988     

Scalable and Robust Bio-inspired Organogel Coating by Spraying Method Towards Dynamic Anti-scaling

Scaling usually causes serious problems in daily life and industrial production. Currently, developing passive anti-scaling coatings has shown promises to overcome this problem. In this work, we fabricated a scalable and robust bio-inspired organogel(BIO) coating, showing dynamic scale resistance in the oil/brine mixture. The oil layer of the BIO coating was utilized as a barrier to inhibit scale nucleation and reduce scale adhesion. The mechanical strength of the coating was optimized by regulating nanoparticle contents. Moreover, the universality of scale resistance was demonstrated by varying the types of nanoparticles, oils and scales. Compared with commercial pipeline materials, such as copper, this BIO coating significantly reduces scale deposition after 240-h scaling test(ca. 93% reduction). Therefore, this study designs scalable and robust organogel coatings for sustainable scale resistance, which may be used for practical application in oil production.     

Comparison of expander and Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop DIC technologies as thermomechanical pretreatments in enhancing solvent extraction of vegetal soybean oil

As an intensification process of the unit operation of vegetable oil extraction, the cooking pre-treatment systematically results in damaging thermal degradations. However, recently, two thermomechanical expansion processes have been suggested and applied at industrial scales to pre-treat oilseeds: expansion and instant controlled pressure drop DIC. In both cases, it is a flash transformation from high-temperature/high-pressure to 100 °C/atmospheric pressure and 33 °C/vacuum phases, respectively. The use of DIC resulted in cumulative impact yields of 247 mg oil/g db, compared to 210, 230, and 224 for cracking, cracking/blocking, and expanding, respectively. To achieve the same yields obtained in 160 min for cracked or cracked/flaked soybean, the expander took 120 min against 35 min for DIC. Besides, thanks to the short heat treatment and the induced instant cooling, DIC allowed the highest preservation of soybean oil quality, with fatty acid concentrations almost identical to that of untreated seeds.Practical impactsIn the sector of the vegetal oil industry, researchers and engineers mostly look for increasing the extraction yields while preserving or improving the sensorial and biochemical quality of the oil. Henceforth, the modification of the oleaginous seed texture may usually be the major factor affecting and normally enhancing the capacity of extraction. Based on the improvement of material structure through adequate expansion, the higher the volume of vapor issued from the autovaporization throughout the instant controlled pressure-drop (DIC) technology, the higher the oil yields. Moreover, using the instantaneous thermodynamic theory, the feasibility of integrating DIC technology as an HTST treatment in the industrial-scale soybean extraction process could be performed and optimized without any biochemical degradation.     

零价铁耦合厌氧微生物法在废水处理中的应用

零价铁(ZVI)与厌氧微生物的耦合是一项很有前景的技术,在难降解有机废水的去除中得到了广泛关注.该耦合技术将ZVI技术的高效性与厌氧生物技术的经济性有效融合,在多元微电场和厌氧微生物协同作用下,有效降低难降解有机物的生物抑制性和毒性.本文综述了此技术处理工业废水的潜在机理、实际应用中主要操作参数及影响条件以及处理含氯化...     

Viscosity based droplet size controlling in negative pressure driven droplets generator for large‐scale particle synthesis

The poor control and regulation of droplets limit the applications of negative pressure driven droplet generator (NPDDG). Here, we present a simple method to control droplet size in NPDDG via varying the oil viscosity. Depending on the infinite intersolubility of high viscous mineral oil and low viscous hexadecane, we obtain a series of oils with kinematic viscosities linearly varied from 4.2 to 194.6 mm²/s. By using these oils as continuous phases, monodisperse droplets are fabricated with controllable size in NPDDG. This viscosity‐based droplet regulation method is effective, reliable, and compatible with scale‐up processes. Compared with droplet generator driven by positive pressure, the presented method can fabricate hydrogel particles massively, without complicated multilayer chip structure and complex fluid controlling, which may extend the potential of NPDDG in droplets based high‐throughput assay or large‐scale materials synthesis.     

Comprehensive Review on Application of FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics for Authentication Analysis of Fats and Oils in the Food Products

Currently, the authentication analysis of edible fats and oils is an emerging issue not only by producers but also by food industries, regulators, and consumers. The adulteration of high quality and expensive edible fats and oils as well as food products containing fats and oils with lower ones are typically motivated by economic reasons. Some analytical methods have been used for authentication analysis of food products, but some of them are complex in sampling preparation and involving sophisticated instruments. Therefore, simple and reliable methods are proposed and developed for these authentication purposes. This review highlighted the comprehensive reports on the application of infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication of fats and oils. New findings of this review included (1) FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics, which has been used to authenticate fats and oils; (2) due to as fingerprint analytical tools, FTIR spectra have emerged as the most reported analytical techniques applied for authentication analysis of fats and oils; (3) the use of chemometrics as analytical data treatment is a must to extract the information from FTIR spectra to be understandable data. Next, the combination of FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics must be proposed, developed, and standardized for authentication and assuring the quality of fats and oils.     

Water‐based ZrO2 pretreatment for AA2024 aluminum alloy

Design, development and scale‐up of environmentally friendly coatings are very important in order to replace chromate‐based coatings for aluminum alloys. Sol–gel materials are candidates for use in protective coating applications, as it is possible to form highly adherent and chemically inert oxide films on metal substrates. ZrO₂ pretreatments were developed by means of sol–gel technology. An inorganic salt was employed as Zr precursor in an aqueous solution. The deposition was initially carried out on AA2024 by means of dip and spray technology at laboratory scale. Corrosion inhibitors were introduced to improve corrosion behavior of the films. At a later stage, coating deposition was carried out with a robot‐controlled air‐pressure gun in spraying cabins in order to evaluate industrial production of the pretreatments. Film morphology and composition were investigated by means of SEM‐EDXS and GDOES. The electrochemical behavior of the ZrO₂ pretreatments was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization. The water‐based ZrO₂ pretreatment investigated in this work is thin and well adherent on the substrate. Barrier properties are similar to those of chromate conversion coating. Results on samples produced with robot‐controlled air‐pressure gun indicate that ZrO₂ pretreatments are suitable for industrial application. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The “food polymer science” approach to flour functionality and ingredient technology in biscuit baking

An overview is made on the “food polymer science” approach developed by the authors. The quality and performance of flours for the production of cookies and crackers have been shown to depend upon the major functional polymeric components of flour: gluten protein, damaged starch, and pentosans. Of these, damaged starch and soluble pentosans in soft-wheat flours are detrimental to the commercial production of low-moisture cookies and crackers. The detrimental effects of soluble pentosans in flours can be eliminated through the use of pentosanase enzyme in cookie and cracker doughs. Three commercialized applications of this industrial enzyme technology have been patented by Nabisco. The “food polymer science” approach to baking technology has also been used to study finished-product attributes such as texture, in the context of the thermomechanical properties (e.g. modulus) of glassy solid and rubbery liquid matrices. Results of various studies have clearly demonstrated that products in a glassy solid physical state (at T < T_g) are hard and crisp in texture, but upon increasing plasticization by water (such that T_g is depressed below the observation T), are transformed to a rubbery or viscous liquid state, wherein textural hardness (and mechanical modulus) and crispness are dramatically reduced.     

Effect of the Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Technology in Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Essential Oil Extraction and Antioxidant Activity

Green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is an outspread spice native to Asia, which is well appreciated for its sensory characteristics, delicate aroma, and unique taste. Currently, the main cardamom extracts are essential oils (EOs), and regarding current market tendencies, this market is in high growth. For this reason, technologies such as the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) have been applied to reach higher yields and better quality of EO. Then, this study explores the impact of DIC as a pretreatment before hydrodistillation (HD) on the EO yield and their antioxidant activity. Obtained results showed that the coupling of DIC-HD increased the yield of essential oil and also had a positive impact on their antioxidant capacity. The EO yield of DIC-HD (140 °C and 30 s) was 4.43% vs. 2.52% for control; the AOX of DIC-HD (165 °C and 30 s) was 86% inhibition vs. 57.02% for control, and the TEAC of DIC-HD (140 °C and 30 s) was 1.44 uMTE/g EO vs. 13.66 uMTE/g EO.     

基因检测技术在食品物种鉴定中的应用

食品安全关系国计民生,食品物种鉴定是食品安全链的重要环节。基因检测技术的发展使食品物种鉴定变得更加快速、准确、灵敏。本文对近十年来国内外采用基因检测技术进行食品物种鉴定的研究和应用情况进行了总结和分析,包括基因检测技术的特点、主要方法及其在动物源性食品、植物源性食品、高附加值食品和深加工食品分析中的应用以及未来的发展。     

Microalgae Biomass as a New Potential Source of Sustainable Green Lubricants

Lubricants are materials able to reduce friction and/or wear of any type of moving surfaces facilitating smooth operations, maintaining reliable machine functions, and reducing risks of failures while contributing to energy savings. At present, most worldwide used lubricants are derived from crude oil. However, production, usage and disposal of these lubricants have significant impact on environment and health. Hence, there is a growing pressure to reduce demand of this sort of lubricants, which has fostered development and use of green lubricants, as vegetable oil-based lubricants (biolubricants). Despite the ecological benefits of producing/using biolubricants, availability of the required raw materials and agricultural land to create a reliable chain supply is still far from being established. Recently, biomass from some microalgae species has attracted attention due to their capacity to produce high-value lipids/oils for potential lubricants production. Thus, this multidisciplinary work reviews the main chemical-physical characteristics of lubricants and the main attempts and progress on microalgae biomass production for developing oils with pertinent lubricating properties. In addition, potential microalgae strains and chemical modifications to their oils to produce lubricants for different industrial applications are identified. Finally, a guide for microalgae oil selection based on its chemical composition for specific lubricant applications is provided.