外源镧对红壤、水稻土肥力参数的影响

采用土柱模拟研究了La对红壤,水稻土阳离子交换量,溶液组成,交换性酸等肥力参数的影响,随着外源La浓度的增加,积累在红壤,水稻土中的La呈交换态的比例增加,红壤比水稻土含有更多的水溶性La和交换态La,且当La浓度大于600mg.kg^-1时,呈交换态比例基本保持不变,当La浓度小于1200mg.kg^-1时,对红壤阳离子交换量没有显著影响,但La浓度达1200mg.kg^-1时,对水稻土阳离子交换量产生极显著影响,La增加土壤酸度,并主要为交换性Al, La导致土壤胶体表面交换性Ca,Mg减少,土壤溶液中Ca,Mg增加,但当La浓度小于150mg.kg^-1时,对红壤,水稻土阳离子交换量,交换性Ca,Mg和交换性H,Al不会造成显著影响。     

Nd1-yDyyFe11-xTiMx（M=Mo，Si）系列化合物中Mo，Si元素的掺杂对其结构及磁性能的影响

通过电弧方法制备了一系列的Nd1-yDyyFe11-xTiMx（M=Mo,Si）型稀土过渡金属化合物,并且通过X射线衍射和中子衍射对其晶体结构进行了研究．实验发现,Nd1-yDyyFe11-xTiMx（M=Mo,Si）系列中化合物主要结构为ThMn12-type（1：12相）．Dy取代Nd没有明显影响1：12相形成的含量．在Nd0．5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiMx（M=Mo,Si）系列中,当x≤0．8时Nd0．5Dy0．5Fe11-xTiMox化合物主要呈ThMn12-type晶形,当x〉0．8时,化合物中1：12相的含量降至80％以下;对于Nd0.5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiSix,当X≤0．6时,Nd0.5Dy.5Fe11-xTiSix化合物主要呈ThMn12-type晶形,当X〉0．6时,化合物中1：12相的含量降至90％以下但保持在80％以上．     

淹水还原条件对不同土壤中镧形态分布的影响

以旱作条件为参照,研究淹水还原条件对镧形态分布的影响。结果表明:淹水还原条件对内源镧B1态:水溶态、可交换态与碳酸盐结合,B2态:铁锰氧化物结合态,B3态:有机质及硫化物结合态的分布没有显著影响;对于外源镧,B1和B3态受淹水条件影响较大,相对于旱作条件,其浓度有增加的现象,淹水条件下B2态在中性土壤中含量稳定,酸性土壤中含量下降,而碱性土壤中含量则上升,产生变化的具体机制还有待进一步研究。两种模拟条件下外源镧3种形态的分布未达到显著性差异。不论在旱作还是淹水条件下,3种土壤中外源镧各形态浓度顺序相同,B1和B2态为:黄红壤黄褐土砂姜黑土,B3态为:砂姜黑土黄褐土黄红壤;两种模拟条件下,3种土壤中的外源镧有进入残渣态的趋势,但并不明显,且不同土壤的各形态对残渣态的贡献不同。     

铒和钕对铸态ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了铒和钕对铸态ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：ZK60镁合金中添加Er或Nd能够细化晶粒，改变合金的显微组织。当ZK60镁合金中加入1．0％（质量分数）的Er或Nd具有最佳的细化效果，与原ZK60镁合金晶粒尺寸相比较，晶粒的平均直径由原来的33．0μm分别减少至23．6和25．2μm。添加Er或Nd的ZK60镁合金形成古有Er或Nd的稀土共晶相，其熔点为518℃。稀土共晶相对晶粒具有钉扎作用，提高合金在150℃时的抗拉强度。稀土共晶相的形态和分布对室温力学性能有显著影响。含有Er的共晶相析出数量较少，沿晶界不连续分布，提高合盒室温强度的同时塑性略有改善，而含有Nd的共晶相形态粗大，析出数量较多，沿晶界网状连续分布，合金固溶强化效果明显减弱，室温强度和塑性均降低。     

可溶性有机质对污染土壤中铊迁移行为的影响

目的 为了查明可溶性有机质（DOM）对土壤中污染元素铊赋存形态的影响,方法 采用形态分级提取方法,将土壤中的铊重金属分成酸可交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质结合态和残留态4组分,并采用Elan 6100型ICP-MS质谱仪测定各组分中铊的质量浓度.结果 DOM可降低酸可交换态的Tl,增加铁锰氧化物结合态和有机质结合态Tl的百分含量,但对残留态Tl的百分含量没有明显影响.因此,DOM可降低铊在土壤中的活动性,从而改变了铊在土壤中的迁移行为.结论 可溶性有机质（DOM）自身的络合（螯合）能力及其吸附特性是改变重金属铊形态分布的主要因素.     

土壤中稀土对有效氮形态分配和转化的影响

在土壤旱作和淹水培养两种方式下, 通过添加外源稀土研究了黄褐土中稀土对有效氮形态分配和转化的影响.结果表明, 在旱培条件下, 土壤中稀土含量的提高增加铵态氮和水解氮的含量, 减少硝态氮的含量, 两周内增加矿质态氮的含量, 八周以后则无显著影响; 有效氮的含量在稀土含量较低时升高, 高含量时则下降, 实验确定外源稀土对旱培土壤有效氮作用的无观察效应浓度(NOEC)为443.8 mg*kg-1. 在淹水培养条件下, 稀土含量较低时对土壤铵态氮和水解氮含量无显著影响, 含量较高时则降低铵态氮和水解氮含量, 外源稀土对淹水土壤铵态氮和水解氮含量影响的无观察效应浓度分别为 171.2, 256.9 mg*kg-1. 分析表明, 土壤中稀土含量的变化对氮素的影响在旱培条件下主要与稀土对土壤硝化过程作用有关, 淹水条件下与稀土对土壤氨化过程作用有关.     

成都经济生态区大气降尘中镉赋存形态的研究

采用Tessier连续提取法对成都经济生态区不同区域的24个大气降尘样中镉的赋存形态进行了研究。研究结果表明,大气降尘中的镉主要以残留态形态存在;各形态镉在总镉中所占百分比含量由大到小排列顺序依次是:残留态,碳酸盐结合态,交换态,铁锰结合态,有机结合态;交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉这两种具有较高生物有效性的形态镉在总镉中所占的平均百分比含量分别是6.420%和8.917%;铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残留态镉这三种形态镉生物有效性很低,分别在总镉中所占的平均百分比含量分别是3.419%、2.365%和78.907%。通过分析可得出,汽油和煤的燃烧以及工厂排放镉能加大城市大气降尘的镉污染。     

Nd_(1-y)Dy_yFe_(11-x)TiM_x(M=Mo,Si)系列化合物中Mo,Si元素的掺杂对其结构及磁性能的影响

通过电弧方法制备了一系列的Nd1-yDyyFe11-xTiMx(M=Mo,Si)型稀土过渡金属化合物,并且通过X射线衍射和中子衍射对其晶体结构进行了研究.实验发现,Nd1-yDyyFe11-xTiMx(M=Mo,Si)系列中化合物主要结构为ThMn12-type(1︰12相).Dy取代Nd没有明显影响1︰12相形成的含量.在Nd0.5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiMx(M=Mo,Si)系列中,当x≤0.8时Nd0.5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiMox化合物主要呈ThMn12-type晶形,当x0.8时,化合物中1︰12相的含量降至80%以下;对于Nd0.5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiSix,当x≤0.6时,Nd0.5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiSix化合物主要呈ThMn12-type晶形,当x0.6时,化合物中1︰12相的含量降至90%以下但保持在80%以上.在不同的化合物中,稳定元素的含量不同.ThMn12-type相的百分含量随着Mo和Si取代Fe含量的增加而减小,意味着Mo和Si取代更多的Fe时,ThMn12-type相将变得不稳定.Nd0.5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiMox化合物的晶格参数a和c以及晶胞体积V随着Mo(x)含量的增加呈线性增加是因为Mo的原子半径比其中的Fe的大;而Nd0.5Dy0.5Fe11-xTiSix合金的晶格参数a和c以及晶胞体积V随着Si(x)含量的增加呈线性减小是因为Si的原子半径比其中的Fe的小.在NdyDy1-yFe11-xTiMx(M=Mo,Si)中,因为Ti和Mo的半径比Fe大而Si的半径比Fe小,所以Ti和Mo原子优先占据8i晶位,Si原子优先占据8j和8f晶位.在化合物RFe12-xMx中,居里温度由T-T交换作用决定的,由于T-T交换作用依赖于T-T原子距离,因此其他元素对Fe的取代导致了居里温度的改变.磁性测量表明Mo或Si取代Fe均导致居里温度的降低.     

西北旱田黄土中铅的赋存形态与转化规律研究

采用Tessier连续提取法分析不同条件下旱田黄土中Pb的形态分布与转化规律,通过正交试验确定影响Pb形态转化的主要因素,借助Mul1er地积累指数法初步评价污染状况。结果发现:所用黄土样品中Pb总量为68.85mg·kg-1,低于国家标准《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准。不同形态Pb含量分布为残渣态Fe-Mn氧化态有机结合态碳酸盐结合态可交换态,其中残渣态Pb占Pb总量的64.04%。土壤pH值、含水率、秸秆加入量、老化时间等环境因素能改变Pb的形态分布,但残渣态Pb含量始终最高。pH值是影响土壤Pb赋存形态的最主要因素,Pb的地积累指数Igeo为0.3314,说明采样区土壤人为污染比较严重。     

矿业城市攀枝花土壤中微量重金属元素钒的形态分布研究

以拥有我国最大的钒钛磁铁矿的矿业城市攀枝花为研究区，初步探讨了该区具有代表性的昔格达土壤样品中钒的赋存形态。结果表明，土壤中可溶态钒含量均低于1μg／g，残留态钒含量占绝对多数；土壤剖面中可溶态与有机质结合态的钒含量呈现底层富集型，而易还原锰结合态和无定形氧化铁结合态钒含量呈现表层富集，残留态基本呈现表层富集；可溶态钒含量受到成土条件、土壤质地、温度、酸度及土壤氧化还原状况诸多因素的影响。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。