单纤维微拉伸力学性能测试与分析

针对微尺度材料力学性能测试与尺度效应实验研究的需要,自行研制了一台FMT-I型高精度纤维材料微拉伸力学性能实验装置,并基于LabVIEW软件平台开发了相应的数据采集与控制系统,实现了测试过程的全自动化。该装置的测力传感器由非接触式激光位移传感器和两端固定的薄梁组成,可同时测量试样的拉伸力和上夹持端的位移量,帮助精确地获取试样的载荷-变形曲线。采用该装置对微米级直径的多晶铜丝、316L不锈钢纤维和T300碳纤维进行了拉伸测试。实验结果表明,直径为18～105μm多晶铜丝的拉伸力学行为并无明显的尺度效应;多晶铜丝和316L不锈钢纤维的弹性模量分别在43.9～60.0GPa和102.9～111.5GPa之间,均低于宏观尺度下材料的弹性模量;316L不锈钢纤维的抗拉强度和延伸率随着丝径的减小而降低;T300碳纤维的弹性模量为235.4±12.4GPa,抗拉强度为3238.2±280.8MPa,断裂应变约为1.5%。另外,相同的细铜丝材料的测试结果与Instron5848型商用拉伸试验机的测试结果进行了对比,吻合良好。通过系统的实验分析表明,该装置具有较高的精度和稳定性,适用于各种纤维材料的拉伸力学性能测试。     

基于光学读出的微悬臂梁温度传感器研制

为实现对环境温度的高分辨率、快速、准确测量,设计制作了一种基于光学读出的微悬臂梁温度传感器.由于组成微悬臂梁的两种材料——金和氮化硅热膨胀系数的差异,在温度变化时,梁内部会产生热应力导致其弯曲变形.不同温度下梁的弯曲变形量不同,利用光杠杆方法检测出此变形,经标定后就能实现环境温度的准确测量.实验中设定系统光臂长度为25mm,采用商业化三角形微悬臂梁(长200μm、宽40μm、氮化硅层厚0,6μm,金层厚60nm)对传感器进行了测试,实验结果显示其测量重复性好,温度分辨率达到0.02℃.对于特定尺寸的微悬臂梁,通过优化其双材料厚度比,温度分辨率可达10-4℃,可用于环境温度的精密测量.     

微尺度位移、形貌测量系统及应用

研制了一套可应用于MEMS器件的微尺度测量系统，可以在受载状态下实时检测MEMS器件的面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌。该系统中，面内位移测量是一个基于白光数字散斑相关方法的显微光学测量系统，与相应的力学加载系统结合，可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时面内位移；离面位移和三维形貌测量则是一个基于相移显微投影光栅方法的光学测量系统，与相应的力学加载系统结合，可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时三维形貌和离面位移。最后给出了几个典型的MEMS器件面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌的实测结果。     

微尺度位移、形貌测量系统及应用

研制了一套可应用于MEMS器件的微尺度测量系统,可以在受载状态下实时检测MEMS器件的面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌.该系统中,面内位移测量是一个基于白光数字散斑相关方法的显微光学测量系统,与相应的力学加载系统结合,可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时面内位移;离面位移和三维形貌测量则是一个基于相移显微投影光栅方法的光学测量系统,与相应的力学加载系统结合,可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时三维形貌和离面位移.最后给出了几个典型的MEMS器件面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌的实测结果.     

微载荷含油轴承摩擦性能研究Ⅰ.摩擦试验机设计

研制了1种针对径向轴承的微载荷摩擦试验机,介绍了其工作原理及结构,即利用外加载荷抵消浮动测试架重量以施加微小载荷,并利用激光位置传感器(PSD传感器)实现无接触位移测量;同时测量了摩擦副的转动角度并计算出摩擦系数;采用摩擦转角测量法和外加力矩平衡摩擦法测量微载荷下的摩擦性能,以测量时间末端位置作为位置基准,通过极限偏载平衡进行载荷标定.结果表明:微载荷摩擦试验机可应用于径向轴承在微小载荷下的摩擦力测量;可以通过在较大范围内设置结构参数来研究径向轴承的摩擦特性;并可利用数据采集技术研究速度和载荷连续变化条件下的摩擦性能.     

剪切载荷下加筋板失稳模态的全场数字光学测试

通过全场光学测试和应变测试的方法,研究了剪切载荷下平板、加筋板、含切口加筋板的屈曲模态及极限承载能力。实验采用对角拉伸方式施加剪切载荷,运用全场光学形貌扫描方法对试件的变形形貌和屈曲模态进行实时扫描。实验结果表明:采用光学方法得到的加筋板试件的临界屈曲载荷值(12.44 k N)与应变测量结果(12.65 k N)吻合较好,此方法可用于临界屈曲载荷的测试;平板试件破坏时的屈曲模态沿加载方向对称分布,完整加筋板与中心切口加筋板屈曲模态均呈反对称分布,而侧切口加筋板试件的屈曲模态没有对称性;加强筋的强化和切口的局部损伤会引起屈曲模态的偏移;加筋板试件在发生破坏前的位移-载荷曲线均相近;中心切口会极大地削弱加筋板的极限承载能力。     

一种新型微梁阵列传感器设计及实现

微悬臂梁传感技术是微纳传感技术研究的热点,仪器装置的研究也从单悬臂梁向微梁阵列的方向发展.本文针对间距为250μm的商品化微梁阵列,提出了一种实现对其弯曲变形的读出系统光路.利用高精度位移平台调节激光器空间位置,使光束实现微距离上平行,并分别照射在阵列梁的相邻微梁上.用位置敏感探测器对两个微悬臂梁尖端反射的激光信号进行...     

微构件材料力学性能测试方法

随着MEMS的商业化进程,微构件材料力学性能的研究成为越来越重要的一个课题。微小试件的制备、安装、夹持、微驱动、高分辨率的载荷和位移测量等技术问题都是对微构件材料力学性能测试的很大挑战,很多传统的测试方法和装置已经不再适用了。近十几年,国内外学者发展了一些微构件材料力学性能的研究方法,来测量微构件的弹性模量、屈服强度、断裂强度、残余应力和疲劳强度等。本文从实验系统的集成度出发,将这些测试方法大致分为片外测试和片上测试两类。本文对单轴拉伸法、纳米压痕法、鼓膜法、微梁弯曲法和衬底曲率法等典型的片外测试方法和一些典型的片上测试方法进行了介绍,并比较了各自的优缺点。     

三种典型边界条件下受集中载荷梁大挠度弯曲精确解

利用Jacobi椭圆函数得到了自由端受集中载荷悬臂梁大挠度弯曲问题的显式精确解,不同于由传统椭圆积分公式得到的解,该显式精确解给出梁中任意点的转角,由此可方便的得到梁弯曲后各点的位移.研究表明:由该解出发,可得到任意位置受集中载荷悬臂梁问题的解;对称性分析表明该解可直接用于两端简支或两端固支梁中点受集中载荷的情况.最后分别给出了载荷取一系列值时以上三种边界条件下梁弯曲的挠度曲线.     

基于单晶硅材料的微摩擦测试机构及其试验研究

设计出1种能够模拟基于单晶硅材料微机电器件侧面摩擦副摩擦磨损状况的试验机,有效模拟可动MEMS器件摩擦副之间磨损的真实状况,介绍了试验机测试机构的工作原理并从理论计算及有限元模拟分析2方面对其结构模态进行分析,在超净间内(千级、室温、相对湿度RH约50%),利用光学显微镜、CCD图像采集系统及计算机对梳齿驱动器的谐振频率及摩擦副的动态摩擦系数进行了测试.结果表明:采用所研制的试验机测得的谐振频率为5 600,与理论计算及模拟分析的结果(5 590和5 641)非常接近;摩擦副的动态摩擦系数在0.24～0.35之间;动态摩擦系数随着施加在摩擦副上的正压力变化而变化.     

The effects of shear on delamination in layered materials

The effect of transverse shear on delamination in layered, isotropic, linear-elastic materials has been determined. In contrast to the effects of an axial load or a bending moment on the energy-release rate for delamination, the effects of shear depend on the details of the deformation in the crack-tip region. It therefore does not appear to be possible to deduce rigorous expressions for the shear component of the energy-release rate based on steady-state energy arguments or on any type of modified beam theory. The expressions for the shear component of the energy-release rate presented in this work have been obtained using finite-element approaches. By combining these results with earlier expressions for the bending-moment and axial-force components of the energy-release rates, the framework for analyzing delamination in this type of geometry has been extended to the completely general case of any arbitrary loading. The relationship between the effects of shear and other fracture phenomena such as crack-tip rotations, elastic foundations and cohesive zones are discussed in the final sections of this paper.     

Transmission of a screw dislocation across a coherent, non-slipping interface

Current research on nanocrystalline metals and nanoscale multilayer thin films suggests extraordinary plastic strength is due to confinement of slip to individual grains or layers. To assess the magnitude of confinement, a Peierls model of slip transmission of a screw dislocation across a coherent, non-slipping interface is presented. The results reflect that large interfacial barriers to transmission are generated by rapid fluctuations in dislocation line energy near the interface due to elastic modulus mismatch, stacking fault energy mismatch, and antiphase boundary energy for transmission into an ordered phase. Coherency stress is predicted to dramatically alter the dislocation core configuration and impart additional strength regardless of the sign. Contributions to strength are not additive due to nonlinear coupling via the dislocation core configuration. The predicted barrier strength for a coherent (0 0 1) Cu/Ni interface is comparable to atomistic (EAM) results but larger than estimates from hardness data.     

Incorporation of yield surface distortion in finite deformation constitutive modeling of rigid-plastic hardening materials based on the Hencky logarithmic strain

In this paper a constitutive model for rigid-plastic hardening materials based on the Hencky logarithmic strain tensor and its corotational rates is introduced. The distortional hardening is incorporated in the model using a distortional yield function. The flow rule of this model relates the corotational rate of the logarithmic strain to the difference of the Cauchy stress and the back stress tensors employing deformation-induced anisotropy tensor. Based on the Armstrong–Fredrick evolution equation the kinematic hardening constitutive equation of the proposed model expresses the corotational rate of the back stress tensor in terms of the same corotational rate of the logarithmic strain. Using logarithmic, Green–Naghdi and Jaumann corotational rates in the proposed constitutive model, the Cauchy and back stress tensors as well as subsequent yield surfaces are determined for rigid-plastic kinematic, isotropic and distortional hardening materials in the simple shear deformation. The ability of the model to properly represent the sign and magnitude of the normal stress in the simple shear deformation as well as the flattening of yield surface at the loading point and its orientation towards the loading direction are investigated. It is shown that among the different cases of using corotational rates and plastic deformation parameters in the constitutive equations, the results of the model based on the logarithmic rate and accumulated logarithmic strain are in good agreement with anticipated response of the simple shear deformation.     

Merging phononic crystals and acoustic black holes

Phononic crystals(PCs) have recently been developed as effective components for vibration suppression and sound absorption. As a typical design of PCs, wave attenuation occurs in the so-called stop-band. However, the structural response is still significantly large in the pass-band. In this paper, we combine PCs and acoustic black holes(ABHs) in a unique device, achieving a versatile device that can attenuate vibration in the stop-band, while suppress vibration in the pass-band. This approach pr...     

Micromechanical analysis of kinematic hardening in natural clay

This paper presents a micromechanical analysis of the macroscopic behaviour of natural clay. A microstructural stress–strain model for clayey material has been developed which considers clay as a collection of clusters. The deformation of a representative volume of the material is generated by mobilizing and compressing all the clusters along their contact planes. Numerical simulations of multistage drained triaxial stress paths on Otaniemi clay have been performed and compared the numerical results to the experimental ones in order to validate the modelling approach. Then, the numerical results obtained at the microscopic level were analysed in order to explain the induced anisotropy observed in the clay behaviour at the macroscopic level. The evolution of the state variables at each contact plane during loading can explain the changes in shape and position in the stress space of the yield surface at the macroscopic level, as well as the rotation of the axes of anisotropy of the material.     

Iterative dipole moment method for calculating dielectrophoretic forces of particle-particle electric field interactions

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is one of the most popular techniques for bio-particle manipulation in microfluidic systems. Traditional calculation of dielectrophoretic forces of single particle based on the approximation of equivalent dipole moment (EDM) cannot be directly applied on the dense particle interactions in an electrical field. The Maxwell stress tensor (MST) method is strictly accurate in the theory for dielectrophoretic forces of particle interaction, but the cumbersome and complicated numerical computation greatly limits its practical applications. A novel iterative dipole moment (IDM) method is presented in this work for calculating the dielectrophoretic forces of particle-particle interactions. The accuracy, convergence, and simplicity of the IDM are confirmed by a series of examples of two-particle interaction in a DC/AC electrical field. The results indicate that the IDM is able to calculate the DEP particle interaction forces in good agreement with the MST method. The IDM is a purely analytical operation and does not require complicated numerical computation for solving the differential equations of an electrical field while the particle is moving.     

Finite element modeling of elasto-plastic contact between rough surfaces

This paper presents a finite element calculation of frictionless, non-adhesive, contact between a rigid plane and an elasto-plastic solid with a self-affine fractal surface. The calculations are conducted within an explicit dynamic Lagrangian framework. The elasto-plastic response of the material is described by a J₂ isotropic plasticity law. Parametric studies are used to establish general relations between contact properties and key material parameters. In all cases, the contact area A rises linearly with the applied load. The rate of increase grows as the yield stress σ_y decreases, scaling as a power of σ_y over the range typical of real materials. Results for A from different plasticity laws and surface morphologies can all be described by a simple scaling formula. Plasticity produces qualitative changes in the distributions of local pressures in the contact and of the size of connected contact regions. The probability of large local pressures is decreased, while large clusters become more likely. Loading-unloading cycles are considered and the total plastic work is found to be nearly constant over a wide range of yield stresses.     

FLUIDIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be fluidized in the form of fluidlike agglomerates made of many three-dimensional sub-agglomerates, having a multi-stage agglomerate (MSA) structure and containing large amounts of twisting CNTs of micrometer magnitude.