原子力显微镜高次谐波幅度对样品弹性性质表征的研究

轻敲模式下原子力显微镜微悬臂探针在接近其基态共振频率的外加驱动下振荡, 其末端针尖周期性靠近、远离样品, 产生于针尖与样品非线性相互作用过程中的高次谐波信号包含更多的待测样品表面纳米力学特性等方面的信息. 通过理论分析、计算, 系统地研究了针尖与样品接触时间受样品弹性模量的影响, 以及高次谐波幅度与接触时间的关系, 获得了通过高次谐波幅度区分待测样品表面弹性性质差异的规律. 并在自制的高次谐波成像实验装置上, 得到了与理论预期一致的实验结果. 关键词： 轻敲模式原子力显微镜 接触时间 高次谐波幅度 弹性模量     

基于高阶谐振悬臂的动态原子力显微镜的研制

动态原子力显微镜微悬臂为无限自由度系统,具有多个谐振模态的振动特性。微悬臂的工作振动频率是影响动态原子力显微镜系统的测量特性的关键参数之一,为了提高微悬臂的谐振频率,结合悬臂的高阶谐振特性,研制了基于高阶谐振悬臂的轻敲式动态原子力显微镜,可实现对微观表面的测量,并且明显改善了动态原子力显微镜系统的测量灵敏度、测量速度等测量特性。     

原子力显微镜在轻敲模式下的动力学模型

基于Hamaker假设、Lennard-Jones势能定律及经典弹性理论建立了一种新型的球体与平面黏着接触的弹性模型，该模型显示黏着力在原子力显微镜(AFM)针尖趋近和撤离样品表面，即加载和卸载的两个过程中存在黏着滞后现象，表明了AFM在轻敲工作模式中存在能量耗散.同时，根据所建的黏着接触弹性模型，建立了AFM在轻敲工作模式下的动力学模型，研究了AFM在轻敲工作模式下的振动幅度、相位差及耗散功率随针尖与样品表面间距的变化规律，仿真结果与现有的实验结果相一致.     

脂质体结构特性的原子力显微镜研究

用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了1,2二油酸甘油3磷酸1甘油(DOPG)脂质体胞囊的形态和脂双层膜结构.报道了AFM探针与吸附在氧化硅膜上脂质体的相互作用结果.实验结果表明,在液晶态的DOPG中,AFM图像是一些球形或椭球形颗粒.这些球形或椭球形颗粒与液晶态的DOPG脂质体的结构特性有关.当AFM的探针与脂质体表面相互作用力超过某临界值时,脂质体胞囊破裂,变成脂双层结构.从图上可以看到,第二层的DOPG膜吸附在第一层上,膜的厚度约为5nm. 关键词： 原子力显微镜 脂质体 纳米结构     

扫描隧道显微镜和原子力显微镜

 在微观领域对物质进行观察和研究中,人们发明了各种显微镜。但是光学显微镜由于受到光的波长的限制而无法达到很高的分辨率,Ｘ射线衍射技术则要求观察样品必须是晶体,透射电镜则需要对观察样品进行超薄切片。所有这些要求使人们的观察受到了限制,因此人们开始研制更加先进的显微镜。１９８２年宾尼格、罗雷尔及其同事们成功地研制出世界上第一台扫描隧道显微镜（ＳＴＭ）,导致了显微领域中的一场革命,并在它的基础上研制出一系列的扫描探针显微镜,如原子力显微镜、磁力显微镜和激光力显微镜等。ＳＴＭ的出现使人类第一次可以实时地观测单个原子在物质表面的排列状态和与表面电子行为有关的物理性质和化学性质。     

原子力显微镜探针耦合变形下的微观扫描力研究

原子力显微镜(AFM)的微探针系统是典型的微机械构件，它在接触扫描过程处于耦合变形状态.采用数值模拟方法探究恒力模式下探针耦合变形对微观扫描力信号、微观形貌信号的影响.研究表明，AFM的恒力模式扫描中，法向扫描力并不是恒定大小，与轴向扫描力存在耦合作用，在粗糙峰峰值增加阶段，二力均增加；在粗糙峰峰值减小阶段，二力均减小；该耦合作用随形貌坡度、针尖长度等增加而加强.微观形貌的测试信号和横向扫描侧向力信号受探针耦合变形影响较小，但侧向力与形貌斜率密切相关，且其极值点与形貌极值点存在位置偏差，这些结果均与原子力 关键词： 原子力显微镜 探针悬臂梁 耦合变形 扫描力     

原子力显微镜对TeOx薄膜中短波长静态记录点结构的分析

以真空蒸镀法在K9基底上制备了TeOx单层薄膜,采用特定的定位方法,使用原子力显微镜对不同记录功率下薄膜中短滤长静态记录点（514．5nm)的结构进行了分析。实验结果表明薄膜具有良好的记录灵敏性,在记录功率1．5mW时就可产生较高的反射率对比度,记录点具有明显的凹陷和凸起结构,随着记录功率的提高,凹陷和凸起增强,记录点增大。记录点的形态结构和记录前后反射率对比度是直接相关的。研究揭示了原子力显微镜在提高薄膜存储特性如信噪比,存储密度等方面的分析功能。     

介质的非均匀性对高次谐波影响的研究

讨论了气体介质的非均匀性对飞秒激光高次谐波产生过程的可能影响.计算结果表明,采用喷阀技术所提供的气体介质的密度梯度和气体原子运动速度的影响很小,不会产生实验上可观测的效果.这一结果支持了喷气靶在高次谐波产生中的广泛应用 关键词： 高次谐波 气体介质 各向异性 飞秒激光     

使用谐振子势研究束缚态-束缚态相互作用对高次谐波的贡献

用一维谐振子模型计算了强激光场中的高次谐波的产生, 给出了只有束缚态存在时高次谐波会很快衰减但是不存在平台部分, 而且高次谐波并不会产生明显的截断等一系列有明确物理意义的结论.     

超声波强化提取对茯苓水溶性多糖结构影响的研究

以茯苓菌核为原料,采用正交实验法确定超声波辅助热水浸提茯苓水溶性多糖的最佳提取条件,并对超声波辅助提取中药多糖的机理进行初步研究。用苯酚硫酸法测定糖含量,傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团,气相色谱法测定单糖组成,原子力显微镜观察多糖结构,并将测定结果与传统热水法浸提所得茯苓多糖进行对比。实验结果表明:采用超声波辅助热水浸提可以使水溶性茯苓多糖的提取率达到2.71%(传统热水浸提法提取率为1.49%),传统热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPTH)与超声波辅助热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPUH)具有相同的单糖组成,都包含核糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,二者的红外吸收谱也基本相同,原子力显微镜扫描分析显示,PPTH整体呈现网状结构,而PPUH主要以长短不一的近棒状结构存在。     

Theory of higher harmonics imaging in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

The periodic impact force induced by tip-sample contact in tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM) gives rise to non-harmonic response of a micro-cantilever. These non-harmonic signals contain the full characteristics of tip-sample interaction. A complete theoretical model describing the dynamical behaviour of tip--sample system was developed in this paper. An analytic formula was introduced to describe the relationship between time-varying tip--sample impact force and tip motion. The theoretical analysis and numerical results both show that the time-varying tip--sample impact force can be reconstructed by recording tip motion. This allows for the reconstruction of the characteristics of the tip--sample force, like contact time and maximum contact force. It can also explain the ability of AFM higher harmonics imaging in mapping stiffness and surface energy variations.     

qPlus型原子力显微镜技术

扫描探针显微镜主要包括扫描隧道显微镜和原子力显微镜,其利用尖锐的针尖逐点扫描样品,可在原子和分子尺度上获取表面的形貌和丰富的物性,改变了人们对物质的研究范式和基础认知。近年来,qPlus型高品质因子力传感器的出现将扫描探针显微镜的分辨率和灵敏度推向了一个新的水平,为化学结构、电荷态、电子态、自旋态等多自由度的精密探测和操控提供了前所未有的机会。文章首先简要介绍原子力显微镜的发展历史和基本工作原理,然后重点描述qPlus型原子力显微镜技术的优势及其在单原子、单分子和低维材料体系中的应用,最后展望该技术的未来发展趋势和潜在应用。     

Investigation of nuclear reaction products by atomic force microscopy

The use of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM, from Corporate Head, Santa Clara, California, USA) opened a new way to study latent nuclear tracks. In our experiments we used plastic track detectors of the type CR-39 (Columbia Resin No. 39) Impinging ions with energy above a threshold of 180 keV can alter the molecular structure forming latent tracks. Since nuclear latent tracks have diameters in the range of 10 to 1000 nm, they can be visualized by AFM with a slight chemical etching (6 min in 6 n NaOH solution at 70 °C). These tracks are significant for the energy, momentum and the mass of the incoming particles. In our study, passive CR-39 detectors were irradiated by secondary particles produced bombarding ¹⁰³Rh by ¹⁶O and ¹²C in a wide range of energy (1 MeV/amu to 33 MeV/amu) at the MP Tandem generator of the Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud in Catania, Italy. The experiment was carried out in order to identify the secondary particles and to determine their density and the spatial distribution.     

Lipid membrane: inelastic deformation of surface structure by an atomic force microscope

The stability of the 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[phospho-rac-1-Glycerol-Na] liposome in the liquid crystalline state have been investigated using an atomic force microscope (AFM). We have observed the inelastic deformation of the sample surface. The AFM tip causes persistent deformation of the surface of the lipid membrane, in which some of the lipid molecules are eventually pushed or dragged by the AFM tip. The experiment shows how the surface structure of the lipid membrane can be created by the interaction between the AFM tip and lipid membrane. When the operating force exceeds 10^-8 N, it leads to large deformations of the surface. A square region of about 1×1μm² is created by the scanning probe on the surface. When the operating force is between 10^-11N and 10^-8N, it can image the topography of the surface of the lipid membrane. The stability of the sample is related to the concentration of the medium in which the sample is prepared.     

Measurement of the evanescent field using noncontact mode atomic force microscope

Using the noncontact mode atomic force microscope (AFM) with frequency modulation detection method, force gradient acting on the AFM tip induced by the evanescent field was measured in a high vacuum. Exponential distance dependence of the force gradient by the evanescent field was successfully measured for the first time. Decay lengths of the force gradient were estimated to be 40±3 nm and 43±3 nm for Ar and He-Ne lasers, respectively, and independent of wavelength within the experimental error. The minimum detectable force was estimated to be about 0.1 pN. There was a tendency for the measured decay length to become shorter at a distance less than z=10 nm in many cases. The force gradient induced by the evanescent field inp-polarization was larger than that ins-polarization. This paper was originally presented at the first Asia-Pacific Workshop on Near Field Optics, which was held on August 17 and 18, 1996 at Seoul Education and Culture Center, Seoul, Korea, organized by the Condensed Matter Research Institute, Seoul National University.     

新型AFM探针的制备及应用

采用熔拉 -腐蚀复合方法 ,将普通单模石英光纤制成直锥形光纤探针。利用自制工具将探针打弯 ,制成悬臂式光纤探针 ,在AFM上取得了较理想的测试结果。将自制光纤探针和商用硅材料探针获得的两种扫描图像进行了对比 ,分析了悬臂式光纤探针的特点     

Formation and disruption of current paths of anodic porous alumina films by conducting atomic force microscopy

Anodic porous alumina (APA) films have a honeycomb cell structure of pores and a voltage-induced bi-stable switching effect. We have applied conducting atomic force microscopy (CAFM) as a method to form and to disrupt current paths in the APA films. A bi-polar switching operation was confirmed. We have firstly observed terminals of current paths as spots or areas typically on the center of the triangle formed by three pores. In addition, though a part of the current path showed repetitive switching, most of them were not observed again at the same position after one cycle of switching operations in the present experiments. This suggests that a part of alumina structure and/or composition along the current paths is modified during the switching operations.