微机辅助电动势的教学

微机辅助电动势的教学梁秋宁（南宁五中南宁）在电动势的教学中，用可调内阻电池来演示“内外电路上电压之和等于电源电动势”实验是必要的，它能给学生以实感，但学生看过演示之后，对电动势产生的原因、电动势的大小如何保持不变及电动势的物理意义等问题并不清楚，一般...     

几种电动势的分析

电动势是一个既重要又抽象的物理量，教材中有四处论述到它，即电池的电动势，导体切割磁感线运动产生的动生电动势和磁通量变化所产生的感生电动势，以及自感电动势，本文就上述四种电动势进行具体分析。     

关于电磁感应中感应电动势的探讨

关于电磁感应中感应电动势的探讨王立前（河北轻工业学校唐山０６３０２０）电磁感应现象可分为两大类，一种是在稳恒磁场中导体运动而产生的感应电动势，叫作动生电动势．另一种是导体不动，因磁场变化而产生的感应电动势，叫作感生电动势．它们的表达式分别是这两个电动...     

用坡印亭矢量解释长直螺线管自感与互感电动势的产生

本文从坡印亭矢量出发，导出了自感电动势和互感电动势．     

准一维有机超导体(TMTSF)2ClO4的高精度温差电动势研究

测量了准一维有机超导体(TMTSF)2ClO4单晶a方向不同降温速率下的高精度温差电动势(6—280K).高温下的温差电动势表现出线性行为，不能被正常的一维电子能带理论所解释.在240K左右观察到温差电动势斜率发生反常突变.在140K左右温差电动势向下逐渐偏离线性行为，这与1D—2D的维度渡越相关.对阴离子有序—无序相变温度Ta（Ta=24K）附近的温差电动势结果与比热和电阻率的数据进行了比较.对于极慢速降温的温差电动势，求导后可以看到相变的痕迹.随着通过Ta降温速率的增大，在Ta之下的温差电动势数值出现了一个逐渐增大的整体抬高.对此进行了讨论. 关键词： 低维体系 输运性质 温差电动势     

对现行教材“电动势”教学的改进

对现行教材“电动势”教学的改进王建玲（乌鲁木齐铁路运输学校８３００１１）电动势是电学中的一个重要概念，由于它抽象，情况又比较复杂，中专的学生深入理解这一概念是有困难的．现行教材不从具体电源的结构来讨论电动势概念的作法是对的．但对电动势概念的从简处理似...     

用坡印亭矢量解释长直螺线管自感与互感电动势的产生

本文从坡印亭矢量出发，导出了自感电动势和互感电动势。     

关于动生电动势起源的讨论

法拉第电磁感应定律统一描写了两种不同的物理现象：(1)曲面内磁通变化在构成曲面边界的闭合曲线上存在感应电动势；(2)在磁场中运动的曲线上存在动生电动势。虽然都知道这两个现象背后的基本规律均为麦克斯韦方程组和洛伦兹力公式，但是对现象(2)有不同的解释。本文从电荷轨道约束的角度讨论动生电动势的意义。对运动电荷的轨道进行约束需要对电荷施加一定的约束力。若预定轨道依赖于时间，约束力会对电荷作功，从而导致动生电动势，磁场在其中起着传递约束力的作用。我们通常不知道约束力的准确表达式。动生电动势的主要用处是让我们在分析电荷沿预定轨道运动的能量变化时无需求助于约束力，而这严格来说仅适用于准静态过程。电动势概念从准静态过程到迅变过程的推广并不唯一。本文把电动势一般地定义为：在单位正电荷瞬间走过某预定轨道的虚过程中外界对该电荷所作的虚功。这个定义同时适用于感应电动势和动生电动势，预定轨道曲线可以具有任意形状(开或闭合)并随时间变化。     

用伏特计测电源电动势

提出一种测量电源电动势的方法，即用伏特计代替电位差计测量电源的电动势和内阻。     

横向磁场中超导体感应电动势的计算

本文利用超导经典电磁理论，导出了超导体在横向磁场中切割磁感应线时感应电动势的计算公式，结果表明，与计算通常导体感应电动势的公式相同．     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.