Penumbra lunar eclipse observations reveal anomalous thermal performance of Lunakhod 2 reflectors

As the signal reflected by the corner-cube reflector arrays is very weak and easily submerged during the full moon, we analyze the influence of the thermal effect of corner-cube reflector arrays on the intensity of lunar laser ranging echo. Laser ranging measurements during the penumbra lunar eclipse verify suspected thermal deformation in the Lunakhod 2 reflectors. Signal levels vary over two orders of magnitude as the penumbra eclipse progresses. This can be explained by the change in the dihedral angle of the corner-cube reflectors caused by the temperature. The results show that when the dihedral angle errors reach 1', the energy is reduced by 100 times compared with the ideal corner-cube reflector. In the experiment, our findings suggest that when the corner-cube reflector arrays enter the penumbra of the earth, the effective echo signal level which reaches 0.18 photons/s far exceeds the historical level of the full moon. However, 11 minutes after the penumbra lunar eclipse, the effective echo rate of Lunakhod 2 will drop two orders of magnitude. The mechanism can explain the acute signal deficit observed at full moon.     

角锥棱镜腔主动调Q绿光固体激光器的研究

为了保证激光器在高重复频率运转时的输出能量不下降,采用角锥棱镜作为主动调Q激光器的全反射镜,利用其退偏特性和腔外双通倍频技术,在重复频率为25Hz时,532nm绿光的输出能量比1Hz时上升约6．9％,可满足水下激光主动成像系统对激光光源的要求。     

Pulse Sensing of a Forest Canopy

Results of experimental investigations into the effects arising in the detection and ranging of the earth's forest cover with the use of pulse ultrabroadband radio-frequency radiation are described. A narrow-beam transmitting and receiving antennas oriented at a sliding angle to the forest canopy were mounted on a special mast at an altitude of 21 m above the ground. A corner-cube reflector was used to align and to calibrate the measurement system. The results obtained are compared with the data of independent biometric measurements.     

An absolute method for determination of misalignment of an immersion ultrasonic transducer

An absolute methodology has been developed for quantification of misalignment of an ultrasonic transducer using a corner-cube retroreflector. The amplitude based and the time of flight (TOF) based C-scans of the reflector are obtained for various misalignments of the transducer. At zero degree orientation of the transducer, the vertical positions of the maximum amplitude and the minimum TOF in the C-scan coincide. At any other orientation of the transducer with the horizontal plane, there is a vertical shift in the position of the maximum amplitude with respect to the minimum TOF. The position of the minimum (TOF) remains the same irrespective of the orientation of the transducer and hence is used as a reference for any misalignment of the transducer. With the measurement of the vertical shift and the horizontal distance between the transducer and the vertex of the reflector, the misalignment of the transducer is quantified. Based on the methodology developed in the present study, retroreflectors are placed in the Indian 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor for assessment of the orientation of the ultrasonic transducer prior to the under-sodium ultrasonic scanning for detection of any protrusion of the subassemblies.     

抽运角锥棱镜腔电光调Q固体激光器

利用角锥棱镜的退偏效应实现了电光调Q固体激光器的偏振耦合输出.器件采用热传导冷却半圆柱面LD阵列侧向泵浦Nd∶YAG泵浦几何,获得在20 Hz运行条件下,脉冲能量163 mJ/pulse、脉冲宽度6.5 ns、发散角3.5 mrad、能量稳定性±2.8％、光光效率16.7％的理想性能.与传统平行平面腔相比,具有效率高、峰值功率大、输出能量和脉宽可调,且输出稳定等优点.     

Plasma reflectors for electronic beam steering in radar systems

The author describes investigations into methods of generating a planar plasma for use as a reflector for radar waves. The use of the plasma reflector could allow electronic beam steering at frequencies above what is generally viable for phased arrays. Three aspects of the planar plasma production are investigated: localization of the plasma, main plasma production, and long-term viability of the system. Possible applications include ship-based antennas at X-band, airborne antennas at 94 GHz, and space-based antennas at 60 GHz. The author discusses system considerations for the three potential radar configurations. Results and potential small-scale experiments to test various aspects of the concept are discussed     

对雷达导引头的极化域电磁干扰机理与仿真

防空、反舰、空对空、空对地导弹普遍采用单脉冲雷达主动寻的制导方式,这种雷达精确制导武器严重威胁了机载平台、大型舰船以及地面等重要军事目标的安全。为了对抗这种威胁,将电子攻击和硬杀伤武器进行组合无疑是上策,但在升空平台和舰艇上对单脉冲跟踪制导雷达进行电子电磁干扰存在很多技术困难。针对这个问题,研究了极化域电磁干扰的可行性,分析了其极化域电磁干扰机理、干扰条件和干扰方法,得到了目标回波和极化干扰共同作用下的定向误差曲线。仿真实验结果表明：天线系统的几何形状以及反射面和辐射器不够完善、辐射器偏离反射器的焦点和绕射现象等,引起了交叉极化,天线罩对入射波的不均匀插入相位延迟和传输系数,增大了交叉极化水平,使得雷达精确制导武器易受极化域电磁干扰的影响,且干扰角误差可达到波束宽度的量级。交叉极化干扰技术亟须从理论研究进入实际装备阶段,应引起工业部门的高度重视。     

Radar Measurements of the Vibration Amplitude

Technical Physics - We propose a method for measuring the harmonic vibration amplitude of a reflector using a coherent radar station. A mathematical model describing the dependence of the Doppler...     

基于啁啾光纤光栅时分延时的相控阵波束形成

利用脉冲调制雷达信号的间歇性工作特点,不同波长的激光与雷达信号进行时分调制。啁啾光纤光栅将已调制射频信号的一串光脉冲序列进行反射延时,不同波长的激光序列在不同位置反射后产生不同时延。对载波频率等于4GHz的脉冲雷达信号进行实验测量,结果表明4个阵元的延时值与波束指向的理论延迟值一致,满足系统设计要求。     

Terahertz-wave parametric oscillator with a misalignment-resistant tuning cavity

We demonstrate a terahertz-wave parametric oscillator (TPO) with a corner-cube resonator consisting of a corner-cube prism (CCP) and a flat mirror. By using the cavity configuration proposed in this Letter, the generation of tunable monochromatic terahertz (THz) waves can be achieved just by rotating the flat mirror instead of rotating the TPO cavity relative to the pump beam. The THz-wave output intensity and pulse width can be controlled periodically by rotating the CCP around the cavity axis. The TPO stability against cavity misalignment is significantly improved by at least 1 to 2 orders of magnitude compared with the conventional plane-parallel resonator configuration.     

LD抽运角锥棱镜腔电光调Q固体激光器

利用角锥棱镜的退偏效应实现了电光调Q固体激光器的偏振耦合输出.器件采用热传导冷却半圆柱面LD阵列侧向泵浦Nd:YAG泵浦几何,获得在20 Hz运行条件下,脉冲能量163 mJ/pulse、脉冲宽度6.5 ns、发散角3.5 mrad、能量稳定性土2.8%、光光效率16.7%的理想性能.与传统平行平面腔相比,具有效率高、峰值功率大、输出能量和脉宽可调,且输出稳定等优点.     

直角屋脊棱镜与立方角锥棱镜的光学特性

在光学工程应用方面,常利用棱镜对光路的折转作用,完成一定的转像、检测和测量等工作。在实际应用中,考虑到棱镜加工误差对光轴产生的影响,应用动态光学理论及推导公式,分别给出直角屋脊棱镜与立方角锥棱镜的作用矩阵、特征方向和极值轴向,得出2种棱镜光轴偏差的数学模型。根据实际加工误差,进一步推导出2棱镜的理论误差,并对2棱镜的理论误差进行比较。最后得出可以用直角屋脊棱镜代替立方角锥棱镜的结论。     

New polarimetric signal subspace detectors for SAR processors

Our studies aim at detecting targets embedded in a complex environment for radar applications. This article deals with new polarimetric SAR (synthetic aperture radar) processors based on subspace detectors. These algorithms use models of targets including physical and polarimetric properties of their scattering on the contrary to the isotropic point model that is commonly used. These processors are implemented by computing the corresponding subspaces that contain the relevant responses of the target. We choose for application the detection of targets under forest foliage. The obtained results both on simulated data of realistic targets and real data show the interest of these new processors.     

Calculation of the light intensity distribution reflected by a planar corner-cube retroreflector array with the size of centimeter and above

The light intensity distribution (LID) reflected by a planar corner-cube retroreflector array with the size of centimeter and above (PCCRA) is calculated based on the Collins formula, coordinate transformation matrixes and vector algebra. The expression can be used for the PCCRAs with different parameters and different complex optical systems described by ABCD matrix. The expression indicates that the LID of a PCCRA is much different from a single corner-cube retroreflector (CCR) with equivalent aperture. Computer simulations are applied to explain the expression clearly. The results show that the LID of the PCCRA is more homogeneous than the single CCR with equivalent aperture under circumstances of both normal incident light and oblique incident light. In addition, the expression is proved by comparing the simulation result of the PCCRA only comprising a single CCR and the previous experimental result.     

Near diffraction limit output and gain saturation of soft X-ray laser

By using of travelling wave amplification, we have got a soft x-ray laser with near diffraction limit output and gain saturation in the experiment of four series coupling targets with reflector.     

Near diffraction limit output and gain saturation of soft X-ray laser

Abstract: By using of travelling wave amplification, we have got a soft x-ray laser with near diffraction limit output and gain saturation in the experiment of four series coupling targets with reflector.     

Target detection beneath foliage using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry

Abstract

In this paper, we demonstrate how the new technology of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry can be used to enhance the detection of targets hidden beneath foliage. The key idea is to note that for random volume scattering, the interferometric coherence is invariant to changes in wave polarization. On the other hand, in the presence of a target the coherence changes with polarization. We show that under general symmetry constraints this change is linear in the complex coherence plane. These observations can be used to devise a filter to suppress the returns from foliage clutter while maintaining the signal from hidden targets. We illustrate the algorithm by applying it to coherent L-band SAR simulations of corner reflectors hidden in a forest. The simulations are performed using a voxel-based vector wave propagation and scattering code coupled to detailed structural models of tree architecture. In this way, the spatial statistics and radar signal fluctuations closely match those observed for natural terrain. We demonstrate significant improvements in the detection of hidden targets, which suggests that this technology has great potential for future foliage penetration (FOPEN) applications.     

High power, fast, microwave components based on beam generatedplasmas

It is shown that the agile mirror plasma, under development as a device to simply and cheaply give electronic steering to microwave beams, also has application as a fast, electronically controlled, high power reflector, or phase shifter. In a radar system, this can lead to such applications as pulse to pulse polarization agility and electronic control of antenna gain, as well as to innovative approaches to high power millimeter wave circulators. The basic theory of the enhanced glow plasma is also developed     

Benefits of space-time diversity for radar

When designing a new radar system, standard resolution trade-offs play a major role, providing the basic parameters of the radar, such as size, update rate, and range. Besides, diversity has long been used for mitigating fading effects due to the fluctuation of targets and clutter.However, with the arrival of more flexible systems, using multiple parallel channels on transmit and receive, and wider instantaneous bandwidths, these standard trade-offs are becoming less simple—and more flexible. In this communication, we will analyse the benefits of diversity and its relations with range, Doppler, and angle, for detection and location of moving targets with wideband/wide-beam radar systems. The idea is to contribute to a better understanding of the real benefits of agile transmissions for detection/localization of moving targets, focusing on range, velocity, and angular measurement improvements, as well as on the benefits for detection of moving targets.Special attention will be given to the quality of the different wideband wide-beam sensor modes for long-range surveillance, and new results on detection of moving targets in clutter will be provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of these new architectures for small target detection at long range, in difficult environments.     

机载雷达长相参积累机动目标速度补偿方法

载机与空中目标间的相对高机动,会引起机载脉冲多普勒雷达长时间相参积累时目标在频率上跨越多个多普勒滤波器单元,导致目标的相参积累能量降低。利用目标航迹预测加速度或载机自身加速度,在目标回波的距离频域进行线性相位补偿的方法,实现了机动目标的速度走动补偿,有效地提高了目标相参积累信噪比。该方法显著改善了雷达对机动目标的检测性能,具有运算量小、易于工程实时处理等特点。仿真数据验证了理论分析的结果和算法的有效性。