结构间隙对夹芯式复合装甲结构抗侵彻性能的影响

采用由厚度为8 mm的前置钛合金板、面密度为60 kg/m2的高强聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料层合板抗弹芯层、厚度为8 mm的后置钢板构成的夹芯式复合装甲,模拟舰船舷侧复合夹芯舱壁结构。根据面板与芯层间是否设置20 mm的间隙,将复合装甲结构定义为无间隙式、后间隙式及前后间隙式。为研究以上3种结构在55 g圆柱体弹高速冲击下的抗弹性能及破坏机理,开展了系列弹道实验,分析了钛合金板、高强聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料层合板芯层及钢质面板的破坏模式,探讨了结构间隙对复合装甲结构抗弹性能的影响。结果表明:前置钛合金板的破坏模式为剪切冲塞,靶板背弹面产生脆性断裂并伴随碎块崩落现象;聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料板的破坏模式及钢质背板的变形范围受间隙的影响较大,前置钛合金板受间隙影响较小;相同载荷侵彻下,间隙的存在有利于提高复合装甲结构的抗弹性能。     

舰用轻型复合装甲结构及其抗弹实验研究

采用纤维增强复合材料(简称FRC)板前置船体结构钢(简称C型钢)板模拟舰用轻型复合装甲结构,对有间隙和无间隙复合装甲结构以及不同纤维增强复合材料防弹板进行了打靶实验研究,实验测试了不同纤维增强复合材料防弹板以及有间隙和无间隙复合装甲结构抗弹丸穿甲的吸能量。结果表明:FRC板较C型钢板有明显的抗弹优势;弹丸速度和形状对FRC板的抗弹性能有较大影响;基体种类和基体含量对FRC板的抗弹性能有一定影响;FRC板与C型钢板之间间距的增大将有利于组合靶板综合抗弹能力的提高。     

多孔钛合金夹芯层陶瓷/UHMWPE复合结构的抗侵彻性能

陶瓷/纤维复合装甲的纤维背板由于其刚度较低,无法为陶瓷面板提供足够的支撑,削弱了陶瓷面板对弹丸的侵蚀作用。为了增强复合装甲的整体结构刚度,在陶瓷/纤维复合装甲中加入了金属夹芯层材料,通过试验和数值模拟研究了夹芯复合装甲对12.7 mm穿燃弹的抗弹性能。试验结果表明,穿燃弹弹芯表现出脆性断裂的失效模式,复合材料装甲表现出多种失效模式,包括夹芯层的花瓣形扩孔,UHMWPE (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene)层压板的分层和凸起变形。建立了三维数值模型来分析整个弹道响应的演变,通过试验结果验证了模拟的准确性。模拟结果表明,12.7 mm穿燃弹的被甲会对陶瓷造成损伤,同时陶瓷会侵蚀弹芯的尖卵形头部,使弹芯头部变钝从而削弱弹芯对UHMWPE背板的侵彻能力。残余弹体的动能大部分由UHMWPE层吸收,UHMWPE层压板的失效模式会随着层数的增加由剪切失效转变为拉伸失效占主导地位。此外,作为夹芯层的多孔TC4板能够为陶瓷面板提供支撑,提高陶瓷面板的吸能效果以及弹体的侵蚀作用,并且12 mm孔径的TC4夹芯层能够提供更大的刚度支撑,使整体复合结构的吸能效率...     

基于响应面法的纤维金属层合板抗弹性能优化设计

纤维金属层合板因其复合材料的各向异性和层合结构特征而具有较好的可设计性，开展金属纤维层合板的优化设计研究对其力学性能的增强和轻量化具有重要意义。为提高纤维金属层合板的抗弹性能，基于响应面分析法对纤维金属层合板的铺层方向和铺层厚度进行了优化设计。采用Box-Behnken方法进行方案设计，以纤维金属层合板各铺层相对厚度比为设计变量，以结构的比吸能为设计目标，根据设计的方案进行参数化建模获取样本点，在对设计样本进行方差分析和参数估计的基础上，建立了结构比吸能的响应面模型并验证了其精确度。采用遗传算法对响应面方程进行寻优分析，通过显式动力学计算程序ABAQUS/Explicit验证优化效果。最终，在最优的铺层方案下，层合板的质量减小了11.70%，能量吸收增加了19.40%，抗弹性能显著提升。     

纤维背板结构对B4C陶瓷复合装甲抗侵彻破碎特性的影响

以碳化硼陶瓷作为前置抗弹面板，以碳纤维T300、UHMWPE和Kevlar高性能纤维板的不同组合作为其复合背板，利用12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹对不同结构的陶瓷/复合背板进行弹道冲击实验，通过回收破碎的弹体与陶瓷碎块，进行多级筛分称重，分析不同背板对应的陶瓷复合装甲的碎块分布规律与抗弹性能。研究表明：在陶瓷与纤维背板之间添加一层碳纤维板可以显著改善复合装甲的抗弹刚度梯度，提高整个抗弹靶板的结构刚度，进而改善弹体与整个面板之间的应力波传播形式，延长陶瓷锥体形成后与陶瓷面板脱离的时间和应力波在整个陶瓷面板内传播的作用时间，从而降低陶瓷面板内部拉伸波造成的拉伸断裂，延长弹体的驻留现象。利用Rosin-Rammler分布模型对陶瓷与弹体的碎块形式进行表征，结果表明：分别将一半厚度的UHMWPE纤维板和Kevlar纤维板替换为碳纤维背板，其陶瓷面板的半锥角分别增大了2.05%和4.20%，碎裂区整体平均特征尺寸分别下降了16.92%和42.96%；加入高抗弯强度的碳纤维作为复合装甲的中间过渡层后，背板的破坏形式改变，充分利用了纤维背板的高抗拉强度，从而提高整体复合装甲的抗弹性能。     

低速冲击下纤维/金属层合板抗分层性能研究

本文采用内聚力模型,对纤维/金属层合板(FMLs)在低速冲击载荷作用下抗分层性能进行研究。内聚力模型对裂纹的模拟具有它独特的优势：一是该模型不需要预先假设初始缺陷;二是在计算过程中随着裂纹的扩展,该方法不需要重新对结构进行网格划分。借助该模型,本文对低速冲击载荷作用下,纤维层合板(FRP)分层进行了模拟,并验证了该模型计算的有效性。在此基础上,本文研究了低速冲击载荷作用下,不同金属含量的纤维/金属层合板抗分层性能,并与纤维层合板进行了比较。最后从能量的角度讨论了金属含量与铺层结构对FMLs低速冲击性能的影响。     

反应装甲与陶瓷复合装甲集成技术研究探讨

为了得到抗弹性能较好的装甲,将反应装甲与陶瓷复合装甲集成。由长杆弹侵彻复合装甲的理论和撞击反应装甲时的动量定理,得出计算模型。据此模型进行了侵彻深度的数值计算,并证明相同面密度的集成装甲的抗弹性能明显优于陶瓷复合装甲。根据此计算模型对集成装甲进行优化设计,以得到较轻和抗弹性能较好的装甲。     

短纤维增强复合材料层合板的高速冲击性能优化

本文以冲击体最大损失动能为目标函数,以纤维的方向角为设计变量,根据Hashin破坏准则并考虑四种损伤能量耗散对短纤维增强复合材料层合板的高速冲击性能进行优化.用ABAQUS有限元程序对短纤维增强复合材料层合板的高速冲击问题进行数值模拟,并采用遗传优化算法获得最优纤维方向角的布置.数值模拟及优化设计的结果表明:与传统的直线纤维增强复合材料层合板相比,合理的短纤维角度布置能有效提高复合材料层合板的抗冲击能力.研究结果可为短纤维复合材料抗冲击设计提供一定的帮助.     

舰船舷侧复合装甲结构抗动能穿甲模拟实验

以均质钢板前置复合材料板模拟舰船舷侧复合装甲结构,结合低速弹道冲击实验,分析了结构的 破坏模式和吸能机理,比较了复合材料板与均质钢板的抗弹性能。在此基础上,根据靶板破坏模式,得到了球 头弹穿透组合靶板的剩余速度预测公式,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明,复合材料板的面密度吸能远 大于均质钢板的;组合靶板中前置复合装甲板的破坏模式主要为纤维拉伸断裂,而钢质背板则由于前置复合 装甲板的影响,破坏模式主要为花瓣开裂破坏;将剩余速度理论预测值与实验数据进行比较,两者吻合较好。     

粘结单元在模拟FRP层合板低速冲击响应中的应用

纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板(fibre reinforced plastic composites,FRP)在航空、航天、交通、造船等诸多工程中得到了日益广泛的应用,而其在冲击载荷下的响应和破坏特别是分层一直为学术界所关注。本文中对FRP层合板在冲击载荷下的响应和破坏进行数值模拟,并通过引入粘结层重点研究其分层破坏。首先,介绍一种基于改进的粘结区域方法的粘结层损伤模型;其次,详细介绍了有限元模型建模过程和建模细节;最后,对有限元模型进行验证,并分析分层损伤发生的原因。模拟结果表明,该模型不仅能准确预测FRP层合板在低速冲击载荷下的载荷-时间曲线和载荷-位移曲线,还能成功地预测其分层破坏。     

抵御小口径火炮弹道侵彻装甲防护模拟实验研究

为研究舰艇结构在小口径火炮弹道冲击下的响应以及各种舰用装甲结构抵御小口径火炮弹道冲击的有效性,以典型的小口径火炮战斗部为模拟对象,根据弹道冲击的相似理论,分别设计了模拟实验的弹体和6种靶板结构,并进行了弹道冲击实验研究。模拟实验结果表明,普通舰艇结构不能抵御小口径火炮弹道侵彻,必须设置专门的防护装甲;采用陶瓷/钢/纤维增强复合材料组合装甲结构抵御小口径火炮时,装甲防护结构比均质钢装甲减轻约60%;陶瓷材料能改变背板的破坏形式和破坏程度,大大增加背板的吸能量,此外,陶瓷对弹体的侵蚀、钝化及碎裂能大大降低弹体的侵彻能力。     

装甲钢/UHPC复合靶体抗侵彻性能试验与数值模拟研究

装甲钢/超高性能混凝土（UHPC）复合防护结构在重点工程中抵抗弹体的高速侵彻作用具有广泛的应用前景。为评估该复合结构的抗侵彻性能,对两种复合靶体开展侵彻试验与数值模拟研究。首先,开展了12发30 mm口径30CrMnSiNi2A弹体372~646 m/s速度侵彻复合靶试验。随后通过一系列静动态力学性能试验标定装甲钢材料的本构模型参数,并建立三维有限元模型对上述试验开展数值模拟分析。通过对比试验和数值模拟得到的弹体侵彻深度、残余弹体长度和装甲钢板的失效模式,验证了装甲钢本构模型参数的可靠性。进一步基于弹道效益系数对复合靶抗侵彻性能进行了定量评估。最后,确定了不同装甲钢板厚度复合靶体的临界贯穿速度,并对弹体侵彻复合靶的弹、靶失效模式进行了讨论。     

Perforation of 7075-T651 Aluminum Armor Plates with 7.62 mm APM2 Bullets

We conducted an experimental and analytical study to better understand the mechanisms and dominant parameters for 7.62 mm APM2 bullets that perforate 7075-T651 aluminum armor plates. The 7.62-mm-diameter, 10.7 g, APM2 bullet consists of a brass jacket, lead filler, and a 5.25 g, ogive-nose, hard steel core. The brass and lead were stripped from the APM2 bullets by the targets, so we conducted ballistic experiments with both the APM2 bullets and only the hard steel cores. These projectiles were fired from a rifle to striking velocities between 600 and 1,100 m/s. Targets were 20 and 40-mm-thick, where the 40-mm-thick targets were made up of layered 20-mm-thick plates in contact with each other. The measured ballistic-limit velocities for the APM2 bullets were 1% and 8% smaller than that for the hard steel cores for the 20 and 40-mm-thick targets, respectively. Thus, the brass jacket and lead filler had a relatively small effect on the perforation process. Predictions from a cylindrical cavity-expansion model for the hard steel core projectiles are shown to be in good agreement with measured ballistic-limit and residual velocity data. The results of this study complement our previous paper with 5083-H116 aluminum target plates in that the ultimate tensile strength of 7075-T651 is about 1.8 times greater than that of 5083-H116. We also present a scaling law that shows a square root relationship between ballistic-limit velocity and plate thickness and material strength.     

Perforation of 6082-T651 Aluminum Plates with 7.62 mm APM2 Bullets at Normal and Oblique Impacts

We conducted an experimental study to understand the mechanisms and dominant parameters for 7.62 mm APM2 bullets that perforate 6082-T651 aluminum armor plates at oblique impacts. The 7.62-mm-diameter, 10.7 g, APM2 bullet consists of a brass jacket, lead filler, and a 5.25 g, ogive-nose, hard steel core. The brass and lead were stripped from the APM2 bullets by the targets, so we conducted ballistic experiments with both the APM2 bullets and only the hard steel cores. These projectiles were fired from a rifle to striking velocities between 400 and 1,000 m/s into 20-mm-thick plates at normal impact (β?=?0^o) and at oblique angles of β?=?15^o, 30^o, and 45^o. Measured residual and ballistic-limit velocities for the full bullet and the hard core were within a few percent for normal impact and all oblique angles. Thus, we showed that the perforation process was dominated by the hard steel core of the bullet. In addition, we conducted large strain, compression tests on the 6082-T651 plate material for input to perforation equations derived from a cavity-expansion model for the steel core projectiles. Model predictions were shown to be in good agreement with measured ballistic-limit and residual velocity measurements for β?=?0^o, 15^o, and 30^o. We also presented a scaling law for the bullet that showed the ballistic-limit velocities were proportional to the square root of the product of plate thickness and a material strength term.     

Perforation of 5083-H116 Aluminum Armor Plates with Ogive-Nose Rods and 7.62 mm APM2 Bullets

We conducted an experimental and analytical study to understand the mechanisms and dominant parameters for ogive-nose rods and 7.62 mm APM2 bullets that perforate 5083-H116 aluminum armor plates. The 20-mm-diameter, 95-mm-long, ogive-nose, 197 g, hard steel rods were launched with a gas gun to striking velocities between 230–370 m/s. The 7.62-mm-diameter, 10.7 g, APM2 bullet consists of a brass jacket, lead filler, and a 5.25 g, ogive-nose, hard steel core. The brass and lead were stripped from the APM2 bullets by the targets, so we conducted ballistic experiments with both the APM2 bullets and only the hard steel cores. These projectiles were fired from a rifle to striking velocities between 480–950 m/s. Targets were 20, 40, and 60-mm-thick, where the 40 and 60-mm-thick targets were made up of layered 20-mm-thick plates in contact with each other. The measured ballistic-limit velocities for the APM2 bullets were 4, 6, and 12% smaller than that for the hard steel cores for the 20, 40, and 60-mm-thick targets, respectively. Thus, the brass jacket and lead filler had a relatively small effect on the perforation process. In addition, we conducted large strain, compression tests on the 5083-H116 aluminum plate material for input to perforation equations derived from a cavity-expansion model for the ogive-nose rods and steel core projectiles. Predictions for the rod and hard steel core projectiles are shown to be in good agreement with measured ballistic-limit and residual velocity data. These experimental results and perforation equations display the dominant problem parameters.     

不同撞击速度下穿燃弹侵彻陶瓷/铝合金复合靶板时弹芯破碎失效特性研究

为了研究12.7 mm穿燃弹以不同速度撞击陶瓷/铝合金复合靶板时弹芯的破碎及失效特性,开展了12.7 mm穿燃弹以434.5～844.6 m/s速度撞击SiC陶瓷/6061T6铝合金复合靶板的弹道试验,分析了弹靶的失效模式。弹芯在侵彻靶板后会产生不同尺寸的碎片,使用回收箱收集弹芯碎片并用不同孔径筛网对其进行筛分、称重,得到了不同撞击速度下弹芯碎片的质量分布,并对不同部位的弹芯碎片断口形貌进行了宏观和微观观测分析。研究结果表明:背板失效模式为碟形变形-剪切穿孔-花瓣形失效,试验后的弹芯碎片累积质量分布符合Rosin-Rammler幂率分布规律,且随着着靶速度的增大,小质量碎片质量增加;弹芯在冲击过程中等效直径较大碎片（大于8 mm）失效模式为拉伸脆性断裂,而等效直径小于2 mm的碎片上存在局部塑性剪切断裂。     

含装甲钢和陶瓷板的钢纤维砼复合靶的抗侵彻实验研究

为考察装甲钢板和陶瓷板的抗侵彻特性,在钢纤维混凝土靶中分别加入两种不同厚度的装甲钢板和陶瓷板振动成型。在57mm轻气炮上进行了小尺寸射弹侵彻钢纤维砼复合靶试验,测量了不同速度的射弹在不同靶中的侵彻深度。研究表明,当装甲钢板的厚度在5mm范围内,射弹速度超过400m/s时,装甲钢板的厚度对侵彻深度的影响不明显。对含陶瓷板的钢纤维砼,当射弹超过一定速度时,射弹弯曲断裂。通过分析给出了射弹残余弹长与射弹的密度、射弹的动态屈服强度和垂直撞击陶瓷板的速度的函数关系,理论结果与实验数据基本一致。     

A new approach for improving ballistic performance of composite armor

An experimental investigation of the ballistic performance of composite armor with geometric modifications was carried out. The armor was simulated using polymeric materials. Four different geometric modifications were incorporated into the front plate of the armor, and two different adhesives were considered in this study. High-speed photography was employed to observe the real-time evolution of impact damage and to obtain the projectile penetration history. The nature and extent of damage for each modification and adhesive was estimated by postmortem inspection of the impacted armor and was compared to that obtained in unmodified armor of equal weight. The results of the study indicate that the geometric modifications after the nature and extent of damage significantly compared to conventional composite armor. The strong adhesive causes tearing of the back plate, whereas the compliant adhesive results in extensive delamination without any back plate damage. The modifications assist in spreading the damage laterally away from the impact site, thus distributing the load onto a larger area of the back plate. Calculations using a one-dimensional theoretical model also conclude that geometrical modifications improve the ballistic performance of the armor.     

空爆冲击波与破片群联合作用下聚脲涂覆陶瓷复合装甲结构毁伤特性

基于均质钢板、聚脲涂层材料、SiC陶瓷材料设计了4种聚脲涂覆复合装甲结构,采用装药驱动预制破片试验方法开展了近炸下复合装甲结构毁伤特性实验研究,提出了各组分的毁伤破坏模式,对比分析了4种防护装甲结构的防护性能,探讨了复合装甲结构的防护机理。结果表明:作用于目标结构的破片动能远大于冲击波能,聚脲涂覆复合装甲结构的防护效能明显优于多层均质钢装甲,增加陶瓷厚度较增加背板、前面板厚度对提高整体防护效能更有效,破片撞击将引起陶瓷块大面积损伤,严重影响了其对后续着靶破片的防护性能。