The ΔNγ electromagnetic transition form factors GM(q) and GE(q)

A parameter-free, nonperturbative calculation of the ΔNγ electromagnetic transition amplitudes GM*(q2), GE*(q2), and the resonant multipole ratio REM(q2)≡E1+3/2(q2)/M1+3/2(q2) is performed in terms of the well-known nucleon isovector Sachs form factor GMV. Our methods are fully relativistic with conservation of the electromagnetic current guaranteed. We find that GM*(q2) decreases more rapidly than the nucleon dipole form factor when −q21 GeV2/c2 and that REM(q2) remains small even for very high four-momentum transfer implying that the perturbative QCD prediction REM(q2)→1 is purely asymptotic and is valid only for extremely high |q2|.     

Saturation and BFKL dynamics in the HERA data at small-x

We show that the HERA data for the inclusive structure function F₂(x,Q²) for x10⁻² and 0.045Q²45 GeV² can be well described within the color dipole picture, with a simple analytic expression for the dipole–proton scattering amplitude, which is an approximate solution to the non-linear evolution equations in QCD. For dipole sizes less than the inverse saturation momentum 1/Q_s(x), the scattering amplitude is the solution to the BFKL equation in the vicinity of the saturation line. It exhibits geometric scaling and scaling violations by the diffusion term. For dipole sizes larger than 1/Q_s(x), the scattering amplitude saturates to one. The fit involves three parameters: the proton radius R, the value x₀ of x at which the saturation scale Q_s equals 1 GeV, and the logarithmic derivative of the saturation momentum λ. The value of λ extracted from the fit turns out to be consistent with a recent calculation using the next-to-leading order BFKL formalism.     

Nucleon–nucleon scattering observables in large-Nc QCD

Nucleon–nucleon scattering observables are considered in the context of the large N_c limit of QCD for initial states with moderately high momenta (pN_c). The scattering is studied in the framework of the time-dependent mean-field approximation. We focus on the dependence of those observables on the spin and isospin of the initial state which may be computed using time-dependent mean-field theory. We show that, up to corrections, all such observables must be invariant under simultaneous spin and isospin flips (i.e., rotations through π/2 in both spin and isospin) acting on either particle. All observables of this class obtained from spin unpolarized measurements must be isospin independent up to 1/N_c corrections. Moreover, it can be shown that the leading correction is of relative order 1/N_c² rather than 1/N_c.     

Nuclear effects in the F3 structure function for finite and asymptotic Q

We study nuclear effects in the structure function F₃ which describes the parity violating part of the charged-current neuitrino nucleon deep inelastic scattering. Starting from a covariant approach we derive a factorized expression for the nuclear structure function in terms of the nuclear spectral function and off-shell nucleon structure functions valid for arbitrary momentum transfer Q and in the limit of weak nuclear binding, i.e. when a nucleus can be treated as a non-relativistic system. We develop a systematic expansion of nuclear structure functions in terms of a Q⁻² series caused by nuclear effects (“nuclear twist” series). Basing ourselves on this expansion we calculate nuclear corrections to the Gross-Llewellyn-Smith sum rule as well as to higher moments of F₃. We show that corrections to the GLS sum rule due to nuclear effects cancel out in the Bjorken limit and calculate the corresponding Q⁻² correction. Special attention is paid to the discussion of the off-shell effects in the structure functions. A sizable impact of these effects both on the Q² and x dependence of nuclear structure functions is found.     

Linking total cross sections for hard and soft processes through analyticity in Q and sum rules

Using analyticity of the virtual Compton scattering amplitude in Q² sum rules are derived relating meson-nucleon total cross-sections with certain integrals over the large Q² and x0 part of nucleon structure functions. Of preliminary quantitative analysis of the sum rules for both singlet and non-singlet amplitudes is presented. For the singlet amplitude the sum rules relate, in particular, the rise of sea-quark distributions implied by perturbative QCD and the increase of total meson-proton cross sections with energy. Quantitatively, however, nonunitary leading log Q² results for the former give a too rapid increase of the latter.     

The deuteron A(Q) structure function and the neutron electric form factor

We have measured the deuteron A(Q²) structure function in the momentum transfer region between 1 and 18 fm⁻². The accuracy of the data ranges from 2 to 6%. These measurements allow a sensitive test of theoretical predictions. We find that meson-exchange currents and relativistic corrections significantly improve the agreement between experiment and theory. We investigate the sensitivity of A(Q²) to the nucleon-nucleon interaction and to the neutron electric form factor G_Eⁿ(Q²). Our analysis shows that G_Eⁿ(Q²) can be extracted from these data with a significantly improved accuracy. The model dependence of this analysis is discussed.     

Final-state interactions and single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering

Recent measurements from the HERMES and SMC Collaborations show a remarkably large azimuthal single-spin asymmetries A_UL and A_UT of the proton in semi-inclusive pion leptoproduction γ^*(q)p→πX. We show that final-state interactions from gluon exchange between the outgoing quark and the target spectator system lead to single-spin asymmetries in deep inelastic lepton–proton scattering at leading twist in perturbative QCD; i.e., the rescattering corrections are not power-law suppressed at large photon virtuality Q² at fixed x_bj. The existence of such single-spin asymmetries requires a phase difference between two amplitudes coupling the proton target with J^z_p=±1/2 to the same final-state, the same amplitudes which are necessary to produce a nonzero proton anomalous magnetic moment. We show that the exchange of gauge particles between the outgoing quark and the proton spectators produces a Coulomb-like complex phase which depends on the angular momentum L^z of the proton's constituents and is thus distinct for different proton spin amplitudes. The single-spin asymmetry which arises from such final-state interactions does not factorize into a product of distribution function and fragmentation function, and it is not related to the transversity distribution δq(x,Q) which correlates transversely polarized quarks with the spin of the transversely polarized target nucleon.     

How unitarity imposes a steep small-x rise of spin structure function gLT=g1+g2 and breaking of DIS sum rules

We derive a unitarity relationship between the spin structure function g_LT(x,Q²)=g₁(x,Q²)+g₂(x,Q²), the LT interference diffractive structure function and the spin-flip coupling of the pomeron to nucleons. Our diffractive mechanism gives rise to a dramatic small-x rise

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, where δ_g is an exponent of small-x rise of the unpolarized gluon density in the proton at a moderate hard scale for light flavour contribution and large hard scale for heavy flavour contribution. It invalidates the Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule. The found small-x rise of diffraction driven g_LT(x,Q²) is steeper than given by the Wandzura–Wilczek relation under conventional assumptions on small-x behaviour of g₁(x,Q²).     

Measurement of recoil proton polarizations in the electrodisintegration of deuterium by polarized electrons

In order to test modern theories of two-nucleon bound and scattering states, we have measured the spin polarization of ejectile protons in the electrodisintegration reaction . Compared with spin-averaged observations, these observables offer the potential of enhanced sensitivity to details of the reaction process. The experiment was carried out in quasielastic kinematics (q_μq^μ=−2m_pω=−0.38 GeV²/c²). Protons were detected at two angles corresponding to neutron recoil momenta p_r of 0 and 100 MeV/c. Full nonrelativistic calculations of the polarization transfer components s_l and s_t, including leading order relativistic contributions, describe our measurements well, but calculations of the induced polarization s_n at p_r=100 MeV/c underpredict the experimental result.     

(Q) corrections to particle multiplicity ratios in gluon and quark jets

The order (Q²) correction to the particle multiplicity ratio in gluon and quark jets is calculated in QCD. Through (Q²) we find

, with r = <n>_{gluon jet}/<n>_{quark jet}. This ratio is independent of the opening angle chosen to define the jets.     

A complete measurement of spin-observables for intermediate-energy inclusive quasielastic polarized proton scattering from C

The complete set of Wolfenstein parameters, the polarization, the asymmetry of scattering and the unpolarized double-differential cross section are presented for inclusive quasielastic proton scattering from ¹²C at a central momentum transfer of q = 1.9 fm⁻¹ and incident energies of 290 and 420 MeV. The spin observables D₀, D_x, D_y and D_z as well as the longitudinal-to-transverse ratio of spin-flip probabilities are extracted from the data. Across the quasielastic continuum, the experimental data is compared to the variations expected from a single-scattering Fermi-gas approximation using the free NN amplitudes. Medium effects are evident in the pronounced quenching of the polarization parameter relative to the free value.     

Experimental verification of the GDH sum rule

Sum rules involving the spin structure of the nucleon like those due to Bjorken, Ellis and Jaffe and the one due to Gerasimov, Drell and Hearn offer the opportunity to study the structure of strong interactions. At long distance scales in the confinement regime the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) Sum Rule connects static properties of the nucleon like the anomalous magnetic moment κ and the nucleon mass m, with the spin dependent absorption of real photons with total cross sections 0gs_3/2 and σ_1/2:

Here 3/2 and 1/2 identify relative spin orientation of the photon and the nucleon parallel or anti-parallel respectively in the nucleon rest frame; denotes the fine-structure constant and ν the energy of the photon. Hence the full spin-dependent excitation spectrum of the nucleon is related to its static properties. The sum rule has not been investigated experimentally until recently. For the first time this fundamental sum rule is verified by the GDH-Collaboration with circularly polarized real photons and longitudinally polarized nucleons at the two accelerators and . The investigation of the response of the proton as well as of the neutron allows to perform an isospin decomposition. Data from the resonance region up to the onset of the Regge regime are shown. The “sum” on the left hand side of the GDH Sum Rule can be generalized to the case of virtual photons. This allows to establish a Q² dependency and to study the transition to the perturbative regime of QCD. This is the subject of several experiments e.g. at for the resonance region and of the experiment at for higher Q². Moreover, this paper covers the status of theory concerning the GDH Sum Rule, the different experimental approaches and the results for the absorption of real and virtual photons will be reviewed.     

Spectral intensities in the ν1 band of NH3

Intensities have been measured for individual transitions in the Q and R branches of the ν₁ band of NH₃ using a difference-frequency laser spectrometer. The data yield an integrated band strength of S⁰_v=219.36±1.03 cm^-2/MPa at 297 K, corresponding to a transition moment of μ_v = 8.535(20) × 10^-32 C·m, and a Herman-Wallis correction factor, (1 + _jm)², where _j = 0.0209(20). The intensities of a few lines for K 7 were noticeably perturbed by a perpendicular Coriolis interaction with 2ν₄ (E, L = 2), so were excluded from the fit. A small sample of ν₃ band lines occurring in the ν₁ band scans also yields a rough estimate of the ν₃ band intensity with evident irregular perturbations.     

Transverse momentum distribution in Drell-Yan pair and W and Z boson production

We exhibit and discuss the QCD prediction for the transverse momentum distribution of W bosons, Z bosons and high-mass virtual photons produced in high-energy hadron-hadron collisions. Recent work has shown that this prediction is consistent with the structure of leading twist initial state interactions.

The expression we present is expected to give results correct up to order _s^N(Q) for any Q_T when the boson mass Q is very large (> 10⁸ GeV!), given only input from perturbative calculations at order _s^N+2 and deeply inelastic scattering structure functions. We specify the required N = 0 coefficients, employing the order _s² results of Kodaira and Trentadue and of Davies and Stirling. We then show how the expression should be modified to deal with current energy scales. We also discuss the connection between low-Q_T and high-Q_T formulae.     

Proton polarization observables for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 500 MeV protons from Ca and Pb

Measurements for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 500 MeV protons from ⁴⁰Ca and ²⁰⁸Pb at small momentum transfers are reported. The induced proton polarization P and the spin rotation parameter Q were measured for the elastic scattering. The spin rotation parameters D_SS′, D_SL′, D_LL′, d_LS′ and the induced polarization P were measured for transitions to the 3⁻(3.37 MeV) and 5⁻(4.48 MeV) states in ⁴⁰Ca and the 3⁻(2.61 MeV) state in ²⁰⁸Pb. Comparisons of the data with the theoretical calculations were carried out in the framework of nonrelativistic and relativistic approaches. We extracted the spin-up and spin-down channels for the elastic scattering cross sections and found that predictions of the relativistic and nonrelativistic approaches agree well with the spin-up channel data and differ considerably in the spin-down channel.     

What can we learn from B→DsKπ, Bd→DsKπ and Bd→DsK decays?

We study the nonresonant three-body decays of B⁺→D^(*)−_sK⁺π⁺ and B_d→D_s^(*)−K⁰π⁺. We find that these decays can provide the information on the time-like form factors of D^(*)_sK. We also explicitly investigate B_d→D_s^(*)−K^*+ decays by discriminating the nonresonant contributions with the unknown D^(*)_s wave functions being fixed by the measured mode of B_d→D_s⁻K⁺.     

具有Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya相互作用的XY模型的量子相干性

研究了具有Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya(DM)相互作用的一维横场XY自旋链的量子相变和量子相干性.采用约旦-维格纳变换严格求解了哈密顿量,并描绘了体系的关联函数和相图,相图包含反铁磁相、顺磁相和螺旋相.利用相对熵和Jensen-Shannon熵讨论了XY模型的量子相干性.研究发现,相对熵与Jensen-Shannon熵所表现的行为都可以很好地表征该模型的量子相变.非螺旋相中量子相干性不依赖DM相互作用,而在螺旋相DM相互作用对量子相干性有显著影响.此外,指出了在带有DM相互作用的这一类反射对称破缺体系中关联函数计算的常见问题.     

Elastic electron scattering with formamide-(H2O)n complexes (n=1, 2): Influence of microsolvation on the π* and σ* resonances

We report elastic cross sections for low-energy electron scattering with formamide-(H₂O)_n complexes (n=1, 2) in the energy region of 0.01-8 eV. The scattering calculations are performed using the R-matrix method in the static-exchange (SE) approximation. We consider three structures of formamide-H₂O and six structures of formamide-(H₂O)₂ in the present work. Our purpose is to investigate effects of water molecules hydrogen-bonding to formamide. We focus on the influence of microsolvation on the π^* and σ^* resonances of formamide. The scattering result for complexes shows that the position of π^* resonance appears at lower or higher energies in the cluster than in the isolated formamide depending on the complex structure and the water role in the hydrogen bonding. We explain this behavior according to the net charge of the solute. It is found that the microsolvation environment has a substantial effect on the width of π^* resonance. Our results indicate that surrounding water molecules may affect the lifetime of the resonances, and hence the process is driven by the anion state, such as the dissociative electron attachment.     

微波低温制备Mg2Si0.4Sn0.6-yBiy热电材料的传输机理

德拜弛豫理论表明, 在频率为2.45 GHz的外加交变电磁场的作用下, 微波对极性分子的极化过程约为10^-10 s, 因此利用微波固相反应可以在短时低温条件下制备出纳米粉体材料. 本文以MgH₂代替Mg粉, 利用微波固相反应在低温下制备了Mg₂Si_0.4Sn_0.6-yBi_y (0 ≤y ≤q 0.03)固溶体, 并结合单带抛物线计算模型对其热电传输机理进行了分析. 研究结果表明: 利用该工艺可以有效抑制Mg的挥发和MgO 的生成, 在400 ℃保温15 min内即可完成MgH₂与Si粉和Sn粉的固相反应, 获得片层间距为100 nm的超细化学计量比产物; 杂质Bi的引入可以有效增加载流子浓度, 并引起晶格畸变, 在晶格畸变和样品特有的纳米片层结构的协同作用下, 声子得到有效散射, 样品具有最低的热导率1.36 W·m^-1·K^-1. 较低的有效掺杂率和复杂的能带结构具有降低能带态密度有效质量和减小载流子弛豫时间的双刃效应, 使得本征激发提前, 在600 K样品取得最大ZT值为0.66.