温稠密钛电导率计算

温稠密物质是惯性约束核聚变、重离子聚变、Z箍缩动作过程中物质发展和存在的重要阶段. 其热力学性质和辐射输运参数在聚变实验和内爆驱动力学模拟过程中有至关重要的作用. 本文通过建立非理想Saha方程, 结合线性混合规则的理论方法模拟了温稠密钛从10^-5-10 g·cm^-3, 10⁴ K到3×10⁴ K区间的粒子组分分布和电导率随温度密度的变化, 其中粒子组分分布由非理想Saha方程求解得到. 线性混合规则模型计算温稠密钛的电导率时考虑了包括电子、原子和离子之间的多种相互作用. 钛的电导率的计算结果与已有的爆炸丝实验数据相符. 通过电导率随温度密度变化趋势判断, 钛在整个温度区间, 密度0.56 g·cm^-3时发生非金属相到金属相相变. 对于简并系数和耦合系数的计算分析, 钛等离子体在整个温度和密度区间逐渐从弱耦合、非简并状态过渡到强耦合部分简并态.     

Importance of high local cathode spot pressure on the attachment ofthermal arcs on cold cathodes

The importance of having high local cathode spot pressures for the self-sustaining operation of a thermal arc plasma on a cold cathode is theoretically investigated. Applying a cathode sheath model to a Cu cathode, it is shown that cathode spot plasma pressures ranging 7.4-9.2 atm and 34.2-50 atm for electron temperatures of ~1 eV are needed to account for current densities of 10⁹ and 10¹⁰ A·m^-2, respectively. The study of the different contributions from the ions, the emission electrons, and the back-diffusing plasma electrons to the total current and heat transfer to the cathode spot has allowed us to show the following. 1) Due to the high metallic plasma densities, a strong heating of the cathode occurs and an important surface electric field is established at the cathode surface causing strong thermo-field emission of electrons. 2) Due to the presence of a high density of ions in the cathode vicinity, an important fraction of the total current is carried by the ions and the electron emission is enhanced. 3) The total current is only slightly reduced by the presence of back-diffusing plasma electrons in the cathode sheath. For a current density j_tot=10⁹ A·m^-2 , the current to the cathode surface is mainly transported by the ions (76-91% of j_tot while for a current density j_tot = 10¹⁰ A·m^-2, the thermo-field electrons become the main current carriers (61-72% of j_tot). It is shown that the cathode spot plasma parameters are those of a high pressure metallic gas where deviations from the ideal gas law and important lowering of the ionization potentials are observed     

氮气开关流柱形成过程的理论研究

使用蒙特卡罗-粒子模拟方法对氮气开关中的流柱形成过程进行模拟, 并结合计算结果对其进行理论分析. 发现在流柱击穿发生前(即空间电荷场远小于本底电场), 等离子体的电离频率、电子平均能量及其迁移速度等都近似为常数, 因此可以解析求解电子数密度方程对等离子体的演化行为进行分析. 在击穿发生后, 随机碰撞过程会破坏初始等离子体区域分布的对称性, 并出现分叉的等离子体区域结构. 在放电过程中, 随着等离子体密度增加, 其内部基本保持电中性且电场不断减小, 靠近阴阳极两端电荷分离产生的净电荷密度不断增加, 场强也不断增加, 且靠近阳极端的电荷密度(绝对值)和场强都大于阴极端. 通过改变极板间电压发现, 平均电子能量随极板间场强增加而增加, 电子迁移速度随着场强近似线性增加, 电离频率随场强的变化快慢介于E⁴与E⁵之间.     

A two-component model for the electron distribution function in ahigh-current pseudospark or back-lighted thyratron

Temperature, energy, and densities of two electron distribution function components, including an isotropic bulk part and an anisotropic beam, are analyzed for a hydrogen pseudospark and/or back-lighted thyratron switch plasma with a peak electron density of 1-3×10¹⁵ cm^-3 and peak current density of ≈10⁴ A/cm². Estimates of a very small cathode-fall width during the conduction phase and high electric field strengths lead to the injection of an electron beam with energies ⩾100 eV and density of 10¹³-10¹⁴ cm^-3 into a Maxwellian bulk plasma. Collisional and radiative processes of monoenergetic beam electrons, bulk plasma electrons and ions, and atomic hydrogen are modeled by a set of rate equations, and line intensity ratios are compared with measurements. Under these high-current conditions, for an initial density n_H2=10¹⁶ cm^-3 and electron temperature of 0.8-1 eV, the estimated beam density is ≈10¹³ -10¹⁴ cm^-3. These results suggest the possibility of producing in a simple way a very high-density electron beam     

Atomic collision processes relevant for heavy ion beam probes

Atomic collision processes of fast Tl and Cs ions with particles in a high temperature fusion plasma are investigated. At low beam energies (<5 MeV), ion impact collisions and charge exchange processes can be neglected compared to electron ionization processes. At beam energies above 5 MeV and high plasma ion temperatures, collisions with ions start to contribute significantly to signal generation and attenuation. Also, collisions with the neutral background gas in the beamlines can attenuate the ion beam significantly and lower the signal level, if the vacuum pressure is above 10^-4 Torr. For the heavy ion beam probes operating today, only electron impact ionization processes are important and accurate predictions of the secondary signal level and electron density profile measurements are possible because of the good knowledge of electron impact ionization cross sections for Cs ⁺ and Tl⁺ ions     

S—Ka频段电磁波在等离子体中传输特性的实验研究

在感应耦合等离子体风洞上开展了等离子体中电磁波传输特性实验研究,获得了不同频率电磁波在等离子体中的传输衰减.通过微波诊断技术,获得了等离子体射流的电子数密度和碰撞频率.通过矢量网络分析仪和标准增益天线组成的电磁波传输特性测试系统,获得了电磁波经过等离子体之后的衰减,研究了电子数密度范围7.0×10~(10)-1.0×10~(13)cm~(-3)、等离子体碰撞频率在109 Hz量级的等离子体对2.6—40 GHz不同频率电磁波传输特性的影响,分析了经典传输理论和薄层理论预测结果与实验结果的差异.该实验工作为等离子体中电磁波传输特性的理论研究和数值仿真提供了基础数据.     

流体-亚稳态原子传输混合模型模拟空心阴极放电特性

利用流体-亚稳态原子传输混合模型研究了氩气矩形空心阴极放电稳态时的参数. 数值计算得到了压强为10 Torr时的电势、电子、离子和亚稳态氩原子密度以及电子平均能量的分布. 结果表明电子和离子密度峰值为4.7×10¹² cm^-3, 亚稳态原子密度峰值为2.1×10¹³ cm^-3. 本文同时对流体-亚稳态原子传输混合模型和单一流体模型模拟得到的放电参数进行了比较. 结果表明, 分步电离是新电子产生的重要来源, 亚稳态原子对空心阴极放电特性有重要影响. 与单一流体模型相比, 混合模型计算得到的电子密度升高, 阴极鞘层宽度和电子平均能量降低. 关键词： 空心阴极放电 流体-亚稳态原子传输模型 电子密度 分步电离     

Electrical discharge in the Teflon cavity of a coaxial pulsedplasma thruster

In this work, we analyze the physical processes of a pulsed discharge in a dielectric (Teflon) cavity. This type of discharge is generated in a coaxial pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) having a central Teflon cavity to produce a high-pressure cloud of ablation products during the discharge pulse. The primary intended role of this model is to provide upstream boundary conditions for particle simulation codes used to study the exhaust plume. The main features of the electrical discharge in the dielectric cavity include Joule heating of the plasma, heat transfer to the dielectric, decomposition of the dielectric followed by partial ionization, and acceleration of the plasma up to the sound speed at the cavity exit. We consider a diffuse type of discharge assuming that all plasma parameters are uniform in the cavity. The system of equations is based on the plasma energy balance, thermal conductivity, dielectric ablation, and mass balance. It is found that most of the energy of the plasma column is carried off by particle convection to the dielectric and by radiation. It is found that during the pulse, the electron density peaks at about 10²⁴ m^-3 and decreases to 10²¹ m^-3 toward the end of the pulse, whereas the electron temperature peaks at about 2.2 eV and decays to 1.5 eV. Teflon surface temperature peaks at about 650 K. Predicted plasma temperature and ablated mass are found to be in agreement with available experimental data     

A cold thermionically emitting dusty air plasma formed by radiativeheating of graphite particulates

Formation of an atmospheric pressure dusty air plasma is explored experimentally in this paper. The plasma is created by seeding an air flow with graphite particles and irradiating the particulates with a focused CO₂ laser beam. The graphite particles are, thus, heated to thermionically emitting temperatures, and average particle temperatures and average particle number densities are measured. The presence of charges is inferred both from these measured quantities using a simple theoretical transient model, and experimentally by applying a dc bias across the irradiated region. It is found that an electron density of ~6.7 × 10⁵ cm^-3 (6.7 × 10¹¹ m^-3) can be produced at steady state in the presence of O₂. This value can be increased to 3.6 × 10⁷ cm^-3 (3.6 × 10¹³ m ^-1) in the ideal case where an electron attachment to O₂ is suppressed and where a lower work function particulate is used     

Self-sustained self-sputtering: a possible mechanism for thesuperdense glow phase of a pseudospark

Self-sustained self-sputtering occurring during high current pseudospark operation (≈10⁴ A/cm², I>10³ A) is shown to be a possible mechanism for the superdense glow. The mean-free-path for ionization of cathode material sputtered in the low-current hollow-cathode phase can be shorter than the cathode-anode gap distance, and ionized atoms can return to the cathode surface, self-sputtering with a yield greater than one. The self-sputtered cathode atoms become ionized in the beam of electrons accelerated in the cathode sheath. A large fraction of the discharge current at the cathode surface can be carried uniformly over the surface by ions and a very high electron emission density is not required to maintain the high current     

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The multichannel bremsstrahlung measurement system on HL-2A tokamak has been using to observe the intensity of visible (535.1nm) bremsstrahlung radiation. Combined the intensity with plasma electron density and electron temperature, the effective ion charge measurements can be obtained on HL-2A tokamak. The 1×10¹⁹m⁻³ to4×10¹⁹m⁻³ experimental results show that when the plasma electron density increases from 1×10 m to 4×10 m , the effective ion charge number changes from 5 down to around 2. The bremsstrahlung radiation signal intensity is proportional to the quadratic plasma density. When the electron density is higher than 3×10¹⁹m⁻³, the multichannel bremsstrahlung measurement system can collect sufficient signal through the plasma, which enables the measurement of effective ion charge radial profile.     

Photo-ionized lithium source for plasma accelerator applications

A photo-ionized lithium source is developed for plasma acceleration applications. A homogeneous column of lithium neutral vapor with a density of 2×10^15-3 is confined by helium gas in a heat-pipe oven. A UV laser pulse ionizes the vapor. In this device, the length of the neutral vapor and plasma column is 25 cm. The plasma density was measured by laser interferometry in the visible on the lithium neutrals and by CO₂ laser interferometry on the plasma electrons. The maximum measured plasma density was 2.9×10 ¹⁴ cm^-3, limited by the available UV fluence (≈83 mJ/cm²), corresponding to a 15% ionization fraction. After ionization, the plasma density decreases by a factor of two in about 12 μs. These results show that such a plasma source is scaleable to lengths of the order of 1 m and should satisfy all the requirements for demonstrating the acceleration of electrons by 1 GeV in a 1-GeV/m amplitude plasma wake     

HL-2A 装置中利用可见光谱段轫致辐射测量有效离子电荷数

通过测量可见光谱段的轫致辐射(λ=535.1nm)强度,结合等离子体电子密度和电子温度,HL-2A     

超短超强激光脉冲辐照超薄碳膜电离状态研究

为了进一步理解极端条件下物质的电离特性, 特别是超短超强激光脉冲辐照超薄靶时等离子体的形成与分布, 本文以超薄碳膜为例, 细致研究了超短超强激光脉冲辐照下原子的离化过程. 分析和比较了强激光场直接作用电离和靶内静电场电离等两种场致电离形式, 在碰撞电离可以忽略的情况下, 发现更多的电离份额是来自靶内静电场的电离方式. 研究了激光脉冲强度对电离的影响, 发现激光脉冲强度越强, 电离速度越快, 产生的高价态离子所占比例也越高.当激光强度为1×10²⁰ W/cm²时, 尽管该强度高于电离生成C⁺⁶所需要的激光强度阈值, 但该激光脉冲并不能将整个靶电离成C⁺⁶离子, 对此本文进行了详细的分析. 在研究激光脉冲宽度的影响时, 发现激光脉宽越小, 电离速度越快, 但越小的激光脉冲电离获得的高价态离子越少.     

Observation of Raman forward scattering and electron accelerationin the relativistic regime

Raman forward scattering (RFS) is observed in the interaction of a high intensity (>10¹⁸ W/cm²) short pulse (<1 ps) laser with an underdense plasma (n_e~10¹⁹ cm ^-3). Electrons are trapped and accelerated up to 44 MeV by the high-amplitude plasma wave produced by RFS. The laser spectrum is strongly modulated by the interaction, showing sidebands at the plasma frequency. Furthermore, as the quiver velocity of the electrons in the high electric field of the laser beam becomes relativistic, various effects are observed which can be attributed to the variation of electron mass with laser intensity     

Electron density and temperature contour plots from alaser-produced plasma using collective ultraviolet Thomson scattering

Temporally integrated ultraviolet collective Thomson scattering measurements were performed with frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser radiation on an underdense long-scalelength aluminum plasma (n_c ~10²¹ cm^-3, Z≈7, T_e≈T_i ⩾50 eV, L⩾100 μm). The plasma was preformed by an Nd:YAG fundamental beam (1.06 μm) with focusable intensities of 10 ¹¹ W/cm². Color images of two-dimensional (2-D) spatially resolved (30 μm) electron density and electron temperature were obtained. These are the shortest wavelength Thomson scattering measurements on a plasma to date     

Plasma deposition of thin films utilizing the anodic vacuum arc

Anodic vacuum arcs operating with cold cathodes in the spot mode and hot evaporating anodes are investigated to explore their technical potential as a plasma deposition technique. This discharge provides a unique source of a highly ionized, metal vapor plasma by autogeneration of the working gas to evaporation of the anode. This gas-free and droplet-free metal vapor plasma expands into the ambient vacuum (10^-4 mbar) and produces thin metallic films at the surface of substrates. An analysis of Al and Cu plasmas at the position of a possible substrate for arc currents between 20 and 200 A leads to the following results: electron densities, 10¹⁵-10¹⁸/ m³; degree of ionization, 0.5-25%; directed ion energy, 5 eV; and electron temperatures, 0.2-1 eV. Metallic coatings generated with deposition rates between 0.1 and 100 nm/s show the following properties: purity, 99.9%; polycrystalline structure with grain sizes between a few and a few hundred nm, same mass density as the respective bulk material, electrical conductivity rather close to that of the bulk material, and excellent optical properties. The coatings show good adhesion, which can be enhanced by a plasma-supported pretreatment of the substrate surface and by an acceleration of the ions towards the substrate     

A model for a uniform steady-state vacuum arc with a hot anode

A model is formulated and evaluated for a Uniform electrical discharge sustained in vapor evaporated from an arc-heated anode. The plasma potential is positive with respect to both the cathode and anode. For a Cu anode, the anodic vapor dominates the plasma for current densities exceeding 8 kA/m². The anode heating potential is approximately 6.5 V, and the dominant cooling mechanism is evaporation for current densities exceeding 20 kA/m². Over the range 10 to 10000 kA/m², the electron density increases from 8×10¹⁷ to 5×10²³ m^-3, while the ionization fraction rises from 0.3% to 4%. At the lower end of this current range the electrical resistivity of 4 mΩ-m is determined primarily by electron-neutral collisions, while with increasing current the resistivity decreases to 0.7 mΩ-m, with electron-ion collisions contributing an equal share. This hot-anode vacuum arc may have potential for industrial application as a macroparticle-free high-deposition-rate coating source     

电离层中性气体释放的早期试验效应研究

在电离层释放电子吸附类中性气体能够引起电离层电子密度耗空,在释放之后快速形成"电离层洞";同时,由于释放气体的快速膨胀,挤压背景等离子体,在电离层洞的外边缘产生"壳状"电子密度增强结构,电离层洞和电子密度增强结构同时存在是释放早期试验效应的显著特征.本文研究了电离层中性气体释放的早期试验效应,建立了释放早期电子密度的时空演化物理模型,仿真了释放早期电子密度的时空演化过程,同时采用射线追踪方法研究了释放后10 s和120 s不同频率信号在扰动区的传播效应,并反演得到了电离层垂直探测电离图,反演结果与一次火箭喷焰的实际观测结果吻合较好,初步验证了本模型的正确性.     

Pressure dependence of plasma parameters in medium-vacuum nitrogenarc discharge with the titanium cathode

The plasma properties of a medium-vacuum nitrogen arc discharge from a titanium cathode were studied. The arc chamber use was 400 mm in diameter and 600 mm in length. The cathode diameter and thickness were 64 and 25 mm, respectively. The experimental conditions are given as follows: pressure range=1×10^-3~2×10^-1 torr; N₂ gas flow rate=6 ml/min; arc current=50 A. Electric probe characteristics are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. The analytical results obtained show that the electron energy distribution takes 1-Mx at pressures above 1×10^-2 torr but 2-Mx at pressures under 4×10^-2 torr and that the electron density has a maximum value at a certain pressure. The Ti⁺, Ti⁺⁺, and N ⁺₂ ion spectral intensities are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. On comparison of these results and the electron density, the Ti⁺ spectral intensity turns out to be proportional to that of the electron density. This suggests that the major ion in the plasma volume is of the Ti⁺ species