Temperature measurements by coherent Rayleigh scattering

We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the utility of coherent Rayleigh scattering (CRS) for temperature measurements in low-density gases and weakly ionized plasmas by measuring the translational temperature of neutral argon in a glow discharge. By analysis of the near-Gaussian spectral profile of the CRS signal, we determine temperatures with an uncertainty of 相似文献   

High intensity Rayleigh scattering by atoms

We investigate the elastic scattering of coherent high intensity radiation of X-ray frequency by aK-shell electron.     

Simultaneous Rayleigh scattering and laser-induced CH fluorescence for reaction zone imaging in high-speed premixed hydrocarbon flames

4 /air flames where CH concentration is on the order of 1 ppm based on flamelet calculations. The present experimental conditions are also examined and shown to be suitable for quantitative measurements of CH radical based on the two-level model analysis. A linear relationship can be found between the measured CH signal intensity and the calculated CH concentration within a maximum 30% uncertainty range. The FWHM thickness of the CH profile in a stoichiometric laminar methane flame was shown to be less than 0.3 mm, which is the smallest ever achieved. Simultaneous image pairs of flame temperature and concentration of CH radicals from a premixed turbulent Bunsen flame at an exit velocity of 65 m/sec are obtained to demonstrate the system superiority of application on high-speed reacting flows. Received: 29 January 1996/Revised Version: 3 May 1996     

Anisotropic Rayleigh scattering

Coherence transfer between heteronuclear spin species in the rotating frame is analysed in view of application to heteronuclear two-dimensional cross-correlation spectroscopy in liquids. The general formalism and applications to simple spin systems are presented. In particular, the longitudinal and transverse coherence transfer functions are evaluated and discussed in terms of transfer efficiency, oscillation frequencies, phase anomalies and multiplet effects.     

1D high-speed Rayleigh measurements in turbulent flames

Time-correlated sampling of quantities in transient combustion processes requires high-speed imaging at repetition rates in the order of typical flame-inherent frequencies. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of temperature measurements in turbulent flames along a line at 10 kHz using Rayleigh scattering. High signal intensities were gained using an 80 W Nd:YAG laser for excitation in combination with an optimized combination of an achromatic lens, an objective lens and a CMOS camera. This allowed achieving signal-to-noise ratios up to 140 at 10 kHz repetition rates. The experimental setup and data processing aspects are described as well as details on the system characteristics are given. Temperature measurements of the DLR-A jet flame with a Reynolds number of 15.200 were compared with high-quality conventional 10 Hz simultaneous Raman/Rayleigh data. The data showed excellent agreement highlighting the reliability of the here demonstrated technique.     

Measurement of birefringence in thin-film waveguides by Rayleigh scattering

A method of measuring birefringence in slab and ridge waveguides based on the coherent superposition of Rayleigh light scattering from TE and TM polarized modes is described and demonstrated in silica-on-silicon waveguides. A measurement accuracy of approximately 10(-6) has been achieved. This method is used to determine the evolution of waveguide birefringence with annealing temperature in phosphorous-doped glass waveguides. The measured birefringence increases rapidly with annealing temperatures up to 800 degrees C but remains unchanged for higher-temperature anneals. We interpret this threshold as the temperature above which glass can flow.     

Quantitative temperature imaging at elevated pressures and in a confined space with CH_4/air laminar flames by filtered Rayleigh scattering

Laminar methane/air premixed flames at different pressures in a newly developed high-pressure laminar burner are studied through Cantera simulation and filtered Rayleigh scattering(FRS).Different gas component fractions are obtained through the detailed numerical simulations.And this approach can be used to correct the FRS images of large variations in a Rayleigh cross section in different flame regimes.The temperature distribution above the flat burner is then presented without stray light interference from soot and wall reflection.Results also show that the extent of agreement with the single point measurement by the thermocouple is 6%.Finally,this study concludes that the relative uncertainty of the presented filtered Rayleigh scattering diagnostics is estimated to be below 10% in single-shot imaging.     

Light scattering by multilayer ellipsoids in the Rayleigh approximation

A problem of light scattering by multilayer confocal ellipsoids is solved in the Rayleigh approximation. The electric field of a light wave is assumed constant and a set of Laplace equations with the corresponding boundary conditions is considered. The final expression for the polarizability of a particle is represented in the matrix form (2×2 matrices) in terms of parameters of a nucleus and subsequent layers. Numerical calculations of the scattering and absorption efficiencies of small multilayer spheres obtained using the exact (the generalization of the Mie theory) and approximate solutions well agree with each other.     

Real time study of turbulence in flames by Raman scattering

Turbulence in a flame has been investigated by Raman scattering using a free running ruby laser as the source. The density and the vibrational temperature of N₂ could be followed quasi-continuously with accuracies in the percent range and with a response time of about 10 μs. We have also found that dust particles, which so far had prevented sensitive Raman measurements with pulsed sources, are rapidly destroyed or ejected.     

From superradiant Rayleigh scattering to Bragg scattering

We present the results of an experiment on light scattering from an elongated Bose-Einstein condensate interacting with far off resonant laser light. Due to superradiant Rayleigh scattering a coherent superposition of two atomic wavepackets with different momenta forms in the presence of a single laser beam. Varying the intensity of a weak counterpropagating laser beam we observe the transition from the pure superradiant regime to the Bragg scattering regime, where Rabi oscillations in a two-level system are observed. The process is limited by the decoherence between the two atomic wavepackets.     

Picosecond phase-conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in sodium vapour

Phase-conjugated waves (PCW), via degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) with picosecond laser pulses having a FWHM of 80 ps have been obtained in sodium vapour on both sides of theD ₂(3² S _1/23² P _3/2) transition at 589 nm. The maximum reflectivity of the PCW signals was 60%. The reflectivity of the PCW has been measured as a function of the temperature, the detuning and the pump and probe intensities. Because of the very strong nonlinear behaviour of theD ₂ transition the appearance of the PCW is accompanied by strong self-focusing and defocusing of the beams, which give a rather complicated line-shape of the detuning curve of the PCW. By varying the delay between the beams, the lifetime of the transient volume grating has been, measured to be 7.4 ns. The results are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical model of Abrams and Lind.     

Phase conjugate wavefront generation by forced Rayleigh scattering

Phase conjugate wavefront generation with efficiency up to 4% at 355 nm has been demonstrated in liquid media containing nonsaturating absorbers. Experimental results are qualitatively consistent with a simple theory of transient forced Rayleigh scattering which predicts the efficiency to depend upon the solvent, the square of the pump intensity and upon the beam quality but not upon the absorbing species.     

Soret effect in forced Rayleigh scattering

In forced Rayleigh scattering of mixtures or suspensions the temperature gratings generate, by the Soret effect, concentration gratings that may be very important since they produce both a phase and an amplitude grating superimposed on the principal one. The experimental evidence of their influence was given by Thyagarajan and Lallemand using a mixture of carbondisulfide and ethanol. In this paper we study the temporal behaviour of the concentration grating versus the sample properties and its effect on the detected diffracted beam. Explicit expressions are given for the output intensity taking into account both the generated amplitude and phase gratings.     

Light scattering by multilayer nonconfocal ellipsoids in the Rayleigh approximation

The Rayleigh approximation of light scattering by multilayer nonconfocal coaxial ellipsoids is constructed. The ellipsoids that form a multilayer particle have coincident centers, and their principal axes are parallel. A particle in a constant electric field is considered, and the corresponding system of Laplace equations and boundary conditions is solved. Since the ellipsoidal surfaces of the interlayer interfaces are not confocal, the layers are divided into many sublayers, in each of which the potential is written in the proper ellipsoidal systems of coordinates. The potentials are sewn together at the sublayer interfaces by approximate matching conditions (the continuity of potentials and their normal derivatives). The polarizability of a multilayer particle is expressed as a 2×2 matrix in terms of the parameters of the core and the subsequent layers.     

瑞利散射和米氏散射现象的实验演示

硫代硫酸钠与稀盐酸反应时,会在溶液中缓慢产生不溶于水的固态硫分子,其直径小于可见光的波长;随着反应的进行,多个硫分子聚结形成较大颗粒,其直径接近并逐渐大于可见光波长.在上述反应过程中,利用白光照射溶液,可以分别观察到瑞利散射和米氏散射现象,并在文中研究和分析瑞利散射时光的偏振特性.     

Resonant Rayleigh scattering mediated by 2D cavity polaritons

We study the angular dependence of the emission from cavity polaritons resonantly excited by a picosecond laser pulse. We observe that, in the first stage, the initial excitation is rapidly redistributed by elastic scattering along a well-defined ring in the wave vector space resulting in an angular-dependent emission. This initial transfer, which conserves the polarization, is attributed mainly to resonant Rayleigh scattering of polaritons. We also study the width of this ring and show that it is detuning dependent, reflecting the energy dispersion of the polaritons. At longer delay, the emission is found to be isotropic and depolarized, in agreement with previous studies.