甲醇制丙烯:最重要的催化剂及其性能（英文）

由于世界范围内原油缺乏和丙烯需求量增长,在甲醇转化制烃类的不同路线中,甲醇制丙烯(MTP)过程得到发展.本文讨论了催化剂结构对MTP工艺条件的影响以及分子筛酸性、晶粒尺寸、中孔特性和拓扑结构等因素对催化剂催化MTP反应活性和选择性的影响.     

稀释蒸汽中Na+及积炭对甲醇制丙烯催化剂性能影响

考察了稀释蒸汽中Na⁺及积炭对甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化剂物理化学性质和催化性能影响, 及离子交换后催化性能. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线荧光(XRF)光谱、N₂吸附-脱附、程序升温氨脱附(NH3-TPD)和热重(TG)分析等方法对失活和再生催化剂进行了表征, 并在101325 Pa、470℃ 和甲醇空速(WHSV)为1.0-3.0 h^-1的反应条件下, 采用连续流动固定床微型反应器考察其催化甲醇制丙烯性能. 结果表明: MTP反应970 h后的催化剂晶体结构和形貌没有受到明显破坏, 但稀释蒸汽中Na⁺极易扩散至催化剂表面,部分取代H质子的位置, 从而使催化剂酸性逐渐下降而中毒失活; 另外, MTP催化剂表面的积炭导致分子筛微孔堵塞是造成其失活的主要原因, 可通过烧炭再生过程消除, 而水蒸汽脱铝对催化剂性能的影响缓慢但更严重. 用再生和离子交换处理后, Na⁺中毒催化剂MTP反应性能基本完全恢复. 在470 h反应过程中, 甲醇转化率保持在99%以上, 丙烯选择性大于46%, 且随着反应时间的延长, 丙烯选择性逐渐升高、乙烯选择性逐渐下降.     

氢氧化钠-氟硅酸铵改性HZSM-5催化甲醇制丙烯

首次将氢氧化钠-氟硅酸铵复合改性应用于甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化剂的制备中. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X 射线荧光光谱(XRF)、N₂吸附-脱附、透射电镜(TEM)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等测试技术对改性前后HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的晶体结构、元素组成、织构性质、酸性质等进行了表征. 结果表明, 采用氢氧化钠-氟硅酸铵复合改性不仅可以提高催化剂的介孔孔容, 还能有效调变催化剂的酸性. 复合改性方法成功克服了单纯碱处理容易破坏分子筛的骨架结构、单纯氟硅酸铵改性因受扩散限制仅限于修饰分子筛外表面的缺点. 改性后HZSM-5 分子筛催化剂在MTP反应中的诱导期大大缩短, 在常压、反应温度为470 ℃、甲醇质量空速(WHSV)为2 h^-1的条件下, 初始丙烯选择性高达43%. 此外, 复合改性后HZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中的稳定性大幅改善, 催化寿命延长至本体样品的3倍.     

HZSM-5分子筛在甲醇制丙烯反应中的失活与再生

研究了甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化剂经过多周期反应后失活的本质原因,据此提出了一种简便易行的催化剂再生方法,即二次晶化法,并将其应用到失活MTP催化剂的再生中。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N₂吸附、²⁷Al魔角旋转固体核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS NMR)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外(Py-IR)光谱等测试技术对再生前后HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的晶体结构、硅铝比、织构性质、酸性质等进行了表征。并在常压(甲醇分压为30 kPa)、反应温度为470 ℃、甲醇质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1的条件下,研究了再生前后HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,分子筛晶体结构被破坏、活性位流失是多周期反应后HZSM-5分子筛催化剂活性下降的主要原因。经过二次晶化再生后,催化剂的相对结晶度、比表面积、孔容和酸量都明显提高,晶体结构和活性位得到了有效修复,再生催化剂在MTP反应中重新表现出优异的甲醇转化能力和丙烯选择性。     

ZSM-5分子筛强弱酸梯度分布增强其MTP反应的转化效率

<正>1背景介绍甲醇制丙烯(MTP)技术是非石油路线获得丙烯的重要工艺,受到了我国政府、工业界以及学术界的广泛关注1。对于固定床MTP工艺而言,较为适宜的催化剂为高硅、小晶粒ZSM-5分子筛2。然而,小晶粒ZSM-5分子筛仍存在着外表面积大、强酸密度过高、失活较快等问题。针对ZSM-5分子筛的原位或后处理改性成为研发高丙烯选择性、长     

高浓度体系制备ZSM-5分子筛及碱处理后甲醇制丙烯性能

在高浓度体系下,以粗孔硅胶和偏铝酸钠为原料,TPABr为模板剂,水热晶化法制备了ZSM-5分子筛,单釜产率23％.用不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、NH3-TPD、XRF、N2物理吸附等方法对改性前后的样品进行了表征,并考察了改性后ZSM-5分子筛甲醇催化转化制丙烯(MTP)反应性能.结果表明,氢氧化钠改性未破坏分子筛的骨架结构,改性后样品的酸量、介孔孔容和BET比表面积均有增加,从而改善了催化剂的抗积碳性能和反应性能.在MTP反应中,增产丙烯的效果不明显,但表现出了更好的催化稳定性(催化剂使用寿命从85 h提升至110 h),并且有利于提高副产物汽油组分(∑C5+)的产量.     

碱改性对ZSM-5分子筛的影响及甲醇制丙烯催化性能研究

在高浓度体系下,以粗孔硅胶和偏铝酸钠为原料,TPABr为模板剂,水热晶化法制备了ZSM-5分子筛,单釜产率23%.用不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、NH_3-TPD、XRF、N_2物理吸附等方法对改性前后的样品进行了表征,并考察了改性后ZSM-5分子筛甲醇催化转化制丙烯(MTP)反应性能.结果表明,氢氧化钠改性未破坏分子筛的骨架结构,改性后样品的酸量、介孔孔容和BET比表面积均有增加,从而改善了催化剂的抗积碳性能和反应性能.在MTP反应中,增产丙烯的效果不明显,但表现出了更好的催化稳定性(催化剂使用寿命从85 h提升至110 h),并且有利于提高副产物汽油组分(∑C5+)的产量.     

不同结构扩孔分子筛催化MTP反应行为及表面积炭物种表征

采用TEAOH溶液处理MFI结构ZSM-5分子筛、MWW结构MCM-22分子筛,NaOH溶液处理TON结构ZSM-22分子筛、CHA结构SSZ-13分子筛得到四种结构的扩孔分子筛。在反应温度480℃、反应压力0.1 MPa、甲醇与水质量比1∶1、甲醇质量空速1.5 h~(-1)的条件下,考察了四种扩孔分子筛的甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化性能,并采用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、NH_3-TPD、TG、UV-Raman和GC-M S等方法表征催化剂的物化性质及M TP反应2 h后的分子筛积炭性质。结果表明,四种分子筛扩孔改性后均出现介孔,其中,T-ZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中寿命最长;T-MCM-22分子筛寿命次之且失活速率慢;而一维孔道结构N-ZSM-22分子筛和八元环尺寸较小的N-SSZ-13分子筛均失活迅速。受拓扑结构和孔道扩散的影响,MTP反应2 h后,分子筛积炭量增加的顺序为T-ZSM-5N-ZSM-22T-MCM-22N-SSZ-13且可溶焦分子质量随积炭量增加而增重,即从五甲基苯增重到菲、芘等多环芳烃。     

脱铝丝光分子筛应用于MTP反应:Al的落位和晶体形貌的影响

甲醇制烯烃/丙烯工艺(MTO/MTP)是当前煤基碳资源绿色催化转化的重要过程之一.在MTO/MTP工艺中,分子筛通常面临低碳烯烃选择性低、水热稳定性差和寿命短等挑战.开发高选择性和高稳定性的分子筛催化剂对煤基乙烯/丙烯等化学品的工业生产具有重要意义.本文选择了具有12元环孔道的低硅丝光分子筛(Si/Al=6)为母体,对其进行脱铝处理制备了一系列不同Al含量的高硅丝光(Si/Al=51?436)催化剂.通过N_2-吸附、NH₃程序升温脱附、羟基红外光谱、CD3CN-IR和Py-IR等技术对脱铝前后分子筛的孔道结构、酸密度、酸强度和铝的落位进行了深入研究,并将其与MTP反应性能进行关联.结果表明,骨架Al的脱除在晶体中引入了介孔.随着Si/Al的提高,分子筛的酸量和酸强度同时降低.深度脱铝后的丝光分子筛中只存在少量位于8元环侧口袋与12元环交叉口处的T2和T4位Al原子.Si/Al高于150的脱铝丝光分子筛在MTP反应中丙烯选择性高达63%,丙烯/乙烯的比值高达10.与低硅丝光分子筛相比,深度脱铝的丝光分子筛表现出更好的稳定性和更长的寿命.相同反应条件下,低硅丝光样品(Si/Al=6)反应2 h后完全失活(转化率低于10%),而高硅丝光样品(Si/Al=274)反应132 h后转化率仍然高于80%.丝光分子筛在脱铝处理后催化性能得到大幅提升的原因为:酸密度和酸强度的降低显著改变了双循环机理历程,反应中芳烃循环的比重下降,烯烃循环得到了增强,进而提高了丙烯选择性并抑制了积碳速率.此外,脱铝后保留下来的Al原子(活性中心)位于12元环孔道,其大孔结构与脱铝引入的介孔孔道为反应物、中间体及产物的扩散提供了充足的空间,进一步抑制了副反应的发生和积碳的生成.进一步研究丝光分子筛形貌对MTP反应的影响发现,丝光分子筛尺寸的变化不改变产物分布,但显著影响催化剂寿命,其原因在于丝光分子筛c-轴长度的增加使得烃池物种的扩散受到限制,导致催化剂的寿命降低.     

铈改性Silicalite-1分子筛催化剂上甲醇制丙烯反应性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了Ce改性的Silicalite-1分子筛催化剂,利用XRD、N2吸脱附、Py-FTIR和NH_3-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征;针对甲醇转化制丙烯(MTP)反应,在常压、450℃和质量空速为9.6 h-1的反应条件下,利用连续流动固定床微型反应评价装置,考察了CeO_2负载量对CeO_2/Silicalite-1催化性能的影响。结果表明,与HZSM-5分子筛(SiO_2/Al_2O_3(molar ratio)=200)相比,Silicalite-1分子筛具有更高的丙烯选择性和催化稳定性。Ce的引入可有效调节Silicalite-1分子筛的酸性质和孔结构;合适浓度的Ce改性处理(CeO_2负载量(质量分数)为5.0%)使得Silicalite-1的强酸量降低,其丙烯选择性(质量分数)和催化稳定性分别由原来的31.9%和51 h增加到38.2%和72 h。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.