Synthesis and characterization of diblock copolymer of butadiene and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline

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机理转移法合成星形梳状聚丁二烯-g-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物的研究

结合活性负离子聚合与原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),采用机理转移法制备了一系列窄分布且分子量可控的星形梳状聚丁二烯-g-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物(SC-(PB-g-PMMA)).首先通过阴离子聚合,制备星形聚丁二烯,后经甲酸-过氧化氢原位环氧化对链中部分双键进行环氧化,再与原位生成2-溴异丁酸发生酯化反应,得到具有链中活性溴的星形大分子引发剂(SPB-Brn).然后,利用该大分子引发剂,采用CuCl/CuCl2/PMDETA催化体系,通过ATRP聚合单体MMA,合成出星形梳状SC-(PB-g-PMMA)聚合物.通过GPC,1H-NMR和FTIR等分析手段对合成的星形大分子引发剂及星形梳状聚合物进结构表征,证实得到目标产物,并同时研究了聚合物的热力学性质与溶液性质.     

聚合温度对负载型Ziegler-Natta催化剂催化丁二烯-异戊二烯共聚合的影响

非均相TiCl₄/MgCl₂-AlR₃型Ziegler-Natta（非均相Z-N）催化剂是聚烯烃工业最重要的催化剂,经烷基铝活化的非均相Z-N催化剂具有复杂的活性中心结构,改变聚合温度、聚合时间、烷基铝种类及浓度等均会影响活性中心结构与催化性能.本文研究了不同聚合温度下TiCl₄/MgCl₂-AlEt₃（三乙基铝）催化丁二烯（Bd）和异戊二烯（Ip）的共聚合动力学,研究发现,随着聚合时间的延长,聚合活性先升高然后降低,在50℃聚合活性最高.采用核磁共振波谱（¹H NMR）、紫外荧光定硫仪和凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）研究了共聚物的微观结构、活性中心数和分子量及其分布,发现随着聚合时间的延长及聚合温度的升高,活性中心数、共聚物中反式-1,4-结构、分子量及分子量分布均发生不同规律的变化.本文研究结果可为进一步理解非均相Z-N催化剂在不同聚合温度下催化共轭二烯烃聚合的动力学及其关键影响因素提供参考.     

The crystallization characteristics of ethylene block copolymers

Block copolymers of ethylene and butadiene with short ethylene sequences and degrees of polymerization up to 250 have been studied calorimetrically to determine their structure in the melt and also on crystallization. Crystallization rate characteristics and the thermodynamic parameters of the melting of block copolymers were studied. Block copolymers with ethylene sequences with degrees of polymerization below 20–30 were amorphous. Those with ethylene sequences of 35–45 units crystallized with extended chain crystals; above 45 units the polyethylene blocks crystallized with chain folding. There was a corresponding reduction in the melting point of the crystals and in the surface free energy of the crystals. The extent of crystallinity that developed within the copolymers was dependent on crystallization temperature and independent of time. This behavior was unlike that exhibited by polyethylene samples of similar molecular weight and was considered due to the effect of phase separation of the two blocks in the melt and nucleation control of the crystallization of the isolated domains. Analogous behavior was observed with polyethylene for polymer blends with polystyrene.     

过程控制对反应挤出苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物微观结构的影响

在有机锂引发体系下,以双螺杆挤出机为反应器,苯乙烯(St)、丁二烯(Bd)混和物作为单体,四氢呋喃(THF)为极性调节剂,本体法一步合成了苯乙烯/丁二烯(S/B)共聚物.采用过氧化氢在四氧化锇作用下对聚合物分子链中Bd双键进行了深度氧化降解,通过精制除去降解的低分子产物.利用18角度小角激光光散射仪联用GPC对降解前后的样品进行分析.结果表明与通常规律相左,THF的加入使共聚物的分子量分布加宽,同时使降解后的聚苯乙烯(PS)第一嵌段分子量降低.由1H-NMR谱图计算得知,THF使1,2-聚丁二烯(PBd)比例明显增加,但THF/引发剂摩尔比值超过一定量后,1,2-PBd含量增加趋势减缓.TEM分析结果表明THF的加入导致PBd相尺寸变小而且分布趋向均匀,再次表现出过程控制分子结构的特色.     

Random copolymerization of acetylenic monomers and 1,3-dienes

Copolymerization of acetylenic monomers and 1,3-dienes was carried out by use of nickel naphthenate–diethylaluminum chloride catalyst. The molecular weight of the copolymers is rather low, and the copolymers are suitable as prepared for direct use as coating vehicles. In the system of acetylene and 1,3-dienes, the order of the copolymerization rate decreases in the following order: butadiene > isoprene > 2,3-dimethylbutadiene > chloroprene. 1,3-Dienes substituted at 1-and/or 4-position were scarcely copolymerized with acetylene. Methylacetylene and dienes tend to form cyclized copolymers. In the system of phenylacetylene and dienes, polyphenylacetylene was the main product; the copolymer was not obtained. The copolymer composition and the sequence distribution of linear copolymers were evaluated by ¹H-NMR spectra. Comparison of dyad fractions of copolymers evaluated from NMR spectra and those calculated by assuming random polymerization indicated that the copolymers of acetylene and dienes were random, and that the copolymers of methylacetylene and dienes were somewhat blocky. The coordination of monomers on the catalyst may play an important role in controlling the copolymerizability.     

Peroxide-Initiated crosslinking of styrene-grafted polymers and copolymers of butadiene

Low molecular weight polymers and copolymers of butadiene were grafted with styrene. The graft products were then crosslinked by using dicumyl peroxide as initiator. The optimum peroxide concentration was established (5 phr). Infrared analysis showed that the reactivity of 1,2-vinyl and that of 1,4-trans double bonds in styrene-grafted polybutadiene is similar. Crosslinking of the graft product seems to involve a radical-chain polymerization of double bonds in the polymer. The reaction rate is proportional to the square root of peroxide concentration and to the concentration of polymer double bonds. Activation energy, reaction heat, reaction order, and crosslinking efficiency were also determined from DSC measurements. No relation was found between the activation energy of crosslinking and the molecular weight of backbone polymer or density of grafting. Crosslinking efficiency was to 25–50 crosslinks per molecule of decomposed peroxide. The crosslinking efficiency for grafted butadiene–styrene copolymers is somewhat lower than that for grafted polybutadienes. From thermogravimetric measurements it was found that the crosslinked grafted polymers show lower resistance to thermal degradation than ungrafted polymers.     

Radiation-induced copolymerization of styrene/n-butyl acrylate in the presence of ultra-fine powdered styrene–butadiene rubber

Styrene (St)/n-butyl acrylate (BA) copolymers were prepared by two-stage polymerization: St/BA was pre-polymerized to a viscous state by bulk polymerization with initiation by benzoyl peroxide (BPO) followed by ⁶⁰Co γ-ray radiation curing. The resultant copolymers had higher molecular weight and narrower molecular weight distribution than conventional methods. After incorporation of ultra-fine powdered styrene–butadiene rubber (UFSBR) with a particle size of 100 nm in the monomer, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of St–BA copolymer increased at low rubber content. Both the St–BA copolymer and the St–BA copolymer/UFSBR composites had good transparency at BA content below 40%.     

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Butadiene Initiated by Benzyl Chloride/MoCl5 Substituted by 1-octanol/PPh3

A novel initiator system, benzyl chloride/MoCl₅ substituted by 1-octanol/triphenyl phosphine (PPh₃), was applied to the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of butadiene. The characterization revealed the linear increase of the number average molecular weight with the monomer conversion and the rather wide molecular weight distributions of the polymerization products. The microstructure of the butadiene was detected by IR and ¹H-NMR. The chlorine atom at ω –end group of the polymer and the change of valence states of molybdenum detected by UV–Vis spectra revealed that the polymerization accorded primarily with the mechanism of ATRP.     

以氯代钒酸酯-三异丁基铝催化体系合成丁二烯-丙烯交替共聚物的研究

本文比较了各种氯代钒酸酯-三异丁基铝体系催化丁二烯、丙烯交替共聚的活性,得出氯代钒酸二新戊酯-三异丁基铝体系催化活性最高。能制得高分子量的交替共聚物。研究了该催化体系的特点和聚合规律及提高共聚物[η]的途径。在-76--45℃温度范围内可以制得正[η]为1.7-2.6dl/g的丁丙交替共聚物,单体转化率在80％以上。通过分析鉴定,证明产物交替度在95％左右,反式1,4丁二烯组分含量在95％以上。     

丁苯接枝的高乙烯基聚丁二烯橡胶合成及其与丁苯橡胶的相容性研究

以n-BuLi为引发剂,THF为结构调节剂合成一定分子量和苯乙烯结构单元含量的丁苯大分子(SB).在SB的加氢汽油溶液中用Mo-Al(正辛醇取代的MoCl5和Al(OPhCH3)(i-Bu)2)催化丁二烯配位聚合制备丁苯接枝的高乙烯基聚丁二烯橡胶(SB-grafted HVPBR).接枝结构是通过聚丁二烯活性链与SB分...     

氧对n-BuLi/THF引发丁二烯苯乙烯共聚合的影响

研究了氧分子与活性种快速失活的定量关系 ,二代杂质对活性种及聚合物微观结构的影响 .从聚合动力学及聚合物相对分子质量等方面来测定氧分子快速杀死活性种数 ,并考察了体系中氧产生的偶联反应及其对丁苯共聚物物理机械性能、动态力学性能及耐磨性能的影响 .结果表明 :氧对n BuLi THF体系丁苯共聚合有不利影响 .     

Continuous spin fractionation and characterization by size-exclusion chromatography for styrene-butadiene block copolymers

Linear and star-shaped styrene-butadiene block copolymers synthesized by anionic polymerization of butadiene and styrene were fractionated by applying a newly developed large-scale fractionation technique, named continuous spin fractionation (CSF). Their molecular weight and polydispersity index (d=M(w)/M(n)) were measured with size-exclusion chromatography and static light scattering. For the linear triblock copolymer a fractionation via temperature variation turned out to be better suited than the usual isothermal procedure. The star-shaped polymer with the d value of 1.33 was fractionated in two CSF steps to get the targeted sample, which has a considerably more uniform structure and a narrower molecular weight distribution (d=1.11). The corresponding starting linear diblock copolymer was fractionated in one step reducing d from 1.68 to 1.17. With one set of simple laboratory equipment, 1kg polymer can be fractionated per day. Utilizing CSF, for the first time, we fractionated successfully the block copolymers.     

Ziegler–Natta polymerization of butadiene: Kinetic and molecular weight study

The effect of reaction conditions on conversion and molecular weight in the polymerization of butadiene initiated by cobalt octoate/diethylaluminum chloride/water was studied. The polymerization exhibited complex kinetics with respect to cobalt concentration. The molecular weight, as a function of conversion, was investigated. Chain transfer to aluminum alkyl was of only minor importance.     

高透明抗冲聚苯乙烯树脂的辐射合成与性能表征

以过氧化苯甲酰为引发剂,采用苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为共聚单体,先经本体自由基预聚合,再经γ辐照聚合法合成甲基丙烯酸甲酯 苯乙烯共聚物(MS)树脂.系统研究了吸收剂量和剂量率对MS树脂的分子量及其分布的影响,同时研究了树脂的化学结构、热性能、透过率和力学性能.结果表明,辐射合成的MS树脂是一种无规共聚物,具有很好的光学性能,较好的韧性和强度.     

Facile synthesis of blocky styrene(1,3)‐butadiene copolymers having stereoregular monomeric sequences

Half titanocenes (CpCH₂CH₂O)TiCl₂ 1 and (CpCH₂CH₂ OCH₃)TiCl₃ 2 , activated by methylaluminoxane are tested in styrene–1,3‐butadiene copolymerization. The titanocene 1 is able to copolymerize styrene and 1,3‐butadiene, with a facile procedure, to give products with high molecular weight. The analysis of microstructure by ¹³C‐NMR reveals that the styrene homosequences in copolymers are in syndiotactic arrangement, while the butadiene homosequences are, prevailingly, in 1,4‐cis configuration, according with behavior of 1 in the homopolymerizations of styrene and 1,3‐butadiene, respectively. The reactivity ratios of copolymerization are estimated by diad composition analysis. All obtained copolymers have r₁ × r₂ values much larger than 1, indicating blocky nature of homosequences. The structural characterization by wide‐angle X‐ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicates that all copolymers are crystalline, with T_m varying from 171 to 239 °C, depending on the styrene content. The titanocene 2 did not succeed in styrene–1,3‐butadiene copolymerization, giving rise to a blend of homopolymers. Compounds 1 and 2 were also tested in the polymerization of several conjugated dienes, and the obtained results were very useful to rationalize the behavior of both catalysts in the copolymerization of styrene and butadiene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 815–822, 2010     

Preparation of copolymer of acetylene and butadiene

Conditions for preparation of acetylene–butadiene random copolymers were investigated. Only a combination of organonickel compound and dialkylaluminum halide was able to copolymerize acetylene and butadiene to give soluble, linear, random copolymers in high yield. Toluene and xylene were the preferred solvents for the copolymerization. The catalyst activity and copolymer composition were influenced by the Al/Ni molar ratio, polymerization temperature, polymerization time, and conditions of preparation of catalyst.     

Block copolymers of ethylene. I. Butadiene

Block copolymers of ethylene and butadiene have been prepared to study their properties. The method of preparation of polybutadiene, polyethylene, and block copolymers of ethylene and butadiene with n-butyl lithium-tetramethyl ethylene diamine complex is outlined. Kinetic studies have been reported elsewhere and these are assessed to determine that suitability of the system to produce monodispersed “living” chains so that simple correlations between physical properties and molecular weight can be made. The properties were somewhat restricted by the 1,2-microstructure of the butadiene block.     

Synthesis of zwitterionic block copolymers via RAFT polymerization

A series of poly [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMA)-sodium acrylate (SA)] diblock copolymers were synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymerization exhibits controlled characters: well-controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, molecular weight increasing with polymerization time. The zwitterionic diblock copolymers show rich solution behaviors. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicated the formation of micelles and reverse micelles of copolymers is affected by net charge density of copolymers. Microcalorimetry studies showed that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) increases with incorporation of hydrophilic segments in buffer.     

RAFT聚合合成高分子量嵌段聚合物

以合成高分子量聚合物为目标,以苯基二硫代乙酸-1-苯基乙酯(PEPDTA)作为RAFT试剂,研究引发剂的种类(偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、1-1′-偶氮环己腈(ACC))、用量及聚合温度对苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯RAFT共聚合过程和聚合物结构的影响.结果发现,由于体系中RAFT浓度很低,相应的引发剂浓度要比传统自由基聚合低得多,只有采用较高的聚合温度和低分解速率常数的引发剂(ACC),才能制得无活性聚合物分率低(<0.1)、分子量高的聚合物,并进一步得到杂质含量少、分子量分布窄的嵌段聚合物.