Thermochemistry of some adducts of Indium(III) chloride with neutral donors

The [InCl₃(L) _n ] (where L is 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy), 2,2′-bipyridine N,N′-dioxide (bipyNO), N,N-dimethylacetamide (dma), urea (u), thiourea (tu) or 1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiourea (tmtu); n = 1.5, 3 or 4) were synthesized and characterized by melting points, elemental analysis, thermal analysis and IR spectroscopy. The enthalpies of dissolution of the adducts, Indium(III) chloride and ligands in 1.2 M aqueous HCl were measured and by using thermochemical cycles, the following thermochemical parameters for the adducts have been determined: the standard enthalpies for the Lewis acid/base reactions (Δ_r H ^θ), the standard enthalpies of formation (Δ_f H ^θ), the lattice standard enthalpies (Δ_M H ^θ), and the standard enthalpies of decomposition (Δ_D H ^θ).     

Chiral distinction in square planar Pt and Pd complexes of 2,2′-bipyridine derivatives

A computational study of square planar organometallic complexes formed by the ligand 2,2′-bipyridine and all its possible difluoro derivatives in analogous position of the aromatic rings (n,n′-difluoro-2,2′-bipyridine, where n = n′ = 3, 4, 5, and 6) and two M–X₂ (M = Pd and Pt and X = F, Cl, Br, and I) fragments has been carried out amounting to a total of 80 complexes. Relationships have been found between the chiral distinction energy and the different chemical moieties present. Using the statistical Free-Wilson method, the relative energies between the diastereomeric complexes have been correlated with the position of the substituent, the counter anion, and the central metal cation.     

Syntheses, structures and properties of two new neodymium complexes with N-P-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl-glycine acid

Two new neodymium complexes, [Nd₂(abglyH)₆(2,2′-bipy)₂(H₂O)₂] · 4H₂O 1 and {[Nd(abglyH)₃(H₂O)₂] · (4,4′-bipy) · 7H₂O}_n 2 (abglyH₂ = N-P-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl-glycine acid, 2,2′-bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine), have been synthesized and their structures have been measured by X-ray crystallography. In 1, nine-coordinated Nd(III) ions are bridged by two syn–syn bidentate and two tridentate bridging carboxylate groups from four different abglyH⁻ anions to form dinuclear motifs, which are further connected into a 3-D supramolecular framework via hydrogen bonds between the binuclear motifs and the uncoordinated water molecules. In 2, eight-coordinated Nd(III) ions are linked by six carboxylate groups adopting a syn–syn bidentate bridging fashion to form a 1-D inorganic–organic alternating linear chain. These polymeric chains generate microchannels extending along the a direction, and these cavities are occupied by discrete tetradecameric water clusters, which interact with their surroundings and finally furnish the 3-D supramolecular network via hydrogen bonds. At the same time, π–π stacking interactions between benzene rings from abglyH⁻ anions also play an important role in stabilizing the network.     

Construction of novel coordination polymers with simple ligands

Three different types of metal-organic polymers have been prepared by a solution diffusion process carried out at room temperature. Crystals of the copper coordination polymers [CuX(4,4′-bipy)] _n (X = Cl, Br, I) have been obtained by the reaction of 4,4′-bipyridine ligands with Cu₂X₂ fragments to yield a three-dimensional network consisting of four interlocking planar lattices. Single crystals of [Cu₂(1,2,4,5-BTC)(DMF)₂] _n (1,2,4,5-BTC = 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylate) have been grown by slow diffusion from solutions of a mixture of CuBr₂, 2,2′-dithiosalicylic acid, and sodium azide plus a mixture of 1,2,4,5-H₄BTC and 4-cyanopyridine. The complex [Co(1,3,5-BTC)(4,4′-bipy)] _n (1,3,5-BTC = 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate) has a 3D open framework structure involving terminal cobalt atoms plus bridging 1,3,5-BTC and 4,4′-bipyridine ligands.     

Temperature-dependent synthesis, crystal structures, characterizations, and DFT calculations of two new copper(II) complexes with p-fluorobenzoic acid and 2,2′-bipyridine ligands

Two new copper(II) complexes, [Cu(p-FBA)₂(2,2′-bpy)]·(H₂O) (1) and [Cu(p-FBA)(2,2′-bpy)₂]·(p-FBA)₂ (2) {p-FBA = p-fluorobenzoic acid, 2,2′-bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine} have been obtained from an identical starting mixture using temperature as the only independent variable and characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction as well as with infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results reveal that 1 has 1D infinite chain structure formed by O–H···O hydrogen bonds, while 2 features a 0D structure. Additionally, there exist C–H···O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions in 1, forming 2D supramolecular structure. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the structures, stabilities, orbital energies, composition characteristics of some frontier molecular orbitals and Mulliken charge distributions of the [Cu(p-FBA)₂(2,2′-bpy)] of 1 and [Cu(p-FBA)(2,2′-bpy)₂]⁺ cation of 2 were performed by means of Gaussian 03W package and taking B3LYP/lanl2dz basis set.     

DNA interactions of ruthenium(II) complexes with a polypyridyl ligand: 2-(2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-imidazo[4,5-<Emphasis Type="Italic">f</Emphasis>]1,10-phenanthroline

This article describes the synthesis of a polypyridyl ligand, namely 2-(2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (DMPIP) and its Ru(II) complexes, namely [Ru(bipy)₂DMPIP]²⁺ (1), [Ru(dmb)₂DMPIP]²⁺ (2) and [Ru(phen)₂DMPIP]²⁺ (3) ((bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, dmb = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, plus IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C [¹H]-NMR spectra. The interactions of the complexes with calf thymus DNA were investigated. The results indicate that the three complexes can intercalate into DNA. Under irradiation at 365 nm, all three complexes promote the photocleavage of plasmid pBR 322 DNA. Inhibitor studies suggest that singlet oxygen plays a significant role in the cleavage mechanism for the complexes.     

Synthesis,crystal structure,and thermal decomposition kinetics of complex [Nd(BA)<Subscript>3</Subscript>bipy]<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The complex of [Nd(BA)₃bipy]₂ (BA = benzoic acid; bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and TG/DTG techniques. The crystal is monoclinic with space group P2(1)/n. The two–eight coordinated Nd³⁺ ions are linked together by four bridged BA ligands and each Nd³⁺ ion is further bonded to one chelated bidentate BA ligand and one 2,2′-bipyridine molecule. The thermal decomposition process of the title complex was discussed by TG/DTG and IR techniques. The non-isothermal kinetics was investigated by using double equal-double step method. The kinetic equation for the first stage can be expressed as dα/dt = A exp(−E/RT)(1 − α). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ^≠, ΔG ^≠, and ΔS ^≠) and kinetic parameters (activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A) were also calculated.     

Synthesis, crystal structures and DNA-binding properties of two new mononuclear copper(II) complexes

Two mononuclear copper(II) complexes, [Cu(bpy)₂(CH₃OH)](pic)₂ (1) and [Cu(Me₂bpy)₂(H₂O)](pic)₂ (2) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; Me₂bpy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine; Hpic = 2,4,6-trinitrophenol), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, IR, UV–Visible spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray analyses. Both complexes 1 and 2 are mononuclear compounds. The copper atom in complex 1 is in a distorted square pyramidal geometry with a CuN₄O chromophore as revealed from the τ value (0.25), while the Cu(II) ion in complex 2 displays a distorted trigonal bipyramidal stereochemistry with τ = 0.72. Hydrogen bonding interactions and π–π stacking interactions link the mononuclear copper complex 1 or 2 into a 1D infinite chain. The interactions of the two mononuclear complexes with herring sperm DNA (HS-DNA) have been studied by UV–visible absorption titration, fluorescence titration and ethidium bromide (EB) displacement experiments. The results suggest that both complexes might bind to DNA by intercalation.     

Synthesis, characterization and properties of β-octamolybdate-supported transition metal complexes with mixed ligands: [Cu(2,2′-bipy)(C6H5NO2)(H2O)]2[Mo8O26]·5H2O

A novel organic–inorganic hybrid compound [Cu(2,2′-bipy)(C₆H₅NO₂)(H₂O)]₂[Mo₈O₂₆]·5H₂O (1), (2,2′-bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine; C₆H₅NO₂ = pyridine-4-carboxylic acid) has been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectrum, thermal stability analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a discrete cluster, constructed from β-[Mo₈O₂₆]⁴⁻ subunits covalently bonded to two [Cu(2,2′- bipy)(C₆H₅NO₂)(H₂O)]₂⁴⁺ coordination cations via terminal oxo groups that connect one molybdenum site. A 3D supramolecular network is further formed by extensive hydrogen bonding interactions and π–π interactions of the 2,2′-bipy and pyridine-4-carboxylic acid ligands. EPR and magnetic susceptibility studies have been used to elucidate the electronic properties of the Cu²⁺ centres, and the results are in good agreement with the structural features of the compound.     

Chelate polypyridine ligand rearrangement in Au(III) complexes

The reaction of gold(III) neutral complexes AuBr(CN)₂(N–N) {N–N = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (^Me2bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)} with a stoichiometric amount of K[AuCl₄] · 2H₂O in nitromethane at room temperature led to the formation of 1:1 electrolytes which were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, elemental analyses and X-ray diffraction. Both the anions and the cations of these salts are singly charged square-planar Au(III) complexes and the cations have general formula [AuCl₂(N–N)]⁺. A hypothesis on the possible reaction mechanisms is presented to give an explanation for the formation of the reaction products.     

Synthesis,structures and electrochemical properties of four organic–inorganic hybrid polyoxometalates constructed from polyoxotungstate clusters and transition metal complexes

Four novel organic–inorganic hybrid compounds [Cu₅ ^I(4,4′-bpy)₃(2,2′-bpy)₄][BW₁₂O₄₀] · H₂O (1), [Ni_0.5(2,2′-bpy)_1.25][Ni(2,2′-bpy)₃][Ni(2,2′-bpy)₂(H₂O)(SiW₁₁^VIW^VO₄₀)] · 0.5H₂O (2), [H₂bpy]₂[Zn(2,2′-bpy)₃]₂[Si₂W₁₈O₆₂] · 1.5H₂O (3) and [Cu^II(2,2′-bpy)₂]₂[SiW₁₂O₄₀] · 2H₂O (4) (2,2′-bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, electrochemical measurements and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (1) is a novel [BW₁₂O₄₀]⁵⁻ polyoxoanion bisupported by copper(I) coordination cations with mixed 2,2′-bpy and 4,4′-bpy ligands. Compound (2) is constructed from the [SiW₁₁^VIW^VO₄₀]⁵⁻ polyoxoanions supported by [Ni(2,2′–bpy)₂]²⁺. Compound (3) is composed of a novel [Si₂W₁₈O₆₂]⁸⁻ cluster and [Zn(2,2′–bpy)₃]²⁺ complexes, which held together into a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular network through hydrogen-bonding interactions. Compound (4) shows a 2D layer framework constructed from a bisupporting Keggin polyoxoanion cluster and [Cu(2,2′–bpy)₂]²⁺ coordination polymer fragments, resulting in 3D networks via supramolecular interactions. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Adsorption and redox chemistry of cis-RuLL'(SCN)2 with L=4,4′-dicarboxylic acid-2,2′-bipyridine and L'=4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Z907) at FTO and TiO2 electrode surfaces

The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of the sensitizer dye Z907 (cis-RuLL'(SCN)₂ with L=4,4′-dicarboxylic acid-2,2′-bipyridine and L'=4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine) adsorbed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and TiO₂ surfaces have been investigated. Langmuirian binding constants for FTO and TiO₂ are estimated to be 3 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ and 4 × 10⁴ M⁻¹, respectively. The Ru(III/II) redox process is monitored by voltammetry and by spectroelectrochemistry. For Z907 adsorbed onto FTO, a slow EC-type electrochemical reaction is observed with a chemical rate constant of ca. k = 10⁻² s⁻¹ leading to Z907 dye degradation of a fraction of the FTO-adsorbed dye. The Z907 adsorption conditions affect the degradation process. No significant degradation was observed for TiO₂-adsorbed dye. Degradation of the Z907 dye affects the electron hopping conduction at the FTO–TiO₂ interface.     

Synthesis,characterization and magnetic properties of supramolecular metal–organic complexes constructed from flexible–rigid mixed ligands

Two new supramolecular metal–organic complexes have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Complex 1 exhibits a three-dimensional supramolecular network, constructed from [Co₂(H₃BPTC)₂(phen)₂] (H₄BPTC = 3,3′4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylate acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) discrete units. Complex 2 similarly exhibits discrete [Cu₂(DPA)₂(bipy)₂(H₂O)₂] (DPA = 1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate acid, bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) units, which are linked to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network through π–π interactions. It is interesting that during the synthesis of complex 1, the H₄BPTC ligands undergo partial decomposition to give 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate (H₃BTC) ligands, which react with Co to form [Co₃(BTC)₂]_n (3). Complex 3 shows a three-dimensional covalent network. The magnetic properties of complexes 1 and 2 have been studied.     

Synthesis,photophysical, electrochemical,and ion-binding properties of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes containing benzo-15-crown-5

Two polypyridyl ligands, 5-(4′-ethynylbenzo-15-crown-5)-2,2′-bipyridine (L¹) and 3-bromo-8-(4′-ethynylbenzo-15-crown-5)-1,10-phenanthroline (L²), and their Ru(II) complexes [(bpy)₂RuL](PF₆)₂ have been prepared and characterized. Both complexes exhibit metal-to-ligand charge transfer absorption at around 452 nm and emission at around 640 nm in MeCN solution. Electrochemical studies of the complexes reveal a Ru(II)-centered oxidation at around 1.31 V and three ligand-centered reductions. The binding ability of the complexes with Na⁺ has been investigated by UV/Vis absorption, emission, and electrochemical titrations. Addition of Na⁺ to MeCN solutions of both complexes results in a progressive enhancement of the emission, a red-shift of the UV/Vis absorption, and a progressive cathodic shift of the Ru(II)-centered E _1/2 couple. The stability constants for the 1:1 stoichiometry adducts of the complexes with Na⁺ have been obtained from the UV/Vis absorption titrations.     

Syntheses and structures of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>′-(4,4′-bithiazole-2,2′-diyl)diacetimidamide ligands: in vitro cytotoxicities and DNA-binding properties

Two complexes of general formula, [M(DABTA)]NO₃ [M = Cu^II (1) or Ni^II (2), DABTA = N,N′-(4,4′-bithiazole-2,2′-diyl)diacetimidamide], have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivity measurements, IR and electronic spectra studies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures show that the two complexes have similar molecular structures in which each metal atom has a square-planar coordination environment. Hydrogen bonding interactions link each complex into a 2-D infinite network. The DNA-binding properties and cytotoxicities of the complexes were investigated. The results suggest that the two complexes can interact with DNA by intercalation, with binding affinities following the order of 1 > 2, which is consistent with their in vitro cytotoxicities.     

Synthesis and characterization of 2-phenylaniline cyclopalladated complexes

Reaction of the dinuclear complex [Pd{κ2-N2′,C1-2-(2′-NH₂C₆H₄)C₆H₄}Cl]₂ (1) with ligands (L = 4-picoline, sym-collidine) gave the six-membered palladacycles [Pd{κ2-N2′,C1-2-(2′-NH₂C₆H₄)C₆H₄}Cl(L)] (2). The complex 1 reacted with AgX (X = CF₃SO₃, BF₄) and bidentate ligands [L–L = phen (phenanthroline), dppe (bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), bipy(2,2′-bipyridine) and dppp (bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)] giving the mononuclear orthopalladated complexes [Pd{κ2-N2′,C1-2-(2′-NH₂C₆H₄)C₆H₄}(L–L)] (3) [L–L = phen, dppe, bipy and dppp]. These compounds were characterized by physico-chemical methods, and the structure of [Pd{κ2-N2′,C1-2-(2′-NH₂C₆H₄)C₆H₄}Cl(L)] (L = sym-collidine) was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.     

Synthesis and molecular structure of the complex YbI(bipy)(DME)2

The reaction of the naphthalene complex of ytterbium, [Yb(DME)₂]₂(μ-C₁₀H₈), with 2,2′-bipyridine in 1,2-dimethoxyethane afforded the Yb^II complex containing the 2,2′-bipyridine radical anion. The resulting complex YbI(bipy)(DME)₂ was characterized by IR and ESR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and magnetochemistry. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2341–2344, November, 1998.     

In situ electrochemically tuned photoluminescence of [Ru(bpy)<Subscript>2</Subscript>(dppz)]<Superscript>2+</Superscript> aggregates with single-walled carbon nanotubes and DNA monitored by guanine oxidation

A classical ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(bpy)₂(dppz)]²⁺ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) was combined with guanine and single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed with DNA (SWCNTs-DNA) to prepare electrochemically tunable photoluminescence materials. These multi-component aggregates were found to show enhanced luminescence by the electrocatalytic oxidation of guanine under the excitation of a continuous wave green laser at a constant anodic potential via an electrode-solution interface. The results from this study provide a significant foundation for better understanding of DNA-based luminescent devices.     

Synthesis and thermal decomposition kinetics of two lanthanide complexes with cinnamic acid and 2,2′-Bipyridine

The two complexes of [Ln(CA)₃bipy]₂ (Ln = Tb and Dy; CA = cinnamate; bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry techniques. The thermal decomposition behaviors of the two complexes under a static air atmosphere can be discussed by thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry and infrared spectra techniques. The non-isothermal kinetics was investigated by using a double equal-double steps method, the nonlinear integral isoconversional method and the Starink method. The mechanism functions of the first decomposition step of the two complexes were determined. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ^≠ , ΔG ^≠ and ΔS ^≠ ) and kinetic parameters (activation energy E and the pre-exponential factor A) of the two complexes were also calculated.     

Ligand-directed copper(І) azide coordination polymers bridged by N-donor ligands with different lengths: azide exhibits a rare μ−1, 1, 3, 3 bridging mode

A Ligand-Directed strategy has been adopted to synthesize three novel Copper(І) coordination polymers, [Cu₂(bpe)(N₃)₂] _n (1), [Cu₂(bpy)(N₃)₂] _n (2), and [Cu₄(py)(N₃)₄] _n (3), by the reactions of NaN₃ with bpe, bpy and py (bpe = 1,2-trans-(4-pyridyl)ethene, bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine, py = pyrazine) in the presence of H₃PO₃ under hydrothermal conditions, which proved that the length of ligands had subtle effects on overall network and the coordination mode of azide.