微波等离子体下甲烷偶联制乙炔的研究

通过优化设计矩形波导谐振腔微波化学反应器,可以大幅提高微波等离子体下甲烷转化率（最高为93．7％）、C2烃收率（最高为91．0％）和乙炔收率（最高为88．6％）．且优化后,在实验的压强范围内,甲烷转化率和C2烃收率较为稳定,C2烃主要是乙炔,其选择性都在90％以上．生成乙炔的能量产率和时空产率也都比较高．利用发射光谱法对微波等离子体下甲烷偶联制乙炔的反应进行了诊断研究,在300nm～750nm波长范围内激发态物种有：CH,C2,H2,Hα-根据反应产物和激发态物种从化学反应热力学和动力学上对反应机理进行了初步探索．     

微波等离子体下一氧化碳氢化制乙炔反应中产物的选择性研究(英文)

采用微波等离子体技术研究了一氧化碳氢化制乙炔反应的产物选择性。对影响乙炔选择性的几个因素,如微波输入功率、反应物的比例和体系压力进行了研究。乙炔的选择性随着微波输入功率的增加,反应物比例和体系压力的降低而增大。在最佳条件下,乙炔的选择性可达到９５．８７％,甲烷选择性的变化规律和乙炔相反,乙烯和乙烷的选择性很低。等离子体中的电子温度（或能量）和密度采用了静电悬浮双探针诊断,电子密度和能量受微波输入功率和体系压力的影响。在反应中,电子能量决定化学反应是否进行,电子密度决定产物的组成。根据自由基反应理论解释了乙炔选择性在Ｈ２＋ＣＯ等离子体化学反应中随影响因素的变化规律。     

正压、低温脉冲微波等离子体裂解天然气直接转化 制C2烃的研究

利用脉冲微波强化、扩展丝光等离子体反应装置,在常压和正压条件下,对低温脉冲微波等离子体裂解甲烷和氢气混合气制C2烃的反应进行了研究。考察了压力、微波功率、脉冲通/断时间以及氢气/甲烷比例、流量等参数对反应的影响。结果表明,在脉冲微波的作用下,常规高压放电形成的在空间呈非连续分布的丝状等离子体被强化和扩展成为连续分布的伞状等离子体,等离子体利用率和活性均得以大幅度提高;利用这种低温等离子体可以获得高的甲烷转化率,而且产物纯净,只有乙烯和乙炔;通过改变压力,还可能调节产物中C2H2/C2H4的物质的量比值,当气体总流量为300mL/min、物质的量比n(H2)/n(CH4)=2:1、压力为0.13MPa、微波峰值功率为120W、脉冲通/断比=400/400ms时,甲烷转化率可达59.2%,C2烃单程收率可达52%,其中乙炔单程收率达42.7%。     

二氧化碳和天然气经过微波等离子体直接转化成C2烃

二氧化碳和天然气经过微波等离子体直接转化成Ｃ２烃陈栋梁雷正兰刘万楹＊⒇张承聪洪品杰戴树珊（中国科学院成都有机化学研究所，成都，６１００４１）（云南大学化学系，昆明，６５００９１）二氧化碳和甲烷都是很稳定的非极性分子，要使其分子活化，发生化学反应，转化...     

脉冲电晕等离子体作用下甲烷“超平衡”转化制乙炔和氢

常温常压下将脉冲电晕等离子体作用于纯甲烷时, 其产物主要是乙炔和H₂. 当能量密度范围为194~1788 kJ/mol时, 可同时获得7%~30%的乙炔单程收率和6%~35%的H2单程收率. 该结果分别高于100 kPa, 1100 K温度下乙炔和H₂的热力学平衡收率(分别为5.1%和3.8%), 故脉冲电晕等离子体是在常温常压下实现甲烷“超平衡”转化制乙炔和氢的一种十分有效的手段. 在339~822 kJ/mol能量密度范围内, 脉冲电晕等离子体作用下纯甲烷转化产物的碳分布中, 乙炔占86%~89%, 乙烷和乙烯各仅占4%~6%, C₃约占2%, C₄约占1%. 将之与相同条件下纯乙烷、纯乙烯转化产物的碳分布比较可推知, 脉冲电晕等离子体作用下甲烷分子与荷能电子碰撞形成CH_x自由基后并行存在着三条形成乙炔的途径: 其一为直接形成乙炔; 其二为经初级产物乙烯脱氢形成乙炔; 其三为经初级产物乙烷脱氢形成次级产物乙烯再至乙炔.     

新型色谱用微波等离子体离子化检测器的研究

自1965年McCormark提出微波等离子体应用于气相色谱法以来,人们相继研制出多种类型色谱用微波等离子体检测器,并在环保、医药、卫生等部门得到应用。在近几年研究工作的基础上,本文提出了我们新近研制的一种色谱用微波等离子体离子化检测器(MPID),并对检测器的一些分析特性进行了考察。 MPID的结构和工作原理 微波等离子体离子化检测器是我们自己设计和加工组装的,结构示意图见图1。     

微波等离子体光谱法测定碲的研究

微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MIPAES)测定碲,前人已作过一些工作。本文利用我们建立的微量进样系统与MIPAES联用,对碲的测定进行了研究。实验中发现,加入适量的SnCl_2可降低检出限约一个数量级,Te_(214.3nm)的检出限为5 ng/mL,同时还研究了碱金属卤化物对碲的测定的影响。     

低功率微波等离子体合成氨的研究

在本文中,我们进行了在减压和室温条件下,由氢气和氮气为原料用微波等离子体合成氨的研究,做了一系列条件实验,并对合成氨的反应机理作了初步的探讨.     

微波等离子体光谱技术的发展(一)

微波等离子体光源是一类有较强激发能力的原子发射光谱光源,主要包括微波感生等离子体光源(MIP),微波电容耦合等离子体光源及微波等离子体炬光源。文章分两部分,第一部分介绍了微波感生等离子体光源的结构原理和性能,并对它们的技术特点和进展进行评述。低功率微波感生等离子体光源用于直接测定溶液中某些痕量金属元素是比较困难的,如Pb,Hg,Se等元素,但它已成功地与气相色谱联用用于测定C,H,O,N,S等难激发的非金属元素。高功率磁场激发的氮-微波感生等离子体光源(N2-MIP),允许使用通用玻璃同心雾化器产生湿试液气溶胶直接进入等离子体核心,等离子体能稳定运行,其分析性能近似于商用ICP光源,且运行费用低廉,是有发展前景的一种新型原子发射光谱光源。     

微波等离子体原子吸收光谱法测定铜的研究

等离子体作为原子化器在原子光谱法中已经获得了广泛的应用.等离子体原子吸收光谱法目前多限于用ICP作为原子化器.1988年本室首次采用常压氩MIP作为原子化器,利用电热进样的方式引入样品,成功地测定了Cu、Ag和Pb.特征浓度分别为0.04(Ag)、0.04     

Plasma Thermal Conversion of Methane to Acetylene

This paper describes a re-examination of a known process for the direct plasma thermal conversion of methane to acetylene. Conversion efficiencies (% methane converted) approached 100% and acetylene yields in the 90–95% range with 2–4% solid carbon production were demonstrated. Specificity for acetylene was higher than in prior work. Improvements in conversion efficiency, yield, and specificity were due primarily to improved injector design and reactant mixing, and minimization of temperature gradients and cold boundary layers. At the 60-kilowatt scale cooling by wall heat transfer appears to be sufficient to quench the product stream and prevent further reaction of acetylene resulting in the formation of heavier hydrocarbon products or solid carbon. Significantly increasing the quenching rate by aerodynamic expansion of the products through a converging–diverging nozzle led to a reduction in the yield of ethylene but had little effect on the yield of other hydrocarbon products. While greater product selectivity for acetylene has been demonstrated, the specific energy consumption per unit mass of acetylene produced was not improved upon. A kinetic model that includes the reaction mechanisms resulting in the formation of acetylene and heavier hydrocarbons, through benzene, is described.     

一种天然气直接转化制乙烯的新过程

Many routes for the direct conversion of methane have been explored to utilize a bundant natural gas resources.     

天然气化学转化新途径

21世纪初将迎来天然气能源时代,作为石油的替代资源,由天然气间接转化(经由合成气)和直接转化为液体燃料或重要化工品原料已成为人们关注的热点。本文简要介绍了80年代以来世界各国和我国有关天然气转化的各种新过程。     

Gas to Liquid Conversion for Australian Stranded Gas

Australia has large reserves of natural gas but much of these are offshore. Conversion of gas to liquids, needed to meet an impending shortage of liquid fuels, must be carried out within the constraints of space available on an offshore platform. Research intended to meet these demands is outlined.     

A High-Efficiency Reactor for the Pulsed Plasma Conversion of Methane

The authors recently developed a high-frequency pulsed plasma process for methane conversion to acetylene and hydrogen using a co-axial cylindrical (CAC) type of reactor. The energy efficiency represented by methane conversion rate per unit input energy has been improved so that such a pulsed plasma has potential for commercial acetylene production. A pulsed plasma consists of a pulsed corona discharge and a pulsed spark discharge. Most of energy is injected over the duration of the pulsed spark discharge. Methane conversion using this kind of pulsed plasma is a kind of pyrolysis enhanced by the pulsed spark discharge. In this study, a point-to-point (PTP) type of reactor that can produce a discharge channel over the duration of a pulse discharge was used for the pulsed plasma conversion of methane. The energy efficiency and carbon formation on electrodes have been improved. The influences of pulse frequency and pulse voltage on methane conversion rate and product selectivity were investigated. The features of methane conversion using PTP and CAC reactors were discussed.     

Conversion Natural Gas to Ci Hydrocarbons via Cold Plasma Reaction

Natural gas is not only an increasing important role in energy and chemicals supplies in 21st century but also the second most important of the greenhouse gases^[1]. For the past 200 years atmospheric methane concentrations have increased from 0.8 to 1.65ppm. This change in methane concentration had been led to an estimated increase in radiative forcing of climate of 0.47 W/m² compared to the increase of 1.56 W/m² due to the change in carbon dioxide concentration over a comparable time period^[2]. With large increases in natural gas reserves proven worldwide, it can be expected that natural gas will play an increasing important role in humanity future. Cold plasma chemical processing is a promising route for synthesis of chemicals that have high activation energies, because electric field can be excite reactant to the plasma and many kinds of reactive particles, electrons, free radicals, ions metastable species and photons are produced in a plasma chemical processing system.     

顶空气相法测定氯乙烯生产过程产生的盐酸溶液中的乙炔和氯乙烯

 采用顶空气相法测定了氯乙烯生产过程产生的盐酸溶液中的乙炔和氯乙烯。使用氢氧化钠将试样中的氯化氢中和 ,从而消除其在气相分析乙炔和氯乙烯中的影响。顶空平衡温度为 35℃ ,平衡时间为 4 5min ,柱为填充了GDX 2 0 2固定相的 2m× 3mmi d 不锈钢柱 ,柱温 14 0℃。顶空气体进样量为 1mL。以外标法定量 ,乙炔含量测定结果的相对标准偏差为 0 85 % ;当其含量为 30 0 μg/g～ 15 0 μg/g时 ,回收率为 98 9%～10 3%。氯乙烯含量测定结果的相对标准偏差为 1 4 % ;当其含量为 2 0 0 μg/g～ 10 0 μg/g时 ,回收率为 98 8%～10 2 %。     

Oxidative Conversion of Methane/Natural Gas into Higher Hydrocarbons

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to ethylene and ethane is a futuristic process of great practical importance for the effective utilization of methane/natural gas. A brief summary of the work carried out at National Chemical Laboratory (Pune) for the development of catalyst and catalytic process for OCM, particularly addressing the major issues/limitations of the OCM process and efforts made to overcome the problems is presented. This review particularly covers the development of a number of highly active/selective and stable unsupported and supported (using commercial catalyst carriers) catalysts for the OCM process and also the process of improvements/modifications to overcome most of the limitations of OCM.     

外标归一化气相法测定天然气组成

 对SP 6000天然气分析仪的气路系统作了改进,实现了仪器自身标定。采用填充柱和毛细管柱分离,热导检测器和火焰电离检测器双检测器检测,外标 归一化法定量,简易、快速地测定了天然气组成。方法的准确度及精密度均符合气相法定量分析的要求。