差分吸收光谱技术监测大气气溶胶粒谱分布

介绍了利用双光路差分吸收光谱(DOAS)技术监测大气气溶胶并反演其粒谱分布的新方法.该方法解决了DOAS技术中光源绝对光强难以测量的难题，去除了由于光源自身波动造成的影响，在250—650nm范围内成功的反演出气溶胶的消光系数以及0.1—1.75μm谱段的粒谱分布.通过与光学粒子计数器的对比实验证实该方法的可行性. 关键词： 差分吸收光谱 双光路 气溶胶 粒谱分布     

差分吸收光谱方法反演大气环境单环芳香烃有机物

差分吸收光谱技术(differential optical absorption spectroscopy, DOAS)是利用气体分子在紫外-可见光谱范围的特征吸收来测量其浓度含量,如SO₂,NO₂,O₃等。由于大气环境中的芳香烃有机物含量较低,并且其在紫外的特征吸收光谱与O₂和O₃分子的吸收谱相互重叠,交叉干扰,使得对芳香烃有机物的测量比较困难。文章利用自制的差分吸收光谱系统,采用与实际测量光程接近、经过插值的氧气分子吸收柱密度作为氧气分子吸收的参考光谱,通过最小二乘拟合去除其干扰,另外采用不同温度下的O₃吸收截面作为参考光谱修正O₃的温度效应,测量了大气环境中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯和苯酚,表明差分吸收光谱方法能满足大气环境中单环芳香烃的测量。     

基于红光二极管为光源的LP-DOAS系统监测大气NO3自由基的研究

NO₃自由基是夜间大气中最重要的氧化基团,鉴于NO₃自由基易变性以及极低的大气浓度,开发了以发红光二极管(LEDs)为光源来监测大气NO₃自由基的长程差分吸收光谱系统(LEDs-DOAS)。分析了新型红光二极管Luxeon LXHL-MD1D LEDs的谱特性,研究了以其为光源的长程LEDs-DOAS系统测量大气NO₃自由基的原理,设计了大气NO₃测量自由基的装置,给出监测的大气吸收光谱,研究了反演NO₃的方法,并给出反演谱图和一周大气NO₃浓度的时间序列图。研究结果表明当光程为2.8 km时,LEDs-DOAS系统的探测限大约为12 ppt。     

LED温度波动对差分吸收光谱技术测量NO2的影响研究

研究了中心波长分别为370 nm(近紫外)、452nm(蓝光)和660 nm(红光)三种无标准具结构的发光二极管(LED)光源温度波动对差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)测量NO2的影响.利用温度10℃时的LED灯谱构造NO2吸收谱,将其他温度下测得的LED谱作为灯谱,以此得到不同温度波动下的NO2差分光学密度,再拟合NQ2差分吸收截面到差分光学密度,结果发现拟合残差的峰-峰值与LED温度波动幅度均近似成线性关系,相关性分别为0.995,0.945和0.989;斜率分别为1.12×10-3,5.25×10-5和7.45×10-4℃-1.拟合结果表明,蓝光LED温度波动对DOAS反演影响最小,基本上不影响探测灵敏度,而近紫外和红光LED温度波动对DOAS测量较为敏感,温度波动会导致探测灵敏度的下降.将温度特性相似的有、无标准具结构的两种蓝光LED的反演结果进行了比较,结果显示标准具结构会大幅度增加温度波动对DOAS反演的影响.     

利用差分吸收光谱法测量亚硝酸和反演气溶胶参数

利用差分光学吸收光谱仪(DOAS)进行亚硝酸(HONO)气体的测量并同时在固定的波长范围内(3 07—380 nm)反演气溶胶参数包括气溶胶的平均直径、总个数和总比表面积等. 实验结果表 明利用自测的NO₂标准吸收截面可以更加准确地拟合HONO的浓度，同时在较短的 波长范围内能准确反演气溶胶参数. 关键词： 差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS) 亚硝酸 气溶胶参数     

目标差分吸收光谱技术测量大气NO2平均浓度的方法研究

介绍了一种测量近地面大气NO₂平均浓度的新方法——目标差分吸收光谱方法,即target DOAS(target difference absorption spectrum technology)。该方法基于被动差分吸收光谱技术,测量墙体、山体等目标的太阳反射光谱,通过差分吸收光谱算法反演得到目标与仪器之间NO₂浓度沿路径的积分值SCD(slant column density),同时仪器到目标之间的距离已知,并通过选取特定的参考光谱扣除目标到大气顶层的痕量气体吸收,最终计算出仪器和目标之间的大气NO₂平均浓度。利用建立的目标DOAS系统在合肥开展了观测实验,成功获取了观测地大气NO₂浓度。观测结果与主动长光程差分吸收光谱仪观测数据进行对比,二者呈现较好的一致性,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于二极管阵列PDA的紫外-可见差分吸收光谱(DOAS)系统的研究

介绍了一种自行研制的长程差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS)系统,该系统采用光电二极管阵列(PDA)作为光谱检测器,代替结构较为复杂的光电倍增管(PMT)加扫描圆盘的SD检测器,并对该系统检测器的偏置、暗电流、噪声、线性以及光谱仪的分辨率、光谱范围等性能进行了测试,同时对SO₂,NO₂等大气污染物进行了外场的测定,确定出相应光程下该系统测量SO₂,NO₂的最低检测限。     

差分吸收光谱反演方法在环境监测系统中的研究

差分吸收光谱(DOAS)技术在大气/烟气污染物排放环境监测中有广泛的应用。文章首先对这种方法进行了介绍和分析,通过公式推导出被测量气体的差分吸收光谱和参考差分吸收截面光谱所包含的面积具有线性关系,并由此给出了一种新的气体浓度计算方法,即直接用差分吸收面积拟合法代替最小二乘方法,从而避免了光谱不同分辨率、光谱漂移、拉伸或压缩等因素对测量结果造成的误差,同时这种方法具有计算量小和处理速度快等特点。最后,在自行研制的烟气DOAS测量系统上测量了四种浓度的SO₂标准气体,实验结果验证了该方法在实验室条件下的有效性。     

基于光纤耦合长光程LED-DOAS技术的大气NO_2测量研究

大气中NO2的含量在10-9量级。研究了一种以发光二极管(LED)为光源的光纤耦合长光程差分吸收光谱(DOAS)系统,用于测量大气NO2。对比了四种不同类型和波段的蓝光LED,确定以中心波长451nm的CREE宝蓝LED为测量光源。在0.8km的测量光程、2min的测量时间分辨率的情况下,在445nm~465nm光谱反演波段内得到NO2的探测限为3.36×10-9。利用系统对大气NO2的浓度进行了一整天的连续观测,通过对吸收光谱的分析计算,反演出的大气NO2浓度在(7~31)×10-9之间变化。测量结果表明,将光纤耦合技术与LED光源的长光程DOAS系统相结合后,可实现大气NO2的高灵敏、高时间分辨率探测。     

超光谱成像差分吸收光谱技术研究

基于散射光的被动差分吸收(DOAS)技术利用气体的特性吸收谱线可实现对不同大气污染气体的定量测量,介绍了一种基于成像光谱仪的光学遥感系统,该系统运用被动DOAS原理实现了对大气污染气体的二维成像测量,并报道了该系统对实验室样品池一维测量与城市道路上方NO₂组分的成像测量实验. 基于成像光谱仪的被动DOAS系统利用太阳散射光可获取垂直方向一维的光谱信息,结合扫描装置,便可实现对污染气体的二维成像解析. 关键词： 被动差分吸收光谱 成像光谱仪 污染气体 二维成像     

RING EFFECT: IMPACT OF ROTATIONAL RAMAN SCATTERING ON RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

One significant limitation to the accuracy of the remote sensing of trace gas constituents in the atmosphere, using UV-visible spectroscopy and scattered sunlight, has often been a reliable knowledge of the so-called Ring effect. In this study it is demonstrated that the filling-in of Fraunhofer and gas absorption features, resulting from Rotational Raman scattering (RRS), explains to high accuracy the Ring effect. A radiative transfer model has been adapted to include RRS and carefully validated by comparison with Ring effect data by other models and from ground-based and satellite data. The analysis of the principle components of the simulated Ring spectra enabled the Fraunhofer and gas absorption filling-in to be separated. This yields a simple, and therefore computational fast, parameterization of the Ring effect suitable for trace gas retrievals. This approach was tested for the retrieval of NO₂ which is considered to be a worst case with respect to absorption feature filling-in for a trace gas retrieved from scattered light. Analysis of the errors in the vertical column of NO₂ derived using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique indicate that they are dependent on the amount of NO₂ present in the atmosphere when regarding the experimental Ring spectra. This implies that calculated Ring spectra may be superior for DOAS retrievals, compared to the experimentally determined Ring spectra.     

机载多轴差分吸收光谱技术获取对流层NO2 垂直柱浓度的研究

介绍了一种基于机载平台获取对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的多轴差分吸收光谱技术. 研究了利用差分吸收光谱技术结合不同观测角度的测量光谱反演差分斜柱浓度, 并利用辐射传输模型SCIATRAN计算对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的方法. 研究了不同海拔高度、不同地面反照率以及不同太阳天顶角等条件对天顶和天底两个观测角度的大气质量因子的影响. 报道了该系统在2008年12月10日在珠三角地区的实验结果, 结合天顶和天底两个方向反演得到了珠三角地区对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的分布信息. 同时还将机载测量结果跟安装在珠海市的一台地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪的结果进行了对比, 二者相差仅为8%. 实验结果表明, 机载多轴DOAS技术可以实现对大区域对流层NO₂浓度的快速获取.     

Thermally stable luminescence of blue LiSrPO4:Eu2+ phosphor for near-UV light-emitting diodes

Blue phosphor, LiSrPO₄:Eu²⁺, was prepared by solid-state reaction method under a weak reductive atmosphere and investigated by means of photoluminescence, concentration quenching process, and temperature dependence of luminescence. These results show that LiSrPO₄:Eu²⁺ can be efficiently excited by the UV-visible light of 250–440 nm and exhibits bright blue emission. Furthermore, Eu²⁺-doped LiSrPO₄ phosphor shows high thermally stable luminescence comparable to commercial phosphor BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺ (BAM). Two bright blue LEDs were fabricated by incorporating an InGaN-based near-UV chip with the obtained phosphor LiSrPO₄:Eu²⁺ and BAM, respectively. Their luminescence properties were compared based on different forward-bias currents. All the characteristics suggest that LiSrPO₄:Eu²⁺ is a good blue phosphor candidate for creating white light in phosphor-conversion white LEDs.     

Intense green-emitting Sr2LiSiO4F:Eu2+ phosphor for n-UV white LEDs

Eu²⁺-activated Sr₂LiSiO₄F phosphors were synthesized at 900°C by solid-state reaction in reducing atmosphere, and their photoluminescence (PL) properties were systematically investigated by diffuse reflection spectra, PL excitation and emission spectra, and by the fluorescence decay curve. Sr₂LiSiO₄F:Eu²⁺ emits intense green light at 520 nm originating from the 5d¹4f⁶−4f⁷ transition of Eu²⁺ under 365 nm n-UV excitation. The PL excitation spectrum matches the emission from n-UV chips. These materials could be promising green phosphors for use in generating white light in phosphor-converted white light-emitting-diodes (LEDs).     

Luminescent properties of green- or red-emitting Eu-doped Sr3Al2O6 for LED

Eu²⁺-doped Sr₃Al₂O₆ (Sr_3−xEu_xAl₂O₆) was synthesized by a solid-state reaction under either H₂ and N₂ atmosphere or CO atmosphere. When H₂ was used as the reducing agent, the phosphor exhibited green emission under near UV excitation, while CO was used as the reducing agent, the phosphor mainly showed red emission under blue light excitation. Both emissions belong to the d-f transition of Eu²⁺ ion. The relationship between the emission wavelengths and the occupation of Eu²⁺ at different crystallographic sites was studied. The preferential substitution of Eu²⁺ into different Sr²⁺ cites at different reaction periods and the substitution rates under different atmospheres were discussed. Finally, green-emitting and red-emitting LEDs were fabricated by coating the phosphor onto near UV- or blue-emitting InGaN chips.     

直射太阳光差分吸收光谱法测量合肥NO2 整层柱浓度

直射太阳光差分吸收光谱技术(DS-DOAS)近 年来成功应用于大气痕量气体的垂直柱浓度测量. 本文研究了基于被动DOAS算法可用于连续测量NO₂整层垂直柱浓度的DS-DOAS技术, 介绍了测量系统的构成.利用统计最小值外推法减少了由参考谱引入的误差.分析了测量结果的误差来源, 估算了误差大小.报道了该系统在合肥地区对NO₂进行的连续11天的测量, 分析了测量结 果.通过实验验证了算法的可行性, 证实了该技术可实现连续测量NO₂整层垂直柱浓度.     

Sonochemical nitrogen fixation for the generation of NO2− and NO3− ions under high-powered ultrasound in aqueous medium

Sonochemical species such as nitrite (NO₂⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) were detected in ultrapure aqueous medium with 28 kHz low frequency ultrasound (US) in the range of 200–1200 W output power. The concentration of their anionic ions monitored with a high-performance liquid chromatography increased with increasing US power especially under air atmosphere. When the generation of NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻ ions under US exposure was investigated for N₂, O₂ and Ar-bubbled solutions, no trace of NO₂⁻ was observed while NO₃⁻ was slightly generated. Under air atmosphere, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous medium increased especially when 1200 W power was used. In addition, the bulk pH shifted towards the acidic side with an increase in exposure time, which indicated that NO₂⁻ was formed. The formation of oxidizing species under 28 kHz low frequency ultrasonic treatment was confirmed with an absorption spectrum which was dominated by two maxima peaks at 288 nm and 352 nm representing triiodide I₃⁻ anion.     

Photoluminescence properties of color-tunable SrMgAl10O17:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphors for UV LEDs

Aluminate phosphors SrMgAl₁₀O₁₇ codoped with Eu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions were prepared by solid-state reaction. The phase structure and photoluminescence properties of the as-prepared phosphors were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra. Upon excitation of UV light, two broad emission bands centered at 470 and 515 nm were observed, and they were assigned to Eu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ emissions, respectively. The emission color of the phosphors can be tuned from blue to cyan and finally to green by adjusting the concentration ratios of Eu²⁺ and Mn²⁺. Effective energy transfer occurs from Eu²⁺ to Mn²⁺ in the host due to the spectral overlap between the emission band of Eu²⁺ and the excitation bands of Mn²⁺. The energy transfer mechanism was demonstrated to be electric dipole–quadrupole interaction. The energy transfer efficiency and critical distance were also calculated. The phosphors exhibit strong absorption in near UV spectral region and therefore they are potentially useful as UV-convertible phosphors for white LEDs.     

The ν5 and 2ν9 bands of the N isotopic species of nitric acid (H15NO3): Line positions and intensities

Nitric acid (HNO₃) plays an important role in the Earth’s atmosphere as a reservoir molecule of NO_x species. It has a strong infrared signature at 11 μm which is one of the most commonly used for the infrared retrieval of this species in the atmosphere since this spectral region coincides with an atmospheric window. It is therefore essential to have high quality spectral parameters in this spectral region. For the H¹⁴NO₃ (main) isotopic species, the 11 μm bands were already the subject of numerous extensive studies which involve not only the ν₅ and 2ν₉ cold bands but also the first hot bands. The present work is the first high resolution Fourier transform analysis of the 11 μm bands for H¹⁵NO₃, which is the second most abundant isotopomer of nitric acid [a ≅ 0.00365(7)]. In this way, the analysis of the ν₅ and 2ν₉ cold bands centered at 871.0955 and 893.4518 cm⁻¹ was performed, and as for H¹⁴NO₃, these bands are significantly perturbed since rather strong resonances couple the 5¹ and 9² rotational levels. The theoretical model that we used to compute the line positions and line intensities is directly issued from the one which we used recently for H¹⁴NO₃ [A. Perrin, J. Orphal, J.-M. Flaud, S. Klee, G. Mellau, H. Mäder, D. Walbrodt, M. Winnewisser, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 228 (2004) 375-391]. Actually, for the H¹⁵NO₃ line positions, the Hamiltonian matrix accounts for the rather strong Fermi and the weaker Coriolis interactions linking the 5¹⇔9² rotational levels. Using this model which accounts correctly for the strong mixing of the 5¹ and 9² upper state energy levels, the ν₅ and 2ν₉ line intensities for H¹⁵NO₃ were satisfactorily computed using the ν₅ and 2ν₉ transition moment operators achieved previously for the ¹⁴N (main) isotopic species. In this way, the transfer of intensities from the ν₅ fundamental (and presumably strong) band to the 2ν₉ overtone (and presumably weak) band could be explained for H¹⁵NO₃ as it was done previously for the ¹⁴N (main) isotopic species. Finally, the position of the H¹⁵NO₃ν₅ + ν₉ − ν₉ hot band was identified at 875.245 cm⁻¹.     

应用多光路主动差分光学吸收光谱仪观测大气污染物的空间分布

研制了一套具有4条测量光路的主动差分光学吸收光谱仪(DOAS)系统,以一盏短孤氙灯为4台集成一体的发射/接收望远镜提供光源,可同时发射4条相互独立的测量光路,4台望远镜的角度可分别独立调整以对准不同位置的角反射镜,光路之间的最大发散角可达28°.为测试仪器性能,使4条光路测量同一区域内的NO₂浓度. 对4条光路的测量结果进行相互对比,任意两条光路的相关系数均在0.97以上,测得NO₂的体积分数平均差异小于10^-9, 表明结果具有良好的一致性 关键词： 差分光学吸收光谱 2')" href="#">NO₂ 2')" href="#">SO₂ 大气污染