活性炭纤维吸附脱除NO过程中NO氧化路径分析

在小型固定床吸附实验台上开展了黏胶基活性炭纤维吸附脱除NO的实验研究。采用H₂O₂溶液浸渍以及热处理方法对活性炭纤维表面进行修饰,以获得表面孔隙结构接近而含氧官能团含量不同的样品;考察样品在惰性氮气气氛、含氧气氛下吸附脱除NO的效果,以及表面含氧含氮官能团的变化规律。探讨了含氧官能团在NO催化氧化过程中的作用及含氧气氛下O₂对于NO转化为NO₂的影响,分析了活性炭纤维表面吸附的NO向NO₂的主要转化途径。结果表明,在氮气气氛下活性炭纤维表面C-O官能团对吸附态的NO起到氧化作用,吸附态NO被C-O官能团氧化生成-NO₂官能团;在含氧气氛下活性炭纤维吸附NO后表面出现-NO₂、-NO₃官能团,通过长时间实验测定三种样品在含氧气氛下对NO吸附的效果,发现三种样品稳定时催化氧化效果一致,表明含氧官能团对初始NO的物理吸附影响较大,而对整个吸附过程影响较小。吸附在活性炭纤维表面上的NO与环境气氛中的游离态O₂发生氧化反应是NO转变为NO₂的主要途径。     

沥青基活性炭纤维复合活化工艺的研究

以沥青基炭纤维为原料，研究了用铵盐作为化学活化剂对其进行浸渍预处理，然后采用（H2O＋CO2）活化的方法制备活性炭纤维，讨论了工艺条件对活性炭纤维性能的影响并通过光电子能谱XPS探讨了活化过程中炭纤维表面官能团的变化。结果表明：采用这种物理和化学复合活化工艺，可以在较高得率下提高活性炭纤维比表面积。同时浸渍处理、H2O流量、活化温度和活化时间等工艺参数显著影响活性炭纤维的比表面积和得率，优化的工艺为：经铵盐浸渍6h，炭纤维在水蒸气与CO2流量比3：1的混合气氛中900℃活化30min。XPS研究表明，活化后炭纤维表面的含氧官能团C－O明显减少，铵盐浸渍未能增加活性炭纤维表面的含氮基团。     

活性炭纤维的脱硫性能

活性炭纤维作为一种新型高效吸附剂，在环保领域尤其是在烟气脱硫方面显示了广阔的应用前景。本文在作者所做工作和分析别人实验结果的基础上，综述了包括前驱体材料、制备条件以及活性炭纤维表面物理化学性能等影响活性炭纤维脱除烟气中SO2的主要因素，阐述了活性炭纤维脱硫的反应机理。认为含有较多量氮元素的前驱体材料具有较高的脱硫性能，类似的结果也出现在用不同方法制备的活性炭纤维中；众多的研究结果表明，活性炭纤维表面化学性能的影响尤其是表面物理性能的影响，其中表面含氧官能团对活性炭纤维脱除SO2不利，但用热处理方法脱除掉以CO形式释出的含氧官能团后可显著增强活性炭纤维的脱硫活性；此外，含氮官能团引入到活性炭纤维表面后也可显著增强活性炭纤维的脱硫活性。     

分子筛型PAN-ACF制备及表面结构的XPS研究

以聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维（PAN ACF）为原料,首次采用液相浸渍结合空气氧化的方 法,在较为温和的条件下改变原料的表面结构和孔隙结构,制备出具有分离N2/O2性能的分子 筛型PAN ACF.采用TGA DTA、电子天平及XPS技术分析表征了分子筛型PAN ACF的吸附性能 和表面结构.结果表明:浸渍煤焦油后的PAN ACF在100～400 ℃之间失重缓慢,是煤焦油中苯 环及杂环类化合物与纤维表面氧化接枝的过程;经350 ℃浸渍空气氧化ACF对N2/O2吸附量及 选择性均得到了显著提高,选择系数达到5.6;浸渍煤焦油的PAN ACF表面具有一定量的羟基 、醚基、羰基和羧基等含氧官能团,氧化过程中各类官能团含量发生改变,类石墨碳含量随浸 渍浓度增加而增大;浸渍氧化再炭化的结果使PAN ACF对N2/O2吸附选择性得到明显提高.     

乙烯渣油沥青基活性炭纤维和粘胶基活性炭纤维的表面性质与脱硫活性

研究了在O2和H2O存在下,乙烯渣油沥青基活性炭纤维(ETPACF)和粘胶基活性炭纤维(CelluloseACF)的脱硫活性.结果表明,在比表面积相近的情况下,ETPACF的脱硫活性明显低于CelluloseACF,这可归因于后者具有较强的吸附和催化氧化SO2能力及较大的吸水量,尤其是具有较强的催化氧化SO2的能力,这些能力又与其表面含有含氮官能团以及某些含氧官能团有关,因此ACF的表面官能团对其脱硫活性影响很大.     

空气介质阻挡放电对超高分子量聚乙烯纤维表面性能及粘结力的影响研究

利用空气介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维进行表面改性处理研究以提高纤维表面的润湿和粘结性能.分别研究了等离子体处理时间及电压对UHMWPE纤维拉伸断裂强力、接触角、表面形貌、表面化学成分和粘结性能等的影响规律.SEM分析结果表明,空气DBD等离子体处理后UHMWPE纤维表面出现垂直于纤维轴向分布的凹坑和裂纹,使得纤维表面粗糙度显著增加.XPS分析表明空气DBD处理后纤维表面碳元素含量显著下降;同时氧元素和氮元素的含量均较处理前增加,但氧元素含量增加的幅度显著高于氮元素.XPS分峰结果表明等离子体处理后UHMWPE纤维纤维表面C—O/C—N基团含量显著增加,同时出现了C O和O—C O这2种新的含氧官能团.同时,接触角及和与环氧树脂之间的界面剪切力(IFSS)测试结果表明DBD等离子体处理后UHMWPE纤维表面润湿性能和粘结力均产生显著提高,且随着等离子体处理时间或电压的增加,UHMWPE纤维的表面润湿性能和粘结力均呈现先上升后下降的趋势.空气DBD等离子体处理对UHMWPE纤维的力学性能影响较小,当处理电压低于200 V,处理时间小于100 s,纤维强力下降比率小于5.2%.     

低温热改质煤表面性质变化及其对浆体流变特性的影响

考察了几种褐煤热改质过程中表面性质的变化及其对浆体流变特性的影响。研究发现，在２００～３００℃温度范围内，热改质煤表面产生显著的收缩作用，活性含氧官能团尤其是羟基官能团的分解使煤表面疏水化作用显著增强，从而使煤的吸水性大幅度降低。上述煤表面性质的变化是该温度范围内热改质煤成浆性得以大幅度提高的主要原因。相关微分分析进一步表明，煤表面羧基官能团和与之相关的煤的吸水性是制约煤成浆性尤其是低阶煤成浆性的首要因素，而未发现酚羟基官能团能产生重要的影响。对浆体流变特性的研究表明，浆体的屈服假塑性与煤表面活性含氧官能团和矿物质的含量有关，煤表面较高的亲水性有利于浆体屈服假塑性的改善，从而使其对浆体性质的影响具有双重性。     

掺硼金刚石电极电催化氧化酚类有机物的取代基效应

本文主要以当前水环境中存在酚类有机污染物为研究对象,探讨酚类有机污染物在掺硼金刚石(BDD)电极上的取代基效应,具体研究具有不同位置及种类官能团的取代酚类有机污染物在BDD电极上的电催化氧化过程,通过化学需氧量和浓度变化考察有机污染物在电催化降解过程中的降解趋势,深入分析电极种类、官能团位置与种类与电催化氧化活性之间的联系的同时,研究阳极材料电催化氧化有机污染物的机理及动力学。结果表明,有机物在电极表面的电催化过程以电产生羟基自由基为媒介,对苯二酚在不同电极上的电催化活性与电极析氧电位及表面产生羟基自由基量有着重要的联系,BDD电极拥有最强的电催化氧化活性;不同取代基团的对位取代酚在BDD电极上的电化学降解实验显示电催化反应速率受取代官能团自身的电子效应制约,有机物矿化过程中羟基自由基首先进攻苯环的对位发生取代反应,同时取代基脱离苯环过程成为整个取代酚类电化学降解过程的决速步骤,且有机物的电催化反应速率与取代基特征Hammett常数σ呈近似线性关系。     

不同表面官能团和化学组成共聚物微球的表面生物矿化研究

采用具有不同共聚物组成和端基官能团的聚己内酯-b-聚乙二醇共聚物(PCL-b-PEG),通过双乳液溶剂挥发法制备了一系列具有不同表面性质的生物降解高分子微球.采用生物模拟矿化的方法以磷灰石修饰微球表面.进一步通过扫描电镜、热重分析仪、X-射线衍射仪和光电子能谱仪对微球表面磷灰石的形貌、含量、结构和组成进行了分析.研究了微球表面亲水性、粗糙度、官能团以及矿化时间对于磷灰石形成的影响.最终实验结果表明,随着共聚物中PEG含量增加,微球表面粗糙度和亲水性增加,因此微球表面磷灰石含量增加.同时微球表面官能团以及矿化时间的不同也会对磷灰石的形成和分布产生明显影响.     

热处理改性活性炭纤维的脱硫活性

 考察了在O2和水蒸气存在下高温热处理对活性炭纤维（ACF）催化转化SO2为H2SO4的活性的影响,关联了ACF表面含氧官能团的种类及数量与热处理后ACF的脱硫活性之间的关系．结果表明,在最佳热处理温度下以CO形式释出的含氧官能团的总量决定了ACF的脱硫活性,而以CO2形式释出的含氧官能团未对提高ACF的脱硫活性做出贡献．通过采用不同的氧化剂改变ACF表面含氧官能团的种类和数量,进一步证实了热处理过程中释出的CO量与ACF的脱硫活性之间成正比关系．     

Effects of plasma treatment of carbon fibers on interfacial properties of BMI resin composites

High performance continuous fiber surface modification by inductively coupled RF plasma (ICP) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) low temperature plasma were conducted. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and other analytical testing methods systematically studied plasma treatment time, discharge power, discharge pressure, etc, on fiber surface state, surface composition, and surface shape changes in the appearance and wetting properties. The results show that after plasma treatment the surface of the fiber is grafted with a large number of polar functional groups such as carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups. The surface roughness increases, the surface free energy increases, and the fiber wetting property is significantly improved, resulting in improvement in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) between the fiber and the resin matrix. Finally, the surfaces of the fibers and its relationship with interfacial properties of fiber reinforced bismaleimide composites are also discussed.     

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维表面改性的研究进展

超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维具有诸多优异性能,因此被广泛应用于纤维增强复合材料(FRP)。但是由于UHMWPE纤维表面光滑且无极性基团,与树脂基体粘接性差,可通过纤维表面改性有效提高FRP的界面强度,进而提升材料性能。本文总结了近几年基于化学处理、等离子体处理、电晕放电和辐射引发表面接枝等方法对UHMWPE纤维表面改性的研究进展,并对改性方法的发展进行了展望。     

Surface treatment of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers using potassium permanganate and mechanical properties of its composites

Potassium permanganate was applied to improve the surface properties of the ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers. The results suggested that the surface oxygen atoms increased dramatically and the O/C ratio increased from 0.030 to 0.563 after treatment. The increased surface roughness and the O‐containing groups on the treated fiber surface decreased the contact angles with water and ethylene glycol. The crystallinity and the crystallite size of the treated fibers increased, and the DSC results indicated that chain scission and the formation of ―C═O chemical defects in the amorphous region were the main mechanisms of the deterioration of the treated UHMEPE fibers. The breaking strength and the elongation at break of the fibers decreased, but the modulus increased after treatment. The treated fibers exhibited better adhesion with epoxy matrix. An improvement of 27.6% from 101.4 to 129.4 MPa in ILSS confirmed the improvement in the interfacial adhesion strength of composites. The impact and bending strength of composites were both improved.     

Mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane composites reinforced with surface treated ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers

The mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers reinforced rigid polyurethane (PU) composites were studied, and the effects of the fiber surface treatment and the mass fraction were discussed. Chromic acid was used to treat the UHMWPE fibers, and polyurethane composites were prepared with 0.1 to 0.6 wt% as‐received and treated UHMWPE fibers. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared demonstrated that oxygen‐containing functional groups were efficiently grafted to the fiber surface. The mechanical performance tests of the UHMWPE fibers/PU composites were conducted, and the results revealed that the treated UHMWPE fibers/PU composites had better tensile, compression, and bending properties than as‐received UHMWPE fibers/PU composites. Thermal gravimetric analyzer showed that the thermal stability of the treated fiber composites were improved. The interface bonding of PU composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis, and the results indicated that the surface modification of UHMWPE fiber could improve the interaction between fiber and PU, which played a positive role in mechanical properties of composites.     

The effect of plasma treatment on the mechanical behavior of UHMWPE fiber–reinforced thermoplastic HDPE composite

Ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers have been modified by plasma treatment to increase adhesion in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) matrices. Results showed that surface roughness predominates for modified UHMWPE fibers, indicating that the plasma treatment favors the interaction with HDPE. Unmodified HDPE composite samples gave a lower interlaminar shear strength than did the samples that were incorporated with UHMWPE. The addition of unmodified UHMWPE fibers to the neat HDPE significantly increases interlaminar shear strengths of composites, up to 20 vol%. The oxygen concentration increased from 16.16 %to 21.99%, and the ratio of oxygen to carbon atoms increased significantly from 0.194 to 0.284 after oxygen plasma treatment for 5 minutes with a power of 300 W.     

The effect of electrophoretic deposition p-aminobenzenesulfonamide grafted CNT on mechanical properties of carbon fiber filled polyamide 6 composite

The surface treatment of carbon fiber is carried out by electrophoretic deposition of p-aminobenzenesulfonamide grafted carbon nanotube (CNT), and it is used as a reinforcement of polyamide 6. The monofilament tensile test and XPS were used to study the effect of p-aminobenzenesulfonamide concentration on the tensile strength and surface functional groups of carbon fiber monofilaments. The results show that the higher the p-aminobenzenesulfonamide concentration, the greater the decrease in the mechanical properties of carbon fibers, and the greater the content of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface. It is preferred that carbon fiber and thermoplastic polyamide 6 with higher retention rate of monofilament tensile strength and rich oxygen-containing functional group content are made into composite materials, and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) is evaluated.     

Improving the interfacial property of carbon fiber/PI resin composite by grafting modification of carbon fiber surface

The poor interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers (CFs) and polyimide (PI) resin has seriously hampered the application of CF/PI composites. In this work, the interfacial adhesion was efficiently enhanced by grafting on the CF surface. Surface morphology and surface composition of modified carbon fibers were characterized, which indicated that acrylamide was grafted successfully on the CF surface and the surface roughness was increased slightly. After grafting, the interface shear strength of modified carbon fibers/PI composites was significantly improved by 86.96%, and the interlaminar shear strength was enhanced by 55.61% due to the covalent bonds in interphase and the toughening effect of sizing agent. Moreover, the mechanical properties of composites with different interfacial adhesion were measured, which further confirmed the effect of the grafting modification.     

氧化石墨烯接枝碳纤维新型增强体的制备与表征

利用“Grafting-to”化学修饰法制备氧化石墨烯接枝国产碳纤维新型增强体。利用红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和原子力显微镜对样品的官能团和表面形貌进行表征;利用接触角测量、单丝拉伸方法研究了接枝前后纤维单丝的润湿性能及拉伸强度,并通过微脱粘法分析了其复合材料的界面剪切强度。结果表明：氧化石墨烯的接枝修饰使国产碳纤维表面粗糙度提高了166%,表面能提高了46.3%,拉伸强度提高了7.8%,复合材料的界面剪切强度提高了111.7%。     

液态氧化法处理超高分子量聚乙烯纤维

用液态氧化法对超高分子量聚乙烯纤维进行了表面处理,研究了处理介质、处理时间对超高分子量聚乙烯／环氧复合材料层间剪切强度的影响,用扫描电子显微镜、ＸＰＳ表面元素分析、毛细浸润法测接触角等方法探讨了纤维表面性能处理前后的变化,以及纤维与树脂的界面结合情况。     

The addition of acid treated carbon nanotube on the interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber reinforced UHMWPE composite

Carbon fiber reinforced Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (CF/UHMWPE) composites have been filled with acid treated carbon nanotube to enhance the adhesion. According to the modification, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of composites has been greatly improved. Dynamic wetting method, XPS and SEM are used to examine the microscopic properties of resultant composites. The enhanced ILSS is attributed to the CNT interlock, which improves the wetting between carbon fibers and resins. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.