Carbon-13 spectra of some tetrahydropyridines. The structure of the tetrahydropyridines from 3,5-lutidine 1-oxide and mercaptans in acetic anhydride

The reaction of 3,5-lutidine 1-oxide ( 1 ) with t-butyl mereaptan in acetic anhydride, with or without triethylamine, was reinvestigated. There was obtained 2-t-butylthio-3,.5-lutidine as the major product, a small quantity of 3-(t-bulylthio)methyl-5-picoline, 1-acetyl-2,3-diacetoxy-3,5-dirnethyl-6-t-butylthio-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (which represents a structure revision) and l-acetyl-2,6-dihydroxy-3-t-butylthio-3,5-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. A similar reaction of 1 with 1-adamantyl mercaptan furnished 2-(l-adamantylthio)-3,5-lutidine and 1-acetyl-2,3-diacetoxy-3,5-dimethyl-6-(1-adamantylthio)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. The structures of these new tetrahydropyridines were established primarily by carbon-13 nmr spectra.     

The DMAP-catalyzed acetylation of alcohols--a mechanistic study (DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine)

The acetylation of tert-butanol with acetic anhydride catalyzed by 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) has been studied at the Becke3 LYP/6-311 + G(d,p)//Becke3 LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. Solvent effects have been estimated through single-point calculations with the PCM/UAHF solvation model. The energetically most favorable pathway proceeds through nucleophilic attack of DMAP at the anhydride carbonyl group and subsequent formation of the corresponding acetylpyridinium/acetate ion pair. Reaction of this ion pair with the alcohol substrate yields the final product, tert-butylacetate. The competing base-catalyzed reaction pathway can either proceed in a concerted or in a stepwise manner. In both cases the reaction barrier far exceeds that of the nucleophilic catalysis mechanism. The reaction mechanism has also been studied experimentally in dichloromethane through analysis of the reaction kinetics for the acetylation of cyclohexanol with acetic anhydride, in the presence of DMAP as catalyst and triethylamine as the auxiliary base. The reaction is found to be first-order with respect to acetic anhydride, cyclohexanol, and DMAP, and zero-order with respect to triethyl amine. Both the theoretical as well as the experimental studies strongly support the nucleophilic catalysis pathway.     

Voltammetric and electrochemical ESR studies of oxidation reactions mediated by tris(4-bromophenyl)amine in acetonitrile

The electrochemical oxidation of tris(4-bromophenyl)amine in the presence of 2,6-lutidine is examined in acetonitrile. Voltammetric and spectroscopic investigations suggest that the electrogenerated triaryl aminium radical cation oxidizes 2,6-lutidine in an EC' mechanism, and an equilibrium constant for this homogeneous electron transfer is estimated. The mediated oxidation of a protected phenyl selenoglycoside by this reaction mixture is studied by the use of electrochemical ESR, employing a tubular flow cell, and signal intensity data is found to be consistent with the proposed mechanism, allowing the determination of kinetic parameters by computational simulation. Products of the mediated glycoside oxidation are determined by proton NMR and mass spectrometry.     

Synthesis of 1,1-Diacetyl-2-arylhydrazines

The reaction of arylhydrazines 1 with acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine leads to 1,1-diacetyl-2-arylhydrazines 4.     

高分子铑配合物（PYBRh）催化甲醇羰基化为乙酸和乙酸酐的动力学研究

采用２－乙烯吡啶－丁烯酮共聚物为配体，与四羰基二氯二铑形成顺二羰基铑（Ｉ）配合物（ＰＹＢＲｈ），用于催化甲醇羰基化制备乙酸和乙酸酐的反应动力学研究。结果表明，其对反应物甲醇和一氧化碳均为零级反应，在一定范围内，对高分子铑催化剂及助催化剂碘甲烷均为一级反应，极性溶剂的加入可以提高甲醇羰基化速度。通过实验结果计算了其反应活化能，活化熵和热焓研究证明其反应机理与小分子铑催化剂相似。     

磺化笼型介孔碳催化的1,1-二乙酸酯的选择性合成

以磺化的笼型介孔碳为催化剂温和、高效、高选择性地合成了缩羰基二乙酸酯. 在室温和无溶剂条件下,用磺化的笼型介孔碳作催化剂使醛类化合物与乙酸酐之间在5~12 min内反应生成1,1-二乙酸酯,产率高达89%~98%. 在相同条件下酮类化合物不会发生此反应. 反应后催化剂经过简单的处理即可回收利用,回收利用7次活性无明显降低.     

Solvent‐Free Chemoselective Synthesis of 1,1‐Diacetates Catalyzed by Cu(NO3)2 · 3H2O

1,1‐Diacetates have been synthesized by the reaction of a variety of aldehydes with acetic anhydride in the presence of cupric nitrate as catalyst under solvent‐free conditions. Ketones were not converted to the corresponding diacetates under these conditions.     

A Mechanistic Investigation of the Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Aromatic Alcohols Using a Ferrocene‐Based Planar Chiral 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridine Catalyst

A detailed computational and kinetic analysis of the acetylation of 1‐phenylethanol with acetic anhydride catalyzed by planar chiral 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) catalyst (?)‐ 1 is presented. The study includes a computational investigation of the potential‐energy surface including the acylation and stereoselective transition states at the DFT level of theory. Experimentally, the kinetic study shows that the reaction proceeds in a first‐order manner in catalyst, whereas both substrates, acetic anhydride and 1‐phenylethanol, show fractional order, which is in accordance with steady‐state conditions. The fractional order depends on an equilibrium between the free catalyst and the acetylated catalyst.     

Synthesis of 2-substituted pyridines via a regiospecific alkylation, alkynylation, and arylation of pyridine N-oxides

[structure: see text]. Sequential addition of Grignard reagents to pyridine N-oxides in THF at room temperature followed by treatment with acetic anhydride at 120 degrees C afforded 2-substituted pyridines in good to high yields. Furthermore, by exchanging acetic anhydride for DMF in the second step, 2-substituted pyridine N-oxides were obtained, as intermediates suitable for addition of a second Grignard reagent for the synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted pyridines.     

从醛无溶剂制备1,1-二乙酸酯的催化剂Cu3/2PMo12O40/SiO2

芳香醛和脂肪醛在温和条件下经乙酸酐和Cu3/2PMo12O40/SiO2催化可转变成 1,1-二乙酸酯. 发现Cu3/2PMo12O40/SiO2是在无溶剂存在下制备 1,1-二乙酸酯的有效催化剂. 使用同一催化剂和乙腈作溶剂可使生成的 1,1-二乙酸酯发生逆反应脱保护生成醛. 这种新的方法具有反应时间短和收率高的优点,而且催化剂重复使用几次不丧失活性.     

Functional polymers. XLVII. Synthesis of various derivatives of ω-alkenoates

A number of derivatives of ω-alkenoates were synthesized in preparation for the synthesis of functional polymers based on α-olefins. For the preparation of most of the methyl esters, the regular esterification of ω-alkenoic acids, specifically 10-undecenoic acid with methanol and sulfuric acid as the catalyst, was most effective. For the preparation of the tert-butyl- and 2-ethylhexyl esters of 10-undecenoic acid, the acid chloride route was found to be most convenient, whereas for the preparation of the corresponding esters of 5-hexenoic acid, our method of choice was the synthesis via the imidazolyl derivative of the acid. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl 10-undecenoate and the 2,2-dimethyloxazolidine derivative of 10-undecenoic acid were prepared from the acid and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol or 2-amino-2-methyl-propanol with p-toluene sulfonic acid as the catalyst. Esters of phenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, and 2,6-diphenylphenol were synthesized from 3-butenoic and 10-undecenoic acid with trifluoroacetic anhydride.     

Monoesterification of styrene–maleic anhydride copolymers with alcohols in ethyl benzene: Catalysis and kinetics

A kinetic investigation on the monoesterification reaction of the maleic anhydride residue (MA) in styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers with aliphatic alcohols was carried out in ethyl benzene solution. By comparison to classic catalysts such as tributylamine (TBA) and pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4DMAP) is by far the most effective catalyst for this reaction. While both general base and nucleophilic mechanisms contribute to the reaction catalyzed by TBA or pyridine, a nucleophilic mechanism prevails with 4DMAP. This reaction is reversible, and its chemical equilibrium constant decreases significantly with increasing temperature. Both kinetic and thermodynamic results showed that in the presence of 4DMAP, the forward and reverse reactions are second and first order, respectively. The existence of side reactions, reactivity of two styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers of different MA contents as well as two aliphatic alcohols of different lengths are also addressed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Mechanism of the hydroxycarbonylation of 1-hexene catalyzed by immobilized rhodium complexes of pyridine ligands

Summary In this work, a mechanistic study of the hydroxycarbonylation of 1-hexene to heptanoic acid and the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) catalyzed by the rhodium(I) complexes, [Rh(COD)(amine)₂](PF₆) (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, amine = 4-picoline, 3-picoline, 2-picoline, pyridine, 3,5-lutidine or 2,6-lutidine) immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) in contact with water under CO is discussed. Catalytic cycles for these reactions bearing common Rh-H catalytic species are proposed.     

Etude de la réactivité de la fonction carbonyle avec le cétène en présence d'un alcoxyde de titane. 1ère communication. Nouvelle méthode de synthèse de β-hydroxyesters

A new synthesis of β-hydroxyesters involving a reaction between a carbonyl compound, ketene and an alkyl-orthotitanate is described. The following carbonyl compounds have been studied: aldehydes, ketones, α-diketones, α- or γ-ketoesters. A reaction mechanism is proposed.     

Addition de la proline à quelques alcènes et alcynes électrophiles

Addition of proline in acetic anhydride to propiolic and pbenylpropiolic ester gave rise to two isomeric pyrroles 5 and 6 . Addition under the same conditions, to electrophilic alkenes pY-PhCH = C(X) (CN) led to a pyrroline-2 8 which eliminated HCN and produced pyrrole 9 . Addition of proline to fumarodinitrile is unusual, the reaction led to a new α-amino acid 10 and compound 11 . The structure of this product 11 was confirmed by X-ray measurements.     

吡啶甲酸铑阳离子催化甲醇羰基化反应机理的理论计算

采用有效核近似从头算方法,在HF/LANL2DZ水平下用Berny优化法,对吡啶甲酸铑阳离子催化剂催化甲醇羰基化反应中各基元反应的中间体、过渡态和产物的几何结构进行了优化,过渡态结构通过振动分析进行了确认;计算了各反应的活化位垒.CH_3OH与CO在吡啶甲酸铑阳离子催化剂的作用下反应分4步进行:(1)CH3I氧化加成反应;(2)羰基重排反应:(3)羰基配位反应;(4)CH_3COI还原消除反应.对于各基元反应,CH3I氧化加成反应位垒最高(167.78kJ/mol),是整个反应过程的决速步骤;羰基重排反应和CH_3COI还原消除反应的活化位垒分别为110.67和62.94 kJ/mol,羰基配位反应的位垒为零.与[Rh(CO)_2I_2]-催化剂相比,吡啶甲酸铑阳离子催化剂具有相同的催化机理,但后者催化剂上各步反应的位垒较低.     

多金属ZSM-5催化剂的制备及其催化氨化合成2,6-二甲基吡啶

通过掺杂制备了一系列多金属改性的ZSM-5催化剂,并用于丙酮和甲醇氨化合成2,6-二甲基吡啶的反应中.在固定床反应器上筛选出催化性能良好的催化剂6%Pb-0.5%Fe-0.5%Co/ZSM-5(200),探讨了过渡金属掺杂的促进作用,并考察了反应温度、氨醇比、酮醇比、水含量和停留时间对反应性能的影响.结果表明,该催化剂...     

An Efficient and Practical Procedure for Synthesis of 1,1‐Diacetates from Aldehydes Catalyzed by Zirconium Sulfate Tetrahydrate–Silica Gel

Abstract

A facile and efficient procedure for synthesis of 1,1‐diacetates from aldehydes with acetic anhydride was described using zirconium sulfate tetrahydrate–silica gel as catalyst in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.     

Catalytic behaviour of gallium-containing mesoporous silicas (MCM-41) in the acetylation reaction

Liquid phase acetylation of 1,2-dimethoxybenzene with acetic anhydride has been examined for a series of acid gallium-mesoporous materials (MCM-41) with different Si/Ga ratios (Si/Ga = 80, 50 and 10) synthesized by microwave irradiation method. Physical adsorption of nitrogen, inductively coupled plasma, and the X-ray diffraction techniques, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a temperature-programmed desorption of pyridine were applied to characterize the catalysts. A mesoporous sample with Si/Ga = 10 showed better performance in the acid-cataiyzed acetylation of 1,2-dimethoxybenzene with acetic anhydride as an acylating agent. In addition, the kinetics of the reaction in the presence of these catalysts has been investigated.     

Unexpected highly chemoselective deprotection of the acetals from aldehydes and not ketones: TESOTf-2,6-lutidine combination

Acetal functions are recognized as good protecting groups of carbonyl groups. Although many deprotecting methods of acetals to carbonyl functions have already been developed, there is no methodology which can deprotect acetals in the presence of ketals because the usual acidic or radical reactions occur more easily via the more stable cationic or radical intermediates from the ketals. On the other hand, this new method can proceed in a reverse manner to that described in previous reports. That is, the method can deprotect aliphatic acetals in the presence of ketals. The reaction condition is common for silylation, i.e., the TESOTf-2,6-lutidine combinations. Although the TMSOTf-2,6-lutidine combination can also deprotect acetals, it lacks chemoselectivity in deprotection of the acetals from aldehydes and ketones. The treatment of acetals with TESOTf and 2,6-lutidine in CH2Cl2 followed by a H2O workup gave the corresponding aldehydes. Of course, the compounds, which have both acetal and hydroxyl functions afforded the compounds obtained by the usual silylation of an alcohol and deprotection of an acetal without any problem. However, deprotection of the ketals from ketones was not observed during the conversion reaction of acetals from aldehydes. This chemoselectivity was confirmed in the reactions of the compounds that have the acetal and ketal in the same molecule. In both cases, the acetal functions were deprotected to give aldehydes with intact ketals. Furthermore, under the conditions described here, many functional groups such as methoxy, acetoxy, allyl alcohol, and silyloxy ether are intact. This method is very mild and available for many compounds.