Efficient distributed control of light-emitting diode array lighting systems

We consider illumination rendering with distributed control of a lighting system with an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). As low-cost microprocessors become standard components in LED drivers, distributing the computation of the control signals to individual LED drivers becomes attractive. Common distributed control algorithms require each individual controller to exchange information with all the others and process it. This incurs too large a communication and processing overhead for a low-cost local controller. In this Letter, we propose a distributed control algorithm for achieving global illumination rendering, wherein a controller only needs to communicate within a selected neighborhood. We present design criteria for defining the communication neighborhood and study its impact on rendering performance.     

High uniform illumination of light-emitting diodes lighting with applying the multiple-curvature lens

Light-emitting-diode (LED) sources will play a very important role in the future. Nowadays, there are many traditional light sources gradually being replaced by LED sources. From the viewpoint of illumination, different environments have the same requirement uniformity of illumination. The basic reason for this is to insure human comfort. Therefore, the promotion of illumination uniformity is an especially important key issue. In this article, we propose one effective design to improve the uniformity of illumination of LEDs with Lambertian radiation profiles by inserting into the lighting system, multiple-curvature lens. The enhanced illumination uniformity of LEDs, in this system, is due to energy redistribution by controlling the direction of incident light, using geometrical optics theory. Ray tracing was applied for the simulations required. Finally, the uniformity of illumination is 76.17% in LEDs using multiple-curvature lens, which is twice the uniformity of conventional LEDs. Furthermore, the phenomenon of overload in the multiple-curvature lens is reduced by increasing the numbers of rings on the lens. The overload is less than 0.02 lm in the case of lens designed with 23 rings.     

基于Taguchi方法的曲面LED阵列照度问题研究

为了分析曲面底板配光的LED阵列照明照度的影响因子,采用Taguchi实验方法设计实验,并运用TracePro软件进行仿真模拟,再通过ANOVA理论分析出因子对LED阵列品质的影响程度,优化曲面底板LED阵列的各项结构参数。结果表明:LED芯片数量对于照度均匀度及最大照度的影响最大,分别占有81.84%和91.58%的影响地位。进一步地,通过微调芯片与光轴的夹角可以得到更好的照度均匀度。以上研究结果为解决曲面底板照明的照度问题提供了理论依据。     

微型曲面发光二极管阵列照度一致性研究

为提高微型曲面发光二极管(LED)阵列在显示及照明使用方面的舒适度,针对微型曲面LED阵列照度分布的均匀性问题进行研究.采用TracePro光线追迹法分别计算了柱面显示阵列及球面照明阵列的照度分布.计算结果表明,曲面弯曲半径R和光源辐射参数m是影响柱面阵列照度分布的主要因素.通过合理排布阵列像素单元位置,可以增强器件显示均匀度,提高能量利用效率.10×10柱面LED阵列最大平坦化照度均匀度为90.5%.对球面环形阵列照度分布计算结果表明,单环形LED阵列照度均匀性与像素数量无关.影响球面多环LED阵列照度分布的参数主要包括环线分布系数K、环法线与第一环阵列光源法线夹角(?)_0及各环线像素光通量之比φ.以双环LED阵列为模型进行计算,获得最大平坦化照度均匀度为94.8%.调整球面多环阵列位置参数可实现不同照度分布模式.实验对比了微型LED像素单元夹角θ分别为13°,15°和17°时的照度分布,实验结果与理论计算较为一致.本文取得的理论与实验结果可以为微型曲面LED显示及多模式智能照明设计提供参考.     

The development of an inspection system for defects in silicon crystal growth

This study presents an inspection system to detect the growth defects of silicon crystals that comprise a CCD camera, an LED light source, and power modulation. The defects on multicrystalline silicon can be observed clearly while the silicon wafer were irradiated by the red LED light at a small lighting angle (i.e., 20–30°). However, the growth defects on monocrystalline silicon wafer were difficult to observe because of it low image intensity. And then, the growth defects image was significantly enhanced when the wafer was illuminated by a white LED (WLED) and rotated at a specific angle (i.e., 23°). The experimental results showed that the WLED illumination system made the growth defects more easily observable than did other LED sources (i.e., red, blue, and green LEDs). In addition, the proposed inspection system can be used for on-line fast detection for quality control of monocrystalline silicon wafer.     

Optical characteristics of LGP depending on the scattering pattern orientation for flat-type LED lighting

In flat-type light-emitting-diode (LED) lighting systems, a planar light is formed using a luminance source positioned on the side of the system and light guide panel (LGP) or reflecting plates. Thus, such systems are favorable for their thinness, which allows a relatively small number of LEDs to be used. However, the application of a high-power LED light to a large-area lighting system yields Lambertian luminaires; therefore, a point or a discomfort glare is produced, which generally causes degradation of the luminance efficiency and uniformity. In this study, we solved the problems of luminance non-uniformity and inefficiency by adjusting the orientation of an applied LGP scattered pattern and removing the remaining glare. Through computer simulation, optical characteristics that increase the efficiency even in the case of low-output LEDs were found. Specifically, a scattered pattern vertically oriented relative to the direction of the incident light improves the luminance uniformity at the side of the system, while a scattered pattern oriented parallel to the direction of the incident light plays the role of a waveguide. We implemented a flat-type LED lighting system by fabricating a large-area LGP based on the computer-simulation results and using an extremely sensitive laser. The optical characteristics observed using the laser-processed LGP were identical to those obtained in the computer simulation. Therefore, for large-area flat-type LED lighting systems, we confirmed that adjusting the orientation of the LGP scattered pattern can increase the luminance efficiency and uniformity.     

Investigation of irradiance efficiency for LED phototherapy with different arrays

Red and yellow light emitting diodes (LEDs) are currently utilized as lighting sources during LED phototherapy. These LEDs were arranged on a disk with an external diameter of 70 mm with different arrays — radial, rhombus, square radial, and square rhombus arrays. The radial and square radial arrays had better irradiance efficiency than rhombus and square rhombus arrays by optical simulation. Additionally, the radial array had 76 sets of LEDs, but the square radial array had 100 sets. Thus, a mockup sample of radial array phototherapy was constructed for performance tests. The mixture efficiency of the radial array was observed at distances of 1-100 mm and lighting was well mixed when distance exceeded 50 mm by optical simulation. Irradiance variation with angle was approximated by experiment and theory at a treatment distance of 50 mm and 100 mm using the phototherapy mockup. The radial array was one good choice for LED phototherapy.     

Glareless light-emitting diode lighting tube

We develop a novel light bar waveguide design to produce a glareless light-emitting diode (LED) lighting tube. We design optimal parameters, such as the gap y between the tube and the reflective surface, the relative distance x between the lens and the LED, and so on. Using these parameters, we fabricate an illumination system consisting of LED light bulb installed at both ends of lighting tube. The lighting tube is shaped the same as a traditional fluorescent lighting tube in order to replace traditional lighting tubes without the modification of the lighting stand. The LED lighting tube is glareless to the observer from the side view.     

单颗LED实现远距离均匀照明系统设计

针对现有的LED照明系统体积大、结构复杂、工作距离短的缺点,提出一种轻量化、均匀性好、能够实现远距离照明的单颗LED投影系统的设计方法。从照明设计理论出发,结合非成像设计和成像设计方法,设计了由单颗大功率LED、聚光镜、孔径光阑和投影物镜组成的投影照明系统。聚光镜对LED出射的光线进行匀化并会聚于照明面位置,投影物镜将照明面处的光斑投影到指定距离的接收面上。系统采用全透射式结构,便于加工和装调;单颗大功率LED作为光源能够有效减小系统体积和质量。实验结果表明:系统能在3 m~3 km范围内形成均匀度大于90%的照明,成像质量良好,投影面畸变小于5%,能满足远距离均匀照明投影的要求。     

基于近场均匀照明的LED阵列的优化设计

基于几何光学与辐射照度理论,对菱形、环形和蜂窝状等3种典型LED阵列光源在近场上的照度分布进行研究,推导了不同阵列光源照射到目标面上的总辐射照度表达式,并依据斯派罗法则确定了LED间的最优化距离。进而根据照度公式,对LED阵列进行了仿真和对比分析,得出了不同阵列的光照度分布特点。菱形阵列可以得到较大范围的平坦度,环形阵列的平坦范围较小,能量集中分布在一个圆形范围内,有良好的集光效果,蜂窝状阵列的照度比较集中且占用的面板空间较小,可在一定程度上降低设计成本。     

Optical design of adjustable light emitting diode for different lighting requirements

<正>Light emitting diode(LED) sources have been widely used for illumination.Optical design,especially freedom compact lens design is necessary to make LED sources applied in lighting industry,such as large-range interior lighting and small-range condensed lighting.For different lighting requirements,the size of target planes should be variable.In our paper we provide a method to design freedom lens according to the energy conservation law and Snell law through establishing energy mapping between the luminous flux emitted by a Lambertian LED source and a certain area of the target plane.The algorithm of our design can easily change the radius of each circular target plane,which makes the size of the target plane adjustable.Ray-tracing software Tracepro is used to validate the illuminance maps and polar-distribution maps.We design lenses for different sizes of target planes to meet specific lighting requirements.     

采用小功率LED的汽车前照灯光学设计

为克服普通灯泡汽车前照灯耗能高、寿命短和现有LED(发光二级管,Light-Emitting Diodes)前照灯成本高的缺点,提出了一套采用小功率LED的汽车前照灯光学设计方案。采用48颗小功率LED,使得每颗LED照亮配光屏上的一块矩形区域。对单颗LED设计自由曲面透镜,光线经透镜出射形成一个矩形光斑。点亮不同的LED以及调整车灯的照射方向可以满足照明要求。模拟结果符合国家标准要求。采用小功率LED比普通灯泡寿命长,比大功率LED前照灯成本低,可靠性强,并且还能部分实现自适应前照灯的功能。     

高均匀低眩光LED台灯配光设计及仿真分析

市场上的节能台灯普遍存在光效低、亮度不均匀、眩光较严重的缺点,以改善这些缺点作为出发点,设计了一款高均匀低眩光的LED护眼台灯.设计加入非球面反光杯灯罩来收集LED光源发出的大角度光线,提高了光能的利用率并改善了眩光.加入配光透镜消除接受平面存在的中心亮斑,解决了均匀照明问题.通过ProE三维设计软件进行实体建模,导入TracePro进行光线模拟和仿真分析,结果表明这一LED台灯配光设计可在工作距离为450 mm、直径为700 mm的接收面内实现低眩光高均匀照明,平均照度可达497.1 lx,平均度达到0.9左右.这一高均匀低眩光LED护眼台灯的设计方案有着广阔的实际应用前景.     

基于MATLAB的LED阵列的研究与仿真

由于单颗LED的功率很小,作为照明光源使用时需要采用LED阵列形式。首先推导LED阵列的照度叠加公式,根据叠加公式对阵列进行仿真,以圆形为例分析LED在平面上的均匀分布以及以球表面为例分析LED在曲面上的均匀分布。给出两种LED阵列分布的仿真结果,得出不同阵列的分布特点。指出圆面阵列的照射范围比较集中,此类阵列分布的灯具适用于照射面较小且比较集中的照射领域;球表面上的阵列的照射分布范围比较广,呈圆面,此类阵列分布的灯具适用于照射面较大但照度要求不是很高的照射区域。该结果为LED灯具设计提供了依据。     

紫外LED圆环阵列均匀照明的实现方法

为构造指纹荧光检测中所需的均匀照明紫外光源,选择紫外LED阵列照明。采用光电探测器检测单颗LED的辐射角分布,拟合单个LED角分布函数;用8颗LED均匀置于半径为10 mm的圆环上,在圆环上方5 mm处的中心轴上放置一个LED;在给定的观察屏上照度不均匀误差下,根据斯派罗法则,确定观测屏与圆环阵列之间的距离,从而实现LED圆环阵列的照度分布均匀化。也可以给定观测屏到圆环的距离,确定轴上LED放置点到圆环的距离。实验结果表明,观测屏到圆环距离为11.0 cm时,在半径为10.0 mm的圆域内,照度不均匀相对误差小于1.27%。     

结温与热阻制约大功率LED发展

LED结温高低直接影响到LED出光效率、器件寿命、可靠性、发射波长等。保持LED结温往允许的范围内,是大功率LED芯片制备、器件封装和器件应用等每个环节都必须重点研究的关键因素,尤其是LED器件封装和器件应用设计必须着重解决的核心问题。首先介绍pn结结温对LED器什性能的影响,接着分析大功率LED结温与器件热阻的关系．基于对器件热阻的分析,得出了结温与热阻已经制约大功率LED进一步向更大功率发展的结论,并提出了如下两个观点：1．要在保持低成本和自然散热方式下提高LED器件的功率,根本的出路是提高光转换效率;2．在日前没有提高光转换效率的情况下,发展超过5W的大功率器件对工程应肘没有实质意义。     

近场照度均匀的LED阵列设计

通过分析多颗LED组成的各种阵列在近场平面上的照度分布,来设计可实现近场照度均匀的LED排列方式和距离。基于LED的光强分布,构建单颗LED的光强分布模型（并非朗伯分布）,给出了方程和等式用于计算不同排列方式下的LED分布距离和封装密度,以实现近场平面上的照度均匀。     

基于LED照明与弱光收集的节能车灯双向二次配光设计

为进一步利用太阳能,提出了“双向”利用光线的LED车灯设计新理念。运用光路可逆原理与边缘光线原理,构造矩形复合抛物面,对LED车灯进行“双向”二次配光设计。计算了远光灯矩形复合抛物面反光杯所需的最大出光半角、理论长度,借助tracepro软件,模拟研究了该矩形复合抛物面结构的最高光通量、平均光通量、光通量利用率随长度的变化关系,进一步截取较理论长度综合光学性能更好的反光器应用长度L=130 mm,并在此长度下,模拟了该LED远光灯照度分布情况与弱光收集情况。该类型车灯的LED照明与弱光收集互为补充,双向提高了LED车灯空间重复利用率。在照明方面,该灯能够满足现行标准GB25991-2010的要求,相同照度下,照明范围更大;相同照明范围内,照度更高;在弱光收集方面,是对当前太阳能汽车非聚光模式收集太阳能的补充。     

Study of the Light Emitting Diode as a photoreceptor: Spectral and electrical characterization as function of temperature and lighting source

In this study, the temperature influence on the spectral responsivity of a Light Emitting Diode (LED) used as a photoreceptor, combined to light source spectrum is correlated to electrical characteristics in order to propose an alternative method to estimate LED junction temperature, regardless of the absolute illumination intensity and based on the direct correlation between the integral of the product of two optical spectra and the photo-generated currents. A laboratory test bench for experimental optical measurements has been set in order to enable any characterizing of photoelectric devices in terms of spectral behaviour, in a wavelength range placed between 400–1000?nm, and of current-voltage characteristics as function of temperature by using two different illumination sources. The temperature is analysed in a range from 5?°C up to 85?°C, so as to evaluate thermal variation effects on the sensor performance. The photo-generated current of two LEDs with different peak wavelengths has been studied. Research has observed and mathematically analysed what follows: since the photo-generated current strictly depends on the combination between the spectral response of the photoreceptor and the lighting source response, it becomes possible to estimate indirectly the junction temperature of the LEDs by considering the ratio between the photogenerated currents obtained by using two different illumination sources. Such results may for one thing increase knowledge in the fields where LEDs are used as photo-detectors for many applications and for another, they could be extended to generic photodetectors, thus providing useful information in photovoltaic field, for instance.     

基于照明的LED阵列研究与仿真

LED是21世纪的绿色光源,具有广阔的照明前景。近年来,LED灯具产品开发的种类越来越多,设计合适的LED灯具显得尤为重要。由于单颗LED的功率很小,作为照明来使用,要求在照明区域内具有一定的均匀光通量和照度,所以需要采用LED的阵列形式, 加大其发光亮度和 发光面积,改善光照的均匀性。该文 首先计算LED阵列的照度叠加,进而根据叠加公式对阵列仿真,分析两种LED阵列分布的仿真结果,得出不同阵列的分布特点,并比较两种阵列的特点,最后分析出不同阵列分布的适用灯具,为LED灯具设计提供可靠依据。