带碰撞双稳态压电俘能系统的俘能特性研究

双稳态俘能系统的运动常常会陷入单个势能阱中, 导致俘能效率降低. 为了解决这个问题, 本文提出了一类带碰撞的磁斥力双稳态压电振动能量采集系统. 建立了该碰撞双稳态系统的机电耦合方程, 分析了碰撞对双稳态系统动力学特性的影响. 研究了确定性激励和低强度随机激励下碰撞对系统响应特性和俘能效率的影响. 结果表明: 简谐激励下, 碰撞能够使得原双稳态系统的单阱小幅周期运动转变为双阱间的大幅运动, 从而有效地提高输出功率. 得到了低强度随机激励下, 不同碰撞间隙对系统动力响应特性和输出功率的影响规律. 对一个给定的随机激励, 存在一个最优的碰撞间隙, 此时碰撞能够将原双稳态系统单阱内的随机运动转化为频繁的双阱跳跃, 出现大幅值运动, 从而大幅提高了系统的俘能效率.     

采用阶梯形弹性基底的磁致伸缩/压电复合结构磁电响应研究

利用阶梯形变幅杆的应变放大作用,构造了磁致伸缩/阶梯形弹性基底/压电复合结构. 采用等效电路法分析了沿长度方向振动复合结构的一阶磁电响应. 计算了Terfenol-D/阶梯形铍青铜基底/PZT-5H复合结构的磁电响应,并与实际结构的磁电响应进行了比较,由于理论分析中忽略了胶层产生的损耗,理论值和实验结果的变化规律相似,但是谐振频率点和磁电电压转换系数有一定的差异. 同时比较了阶梯形基底和等截面杆基底复合结构,分析表明前者具有更高的磁电电压转换系数. 研究了阶梯形弹性基底长度比及层厚比对复合结构纵振动一阶模 关键词： 磁电效应 磁致伸缩/压电复合结构 磁电响应     

用于高功率激光装置的压电步进驱动器

根据神光Ⅱ高功率激光装置的具体工程需求,设计了一种以层叠式压电陶瓷为驱动元件的新型压电步进驱动器。驱动器利用杠杆机构实现箝位机构和进给机构交替箝位动子,通过对压电陶瓷小步距的位移连续累加的步进方式,实现大行程直线位移;具有控制简单、行程大、分辨力高及断电箝位的特点。样机试验结果表明,驱动器的运动分辨力达到nm级,步距分辨力达到50nm,行程21mm。     

用于高功率激光装置的压电步进驱动器

根据神光Ⅱ高功率激光装置的具体工程需求,设计了一种以层叠式压电陶瓷为驱动元件的新型压电步进驱动器。驱动器利用杠杆机构实现箝位机构和进给机构交替箝位动子,通过对压电陶瓷小步距的位移连续累加的步进方式,实现大行程直线位移;具有控制简单、行程大、分辨力高及断电箝位的特点。样机试验结果表明,驱动器的运动分辨力达到nm级,步距分辨力达到50 nm,行程21 mm。     

一种新型凹面磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输装置

目前文献中,市场上多采用平面发射线圈、平面接收线圈实现磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输,弊端是传输效率不高。针对此弊端,设计并自制一新型凹面发射线圈。利用磁通门传感器测量磁场分布,结果表明,凹面发射线圈的磁场分布较平面发射线圈明显向中轴线汇聚;搭建实验电路进行对比实验,结果表明,对于相同的平面接收线圈,凹面发射线圈较平面发射线圈传输效率明显提高,高达10%。     

关于静电场中的自能与相互作用能

本文在阐明自能与相互作用能概念的基础上，讨论了两者的联系和区别，并指出带电体的自能和带电体之间的相互作用能是指组成带电体系后，各带电体所处的那个状态所具有的能量。     

偏置电压对磁致伸缩/压电层合换能结构磁电性能影响

分析和测试了偏置电压调整时PZT5/Terfenol-D/PZT8层合换能结构磁电性能. 提出了一种磁致伸缩/压电层合磁电换能结构的一阶谐振频率控制方法. 通过改变压电驱动层的直流电压对磁电层合结构的预应变进行改变, 从而调整谐振频率. 分析偏置电压、 应变、 弹性模量、 谐振频率和谐振磁电电压系数之间关系. 分析表明: 在较小应变情况下, 控制电压几乎可以线性调节谐振频率, 而层合结构谐振磁电电压系数几乎与偏置电压无关. 实验研究验证: 理论与实验结果较好吻合. 在-170 V-+170 V的偏置电压时, 谐振频率可以几乎线性调整. 最大频率调整量达到1 kHz, 偏置电压对一阶纵振频率的控制率达到: 2.94 Hz/V. 在偏置磁场为0-225 Oe时, 谐振频率调整量与偏置磁场无关. 偏置磁场会改变谐振磁电电压系数, 在大于178 Oe静态磁场偏置时, 磁电电压系数最大, 达到1.65 V/Oe.     

压电瞬态响应在换能器声功率测量中的应用

探索一种简便的聚焦超声功率测量方法,利用压电陶瓷片直接接收超声信号,通过机电类比得到压电瞬态响应由压电片在声波作用力下引起受迫振动产生的电压响应与固有振动产生的高频衰减响应叠加而成,分析输出压电信号与换能器声功率之间的换算关系。对输出压电信号进行二次包络提取,获得表征声功率变化的电压幅度曲线,分别找出不同换能器驱动电压下包络曲线的最大峰值电压,将其平方值与声功率计所测声功率进行线性拟合,并对理论关系式中的比例系数进行标定。实验结果所得线性拟合度较高,且标定后所得声功率与声功率计所测值相对误差低于8.7%,证明了通过压电瞬态响应测量换能器声功率具有可行性。     

有限输入阻抗下压电/磁伸层叠材料磁电效应理论及实验

将磁致伸缩材料及压电材料本构方程与运动方程结合,考虑压电材料具有的高输出阻抗的特点及测试设备的有限输入阻抗和传输信号引线电容对磁电效应输出电压的影响,推出了Terfenol-D巨磁伸材料与横向极化Pb(Zr_1-xTi_x)O₃压电材料的磁电效应理论,研制了由一维磁伸材料构成的三明治结构元件并对其性能进行了测试,采用考虑了测试系统有限输入阻抗后建立的磁电效应理论结果与实验结果更符合.理论结果表明磁电元件在有限输入阻抗 关键词： 磁电效应 有限输入阻抗 压电/磁伸复合 一维磁伸材料     

与电象有关的相互作用能和相互作用力

本文对与电象有关的相互作用能、相互作用力和真实电荷情况下的相互作用能、相互作用力进行比较，对三个实例作了具体计算。     

Stochastic Thermodynamics of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Model

We experimentally study a piezoelectric energy harvester driven by broadband random vibrations. We show that a linear model, consisting of an underdamped Langevin equation for the dynamics of the tip mass, electromechanically coupled with a capacitor and a load resistor, can accurately describe the experimental data. In particular, the theoretical model allows us to define fluctuating currents and to study the stochastic thermodynamics of the system, with focus on the distribution of the extracted work over different time intervals. Our analytical and numerical analysis of the linear model is succesfully compared to the experiments.     

Stochastic Thermodynamics of an Electromagnetic Energy Harvester

We study the power extracted by an electromagnetic energy harvester driven by broadband vibrations. We describe the system with a linear model, featuring an underdamped stochastic differential equation for an effective mass in a harmonic potential, coupled electromechanically with the current in the circuit. We compare the characteristic curve (power vs. load resistance) obtained in experiments for several values of the vibration amplitude with the analytical results computed from the model. Then, we focus on a more refined analysis, taking into account the temporal correlations of the current signal and the fluctuations of the extracted power over finite times. We find a very good agreement between the analytical predictions and the experimental data, showing that the linear model with effective parameters can describe the real system, even at the fine level of fluctuations. Our results could be useful in the framework of stochastic thermodynamics applied to energy harvesting systems.     

Global Analysis of Response in the Piezomagnetoelastic Energy Harvester System under Harmonic and Poisson White Noise Excitations

The piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester system subjected to harmonic and Poisson white noise excitations is studied by using the generalized cell mapping method. The transient and stationary probability density functions (PDFs) of response based on the global viewpoint are obtained by the matrix analysis method. Monte Carlo simulation results verify the accuracy of this method. It can be observed that evolutionary direction of transient and stationary PDFs is in accordance with the unstable manifold for this system, and a stochastic P-bifurcation occurs as the intensity of Poisson white noise increases. This study presents an efficient numerical tool to solve the stochastic response of a three-dimensional dynamical system and provides a new idea to analyze the energy harvester system.     

A low frequency piezoelectric power harvester using a spiral-shaped bimorph

We propose a spiral-shaped piezoelectric bimorph power harvester operating with coupled flexural and extensional vibration modes for applications to low frequency energy sources. A theoretical analysis is performed and the computational results show that the spiral structure has relatively low operating frequency compared to beam power harvesters of the same size. It is found that to optimize the performance of a piezoelectric spiral-shaped harvester careful design is needed.     

An improved piezoelectric harvester available in scavenging-energy from the operating environment with either weaker or stronger vibration levels

An improved harvester available in scavenging energy from the operating environment with either weaker or stronger vibration levels is studied. To ensure the optimal harvester performance, a Cuk dc-dc converter is employed into the modulating circuit. This paper reports how this harvester scavenges maximal energy from varying-level vibrations and store energy into an electrochemical battery. Dependence of the duty cycle upon the external vibration level is calculated, and it is found that: 1) for weaker vibrations, the charging current into the battery is smaller than the allowable current, and thus all the optimal output power of the harvesting structure can be absorbed by the battery. In this case, the duty cycle should be fixed at 1.86%; 2) for stronger external forcing, the allowable charging current of the battery is smaller than the optimal harvested current. This indicates that just a portion of the scavenged energy can be accepted by the battery. Thus, the duty cycle should be decreased gradually with the increase of the vibration level. Finally the energy transmission process and the roles of each electronic element are analyzed. It is shown that a Cuk converter can greatly raise the efficiency of such a harvester, particularly when subjected to a weaker ambient vibration. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10872074) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB724205)     

基于蚁群算法自整定PID的风电系统最大风能追踪研究

以欠功率阶段的最大风能追踪为研究重点,对风力机捕获风能的过程进行理论分析,将蚁群算法自整定PID应用于最大风能追踪控制,设计了蚁群算法自整定PID控制器,并对其进行相应的仿真分析。仿真结果表明,与传统的PID控制策略相比,该控制策略使控制系统具有良好的动态响应能力,提高了控制精度、风能利用率、输出功率。     

Piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide nanowires grown on paper substrate

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Electronic Energy Band and Transport Properties in Monolayer Graphene with Periodically Modulated Magnetic Vector Potential and Electrostatic Potential

We investigated the electronic energy band and transport features of graphene superlattice with periodically modulated magnetic vector potential and electrostatic potential.It is found that both parallel magnetic vector potential and electrostatic potential can decisively shift Dirac point in a different way,which may be an efficient way to achieveelectron or hole filter.We also find that applying modulated parallel and anti-parallel magnetic vector potential to the electrons can efficiently change electronic states between pass and stop states,which can be useful in designing electron or hole switches and lead to large magneto-resistance.     

先进绝热压缩空气储能系统的设计计算

作为一种重要的可再生能源,风能的不稳定性问题亟待解决。压缩空气储能(CAES)系统是解决该问题的一种有效途径。先进绝热压缩空气储能(AA-CAES)系统在传统CAES系统的基础上得到改进,在环境保护、资源节约上有明显的优势。以1.5 MW的AA-CAES为例,介绍了先进绝热压缩空气储能系统的设计过程,并给定具体参数进行计算,对该系统的特性及应用前景进行了分析总结。