甲壳素,壳聚糖及其衍生物的应用

随着甲壳素,壳聚糖及其衍生物研究的迅速发展,其研究内容和应用范围越来越广泛。从发展历史,性质,提取及加工方法,应用,发展前景几个方面对其进行简要评述。     

甲壳素、壳聚糖的化学改性及其衍生物应用研究进展

简要评述了甲壳素和壳聚糖化学改性的研究进展，讨论了酰化，醚化，酯化，接枝和交联等化学改性方法，简要介绍甲壳素衍生物在化妆品，医学和环保方面的应用，并提出了其发展过程中存在的一些问题，对发其发展趋势作了预测。     

甲壳素和壳聚糖的接枝共聚改性

天然高分子甲壳素、壳聚糖由于分子链上大量存在的反应性官能团 ,易于通过自由基引发与乙烯基单体接枝共聚 ,也可与其它高分子链偶合制得接枝共聚物。通过接枝共聚改性 ,可以赋予甲壳素和壳聚糖以某些新的性能 ,扩大了其应用范围。本文对甲壳素、壳聚糖的接枝共聚改性反应进展、机理以及产物的性能等进行了介绍     

甲壳素/壳聚糖及其衍生物抗菌、抗肿瘤活性研究进展

主要从甲壳素 /壳聚糖及其衍生物在抗菌、抗肿瘤活性两方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Thermal analysis of gel-derived bioactive phospho-silicate glasses

Thermal reactions of model phospho-silicate gels of simple composition has been studied. The investigations demonstrate that the kind of compounds introducing P₂O₅ into the gel silicate network, H₃PO₄, PO(OC₂H₅)₃, POCl₃ influence the course and temperature and the xerogel formation. The amount of interstitial water and xerogel porosity is dependent on the cations, amorphous structure modifiers (Ca, Na) used. Thermal analysis curves appear the convenient carriers of informations about the processes in gel pores and the formation of xerogel and glass. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甲壳素和壳聚糖化学改性研究进展

甲壳素是一种天然多糖,脱除乙酰基的产物是壳聚糖,作为新型功能生物材料,它们已在水处理、日用化学品、生物工程和医药等领域得到了应用,但它们不溶于一般的有机溶剂,从而限制了其广泛应用.为此,甲壳素和壳聚糖的化学改性成为该材科研究的重要方向之一.本文综述了近年来甲壳素和壳聚糖化学改性方面的研究进展,着重介绍了选择性化学修饰的方法和发展动向.     

甲壳素/壳聚糖接枝共聚反应

综述了近年来甲壳素/壳聚糖接枝共聚的研究进展。以不同单体分类,分别综述了壳聚糖与小分子乙烯基单体、大分子聚乙二醇单体、聚乳酸单体、环糊精、树状大分子接枝的研究,并介绍了新的接枝技术——生物催化接枝共聚,以及接枝壳聚糖衍生物的应用。     

Thermal properties of swollen butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber vulcanizates

The present paper discusses the results of assessing thermal properties of nitrile rubber, Perbunan NT 3945 and its peroxide vulcanizates, before and after their swelling in solvents such as benzene, toluene and dimethylformamide. The measurements were carried out by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) under nitrogen. It has been found that a slight rise in the glass transition temperature due to the elastomer cross-linking is clearly revealed under the influence of its vulcanizates swelling in solvents whose solubility parameters considerably differ from the solubility parameters of the polymer. The thermal curves of swollen samples reveal processes resulting from polymer-solvent interactions and thermodesolvation processes, which accompany the initial stage of solvent evaporation.The authors would like to express their thanks to the Bayer company for providing free of charge samples of Perbunan NT 1845 and Perbunan 3945 which were used in this study.     

Thermal properties of tetraethylammonium tetrachloro-, bromotrichloro-and tribromochloroferrates(III)

A new synthesized 4CN type azomonoether, exhibiting dying properties, crystalline nature and generating interest as a material for non-linear optical applications was investigated. Modern devices incorporating liquid crystals tend to use thin films of such materials because of their special characteristics. Thermal stability studies are indispensable before attempting any deposition experiment. We have investigated the thermal behaviour of 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4′-cyano-azobenzene (TG, DTG, DTA and DSC) in inert flow atmosphere, under non-isothermal conditions. The phase transitions were studied by repeated heating-cooling regimes, with intercalated isothermal steps. The thin films were deposited on silicon and quartz substrates by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) using a Nd:YAG laser working at 266 nm. FTIR spectroscopy of the obtained thin films confirmed the preservation of the compound’s structure.     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在分析化学中的应用

介绍了壳聚糖及其衍生物在分离富集、色谱固定相、电化学分析和生物传感器等方面的应用研究进展,并展望了其在分析化学中的应用前景。     

甲壳素/甲壳胺的聚集态结构及性能

制备了不同脱乙酰度的甲壳素,并对脱酰化反应进行了研究,找出了适合不同脱酰度甲壳素的溶剂,探讨了制样温度与甲壳胺膜的结晶形态和力学性能之间的关系,比较了甲壳素、甲壳胺及不同来源甲壳素的结晶形态.     

甲壳素和壳聚糖在伤口敷料中的应用

天然高分子甲壳素和壳聚糖以其良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、无毒、止血、止痛、抗菌、促进伤口愈合并减少疤痕等优点,在伤口敷料方面的研究正在引起人们的重视。本文对甲壳素和壳聚糖适于作为伤口敷料的优异性能从机理上进行了讨论,并介绍了通过甲壳素、壳聚糖及其衍生物制备性能优异的伤口敷料的研究进展。     

Aliphatic-aromatic copolycarbonates derived from 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol

The synthesis of copolycarbonates with high aliphatic contents for possible applications as optical plastics is described. Copolymers of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (TMCBD) with a series of 14 bisphenol derivatives were prepared and characterized. The refractive index of these materials varies from 1.49 for the 2,2-hexafluoropropane substituted copolymer to 1.57 for the 9,9-fluorene substituted copolymer; thus, all of the copolymers exhibit lower refractive indices than the bisphenol A homopolycarbonate. The glass tran-sition temperatures of the copolymers vary from 110 to 210°C; the beta transition tem-peratures vary from -70 to 0°C when measured at 10 Hz by dynamic mechanical analysis. The copolymers exhibited good thermal stability (0–3% weight loss) when heated above the glass transition temperature, and only undergo extensive decomposition (80–90%) at 300–360°C. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Water-soluble Chitin Derivatives

Diethylaminoethyl–chitin (DEAE–chitin) was synthesized by introducing DEAE groups onto the C(6)–OH in chitin. DEAE–chitin was N-deacetylated by heating in aqueous 10% sodium hydroxide containing sodium borohydride to prepare the diethylaminoethyl–chitosan (DEAE–chitosan). In addition, DEAE–chitin was quaternized with ethyl halide to produce triethylaminoethyl–chitin (TEAE–chitin). Their antibacterial activities were evaluated by using colony count against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by means of shake flask method. The antibacterial activity was found to increase in order of DEAE–chitin, DEAE–chitosan, TEAE–chitin. DEAE–chitin was hydrolyzed by enzymes to investigate the effect of molecular weight on its antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activity was dependent on the structure, particularly on the molecular weight of chitin derivatives. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甲壳素/壳聚糖在环境治理上的应用

天然高分子化合物甲壳素、壳聚糖具有原料丰富、无毒、易于生物降解等优点,国内外众多学者对它的开发应用展开研究,本文综述了甲壳素、壳聚糖及其衍生物对环境污染物的去除,介绍了它在环境治理尤其是废水处理中的研究和应用情况。     

Applications of thermal analysis in some solid-state reactions

TG-DTG-DTA has been used to characterize various isomers of CoCl₂·2(CH₃C₆H₄NH₂). Thermal analysis is further used to analyse the binary mixtures of these isomers. DTA recorded after different elapsed times follows the progress of reaction between cobalt chloride and benzocaine where progressively small endotherms are associated with starting materials. The application of thermal analysis to following the solid-solid reactions between metal acetates and 8-hydroxyquinoline was highlighted. The stoichiometry of such reactions was confirmed from the decrease in intensity of an endotherm as one increases the stoichiometry.Thanks are due to Drs. Keshav Chander, K. Kaur, Rajinder Singh and G. S. Chopra for helpful discussions and experimental work.     

Retarded solid state reactions III [1]

Solid state reactions and reconstructive phase transitions exhibit more or less a large hysteresis between reaction temperatures taken from DTA-heating and -cooling curves. For ternary lanthanide chlorides the equilibrium temperatures could be obtained bye.m.f.-measurements in galvanic chlorine cells for solid electrolytes usingA ⁺-ion (A=alkaline metal) conducting diaphragms. By quenching, high-temperature phases can often be transformed to metastable room-temperature phases. In this case the equilibrium state must be established by annealing at sufficiently high temperature, or it must be tried to synthesize the compound in its stability range from suitable precursor systems.I want to thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie for supporting our research work for more than thirty years.     

甲壳素／壳聚糖开发和研究的新动向

作为一种资源丰富、用途广泛的天然高分子化合物,甲壳素／壳聚糖产品的开发研究已引起越来越多的国家和研究机构的重视,本文对领域研究和发展的新动向进行了分析和展望。