细长锥边界层绊线转捩风洞自由飞试验

通过在半锥角θ_c=10°细长锥面上布置一定数量的人工绊线,促使细长锥表面边界层在相应轴向位置上发生层流向湍流转变的固定转捩,采用运动自由度不受约束的风洞自由飞试验技术研究边界层转捩对高超声速细长锥再入体无控自由飞行下的运动特性和气动特性影响规律,并与以往无人工绊线的细长锥风洞自由飞试验结果作对比.试验马赫数Ma=5.0,通过改变风洞前室总压P_0实现两个雷诺数的模拟,以模型长为特征尺寸自由流雷诺数分别为0.84×10~6和1.68×10~6.结果表明:当自由流雷诺数Re=0.84×10~6时,人工绊线尚不足以促使边界层发生转捩,有绊线的细长锥气动特性与无绊线基本一致,动稳定导数大于零;当自由流雷诺数Re=1.68×10~6时,人工绊线促使边界层发生固定转捩,细长锥的动稳定导数小于零,细长锥自由飞行动稳定.     

Correlation of laminar-turbulent transition data over flat plates in supersonic/hypersonic flow including leading edge bluntness effects

The paper discusses flat plate boundary layer transition in supersonic/hypersonic flow conditions. Examination of experimental infrared thermography data illustrates the importance of the leading edge thickness and (non-) uniformity to the transition process. Such observations have triggered the collection of a wide range of experimental data on supersonic/hypersonic flat plate boundary layer transition, and a number of attempts to correlate this data with characteristic parameters including leading edge thickness. Results indicate a strong dependence of the relevant transition parameters on the pressure field in the transition region, as this is determined by the combined effects of leading edge thickness and boundary layer growth/viscous interaction, and particularly on the relative importance of the two effects. In fact, two distinct correlation zones are established, depending on whether the pressure distribution at the onset of transition is dominated by leading edge bluntness effects or by boundary layer growth and viscous interaction, thus limiting the observed data scatter to reasonable levels.Received: 13 August 2002, Accepted: 7 February 2003, Published online: 28 April 2003     

Direct numerical simulation of the transition to turbulence in a supersonic boundary layer on smooth and rough surfaces

Direct numerical simulations of instability development and transition to turbulence in a supersonic boundary layer on a flat plate are performed. The computations are carried out for moderate supersonic (free-stream Mach number M = 2) and hypersonic (M = 6) velocities. The boundary layer development is simulated, which includes the stages of linear growth of disturbances, their nonlinear interaction, stochastization, and turbulent flow formation. A laminar–turbulent transition initiated by distributed roughness of the plate surface at the Mach number M = 2 is also considered.     

k-ω-γ模式对转捩影响因素的预测性能研究

高超声速边界层转捩的准确预测对飞行器的防热、减阻至关重要,而影响高超声速边界层转捩的因素众多.从模式角度出发研究边界层转捩的影响因素,采用k-ω-γ 转捩模式对5°圆锥的边界层转捩进行了数值分析,计算了不同头部钝度、来流雷诺数和湍流度情况下的边界层转捩,并与实验结果进行了对比. 研究结果表明:k-ω-γ 转捩模式基本能够反映头部钝度、来流雷诺数、来流湍流度对高超声速圆锥边界层转捩的影响规律,但对转捩后的热流峰值预测不准;从模式构造角度分析发现,雷诺数越高或头部钝度越小,层流区边界层越薄,k-ω-γ 转捩模式中第一、第二模态时间尺度增大,因此转捩起始位置提前;来流湍流度越大,等效脉动动能初值越大,导致层流区发展过程中等效脉动动能越大,因此转捩易于发生.      

Investigation on onset of shock-induced separation

A great number of experimental data indicating shock wave/boundary layer interactions in internal or external supersonic flows were reviewed to make clear the mechanism of the interaction and to decide the onset of shock-induced separation. The interesting conclusions were obtained for the considerably wide range of flow geometries that the onset of separation is independent of the flow geometries and the boundary layer Reynolds number. It is found that the pressure rise necessary to separate the boundary layer in supersonic external flows could be applied to such internal flows as overexpanded nozzles or diffusers. This is due to the fact that the separation phenomenon caused by shock wave/boundary layer interactions is processed through a supersonic deceleration. The shock-induced separation in almost all of interacting flow fields is governed by the concept of free interaction, and the onset of shock-induced separation is only a function of the Mach number just upstream of shock wave. However, physical scales of the produced separation are not independent of the downstream flow fields.     

Effect of Heat Supply on the Stability of the Supersonic Swept Atiachment-Line Boundary Layer

The stability of a boundary layer with volume heat supply on the attachment line of a swept wing is investigated within the framework of the linear theory at supersonic inviscid-free-stream Mach numbers. The results of numerical calculations of the flow stability and neutral curves are presented for the flow on the leading edge of a swept wing with a swept angle χ=60° at various free-stream Mach numbers. The effect of volume heat supply on the characteristics of boundary layer stability on the attachment line is studied at a surface temperature equal to the temperature of the external inviscid flow. It is shown that in the case of a supersonic external inviscid flow volume heat supply may result in an increase in the critical Reynolds number and stabilization of disturbances corresponding to large wave numbers. For certain energy supply parameters the situation is reversed, the unstable disturbances corresponding to the main flow-instability zone are stabilized but another zone of flow-instability with small wave numbers and a significantly lower critical Reynolds number appears.     

低压涡轮内部流动及其气动设计研究进展

随着高空无人飞行器研究的不断升温, 高空低雷诺数条件下动力装置的研究越来越受到人们的重视.结合近年来国内外相关领域的研究工作, 对低雷诺数低压涡轮内部复杂流动机理的研究进展进行了介绍, 包括低雷诺数情况下低压涡轮内部非定常流动的特点, 叶片边界层分离及转捩现象机理, 上游周期性尾迹与下游叶片边界层相互作用机理等. 在此基础上给出了适合低雷诺数条件的低压涡轮气动设计方法:尾迹通过与边界层的相互作用, 能够抑制分离, 进而减小叶型损失, 在气动设计中有效引入非定常效应可以大幅度提高低压涡轮的气动负荷或降低气动损失, 最终达到提高性能的目的;数值及实验结果验证了这种设计方法的有效性.      

宽速域下神经网络对雷诺应力各向异性张量的预测

基于Pope修正的有效黏度假设,张量基神经网络(tensor based neural network,TBNN)构建了从雷诺平均方程湍流模型(RANS)的平均应变率张量和平均旋转率张量到高精度数值解的雷诺应力各向异性张量的映射.将高精度数值解用于TBNN的训练,从而使TBNN根据RANS求解的湍动能、湍流耗散率和速度...     

Generalized reference enthalpy formulations and simulation of viscous effects in hypersonic flow

A generalized reference enthalpy formulation for the skin friction, heat transfer and radiation-equilibrium temperature distributions over aerodynamic surfaces in attached hypersonic / hyperenthalpic flow is proposed. The formulation, which has been extensively employed in various forms by numerous investigators in the perfect gas regime, has also been recently demonstrated to provide adequate estimates of the heat transfer distribution in thermochemically active high enthalpy flow conditions when coupled to thermochemically active Euler solutions. It is now used to reveal the relevant similitude parameters for viscous effects in hypersonic flow, and the importance of the temperature distribution across the boundary layer and of the temperature-viscosity relation. It is shown that, although reproduction of the flight total flow enthalpy as well as surface temperature is the obvious solution for full viscous simulation in (perfect gas) hypersonic flow, the hot surface testing requirement and, in a number of practical applications, also the hot flow requirement may be relaxed with reasonably small error that can be of the same order as the measurement accuracy in present-day hypersonic testing. This similitude error, however, may increase significantly in cases exhibiting strong viscous/inviscid interaction or when the laminar-turbulent transition process becomes important. In this respect, alternative full simulation solutions, which are less demanding in terms of reproduction of the high levels of flight freestream and surface temperature or even Reynolds number, are discussed. Received 6 May 1997 / Accepted 8 October 1997     

Development of an Intermittency Equation for the Modeling of the Supersonic/Hypersonic Boundary Layer Flow Transition

An intermittency transport equation is developed in this study to model the laminar-turbulence boundary layer transition at supersonic and hypersonic conditions. The model takes into account the effects of different instability modes associated with the variations in Mach numbers. The model equation is based on the intermittency factor γ concept and couples with the well-known SST k–ω eddy-viscosity model in the solution procedures. The particular features of the present model approach are that: (1) the fluctuating kinetic energy k includes the non-turbulent, as well as turbulent fluctuations; (2) the proposed transport equation for the intermittency factor γ triggers the transition onset through a source term; (3) through the introduction of a new length scale normal to wall, the present model employs the local variables only avoiding the use of the integral parameters, like the boundary layer thickness δ, which are often cost-ineffective with the modern CFD methods; (4) in the fully turbulent region, the model retreats to SST model. This model is validated with a number of available experiments on boundary layer transition including the incompressible, supersonic and hypersonic flows past flat plates, straight/flared cones at zero incidences, etc. It is demonstrated that the present model can be successfully applied to the engineering calculations of a variety of aerodynamic flow transition with a reasonably wide range of Mach numbers.     

Prediction of hypersonic boundary layer transition on sharp wedge flow considering variable specific heat

When the air temperature reaches 600 K or higher, vibration is excited. The specific heat is not a constant but a function of temperature. Under this condition, the transition position of hypersonic sharp wedge boundary layer is predicted by using the improved eN method considering variable specific heat. The transition positions with different Mach numbers of oncoming flow, half wedge angles, and wall conditions are computed condition, the nearer to the Mach number The results show that for the same oncoming flow condition and wall transition positions of hypersonic sharp wedge boundary layer move much leading edge than those of the flat plate. The greater the oncoming flow the closer the transition position to the leading edge.     

A reformulated synthetic turbulence generation method for a zonal RANS–LES method and its application to zero-pressure gradient boundary layers

A synthetic turbulence generation (STG) method for subsonic and supersonic flows at low and moderate Reynolds numbers to provide inflow distributions of zonal Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) – large-eddy simulation (LES) methods is presented. The STG method splits the LES inflow region into three planes where a local velocity signal is decomposed from the turbulent flow properties of the upstream RANS solution. Based on the wall-normal position and the local flow Reynolds number, specific length and velocity scales with different vorticity content are imposed at the inlet plane of the boundary layer. The quality of the STG method for incompressible and compressible zero-pressure gradient boundary layers is shown by comparing the zonal RANS–LES data with pure LES, pure RANS, and direct numerical simulation (DNS) solutions. The distributions of the time and spanwise wall-shear stress, Reynolds stress distributions, and two point correlations of the zonal RANS–LES simulations are smooth in the transition region and in good agreement with the pure LES and reference DNS findings. The STG approach reduces the RANS-to-LES transition length to less than four boundary-layer thicknesses.     

高超声速高焓边界层稳定性与转捩研究进展

边界层由层流向湍流的转捩是高超声速飞行器设计面临的重大空气动力学问题. 随着飞行速域与空域的不断拓展, 高超声速高焓边界层中的高温气体效应会使得量热完全气体假设失效, 从而深刻影响流动转捩过程. 相关研究涉及多个学科, 是典型的多物理场耦合问题. 近年来, 随着相关飞行器技术的快速发展, 高超声速高焓边界层转捩问题的重要性越来越得到体现, 相关研究已成为国际上的热点领域. 本文综述相关研究进展, 首先介绍目前常用的高温气体物理模型, 尤其关注热化学非平衡模型, 并介绍激波捕捉、激波装配和边界层方程解等常用的高焓流动求解方法, 以及相关风洞和飞行试验技术的进展. 然后综述高温气体效应对转捩过程中的感受性、模态增长、瞬态增长和非线性作用等的影响的相关研究, 其中流向不稳定性中出现较大增长率的第三模态和超声速模态引起了广泛的研究兴趣. 最后进行总结, 并对未来发展略作展望.      

超声速平板边界层斜波失稳转捩过程研究

以5阶迎风和6阶对称紧致格式混合差分求解三维可压缩滤波Navier-Stokes方程,对Mach 数为4.5, Reynolds数为10000的空间发展平板边界层湍流进行了大涡模拟. 时间推进采用 紧致存储3阶Runge-Kutta方法,亚格子尺度模型为修正Smagorinsky涡黏性模型. 通过在 入口边界叠加一对线性最不稳定第一模态斜波扰动,数值模拟得到了平板层流边界层失稳转 捩直至湍流的演化过程. 对流场转捩过程中瞬时量及统计平均量的分析表明,数值模拟结果 与理论吻合,得到的Y型剪切层、交替\Lambda涡结构以及转捩后期的发卡涡结构的发展 变化与相关文献结果一致,湍流流谱定性合理.     

触摸高温气体动力学

回顾了高温气体动力学与高超声速科技相关的一些重要研究进展,探讨几个具有基础性研究意义的方向：即高超声速流动模拟;高温气体热化学反应机制;高超声速流动滞止区预测;高超声速边界层转捩和激波/激波相互作用诱导的气动热问题．这些研究方向与高温气体效应和强激波密切相关,对高超声速科技关键技术的突破起着重要作用．     

VITA measurements of transition in transitional hypersonic boundary layer flows

The variable interval time-averaging (VITA) technique is applied to the hot-wire measurements made in three axisymmetric, transitional hypersonic boundary layers. The average duration of conditionally sampled events is used to detect the transition region. It is found that the stability Reynolds number at the peak in the average duration of conditionally sampled events correlates well with the stability Reynolds number that is intermediate to the onset of transition and peak heating. This VITA-identified location of transition moves upstream under the effects of both an adverse pressure gradient and wall cooling; this agrees with previous experimental and computational studies. The VITA technique, therefore, offers an alternative method to obtain details of the location of transition in hypersonic stability experiments, in which hot-wire measurements of the transitioning boundary layers are made.     

Reynolds number effects on a turbulent boundary layer with separation,reattachment, and recovery

The present paper addresses experimental studies of Reynolds number effects on a turbulent boundary layer with separation, reattachment, and recovery. A momentum thickness Reynolds number varies from 1,100 to 20,100 with a wind tunnel enclosed in a pressure vessel by varying the air density and wind tunnel speed. A custom-built, high-resolution laser Doppler anemometer provides fully resolved turbulence measurements over the full Reynolds number range. The experiments show that the mean flow is at most a very weak function of Reynolds number while turbulence quantities strongly depend on Reynolds number. Roller vortices are generated in the separated shear layer caused by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Empirical Reynolds number scalings for the mean velocity and Reynolds stresses are proposed for the upstream boundary layer, the separated region, and the recovery region. The inflectional instability plays a critical role in the scaling in the separated region. The near-wall flow recovers quickly downstream of reattachment even if the outer layer is far from an equilibrium state. As a result, a stress equilibrium layer where a flat-plate boundary layer scaling is valid develops in the recovery region and grows outward moving downstream.     

Laminar boundary layer on swept-back wings of infinite span at an angle of attack

A study is made of the flow of a compressible gas in a laminar boundary layer on swept-back wings of infinite span in a supersonic gas flow at different angles of attack. The surface is assumed to be either impermeable or that gas is blown or sucked through it. For this flow and an axisymmetric flow an analytic solution to the problem is obtained in the first approximation of an integral method of successive approximation. For large values of the blowing or suction parameters, asymptotic solutions are found for the boundary layer equations. Some results of numerical solution of the problem obtained by the finite-difference method are given for wings of various shapes in a wide range of angles characterizing the amount by which the wings are swept back and also the blowing or suction parameters. A numerical solution is obtained for the equations of the three-dimensional mixing layer formed in the case of strong blowing of gas from the surface of the body. The analytic and numerical solutions are compared and the regions of applicability of the analytic expressions are estimated. On the basis of the solutions obtained in the present paper and studies of other authors a formula is proposed for the calculation of the heat fluxes to a perfectly catalytic surface of swept-back wings in a supersonic flow of dissociated and ionized air at different angles of attack. Flow over swept-back wings at zero angle of attack has been considered earlier (see, for example, [1–4]) in the theory of a laminar boundary layer. In [5], a study was made of flow over swept-back wings at nonzero angle of attack at small and moderate Reynolds numbers in the framework of the theory of a hypersonic viscous shock layer.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 27–39, May–June, 1980.We thank G. A. Tirskii for a helpful discussion of the results.     

Investigation of hypersonic flow of rarefied gas past wings of infinite span

In the framework of the locally self-similar approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations an investigation is made of the flow of homogeneous gas in a hypersonic viscous shock layer, including the transition region through the shock wave, on wings of infinite span with rounded leading edge. The neighborhood of the stagnation line is considered. The boundary conditions, which take into account blowing or suction of gas, are specified on the surface of the body and in the undisturbed flow. A method of numerical solution of the problem proposed by Gershbein and Kolesnikov [1] and generalized to the case of flow past wings at different angles of slip is used. A solution to the problem is found in a wide range of variation of the Reynolds numbers, the blowing (suction) parameter, and the angle of slip. Flow past wings with rounded leading edge at different angles of slip has been investigated earlier only in the framework of the boundary layer equations (see, for example, [2], which gives a brief review of early studies) or a hypersonic viscous shock layer [3].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 150–154, May–June, 1984.     

超音速混合层稳定性分析及增强混合的研究

利用流动稳定性提高超音速混合层的混合效率,对于提高超音速流的高效混合是一个有效途径。研究结果表明,有展向曲率的三维混合层中,三维扰动的增长率很大,且法向的掺混能力也较强,可以有效地增强混合。对于高马赫数来流的超音速混合层,这一特性依然存在,这将有利于提高高超音速混合层的混合能力。