Ab inito Study on Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones Catalyzed by Thiazolidino[3,4—c]oxazaborolidines

The ab initio molecular orbital method is employed to study the enantioselective reduction of acetophenone with borane catalyzed by thiszolidino[3,4-c]oxazaborolidine.Computation result shows that the controlling step for the reduction is the decomposition of the catalyst-alkoxyborane adduct and the reduction leads to S-alcohols.The transition atate of the hydride transfer from the borane moiety to the carbonyl carbon of acetophenone is a twisted chair structure with a B(2)-N(3)-BBH3-HBH3-CCo-OCO6-membered ring.     

Electrochemical Metalloimmunoassay Based on Enlargement of Gold Nanoparticle Label Treated with Ag Enhancement System

A novel sensitive electrochemical immunoassay with colloidal gold as the antibody labeling tag and subse-quent signal amplification by silver enhancement is described. Colloidal gold was treated by a light-sensitive silver enhancement system which made silver deposit on the surface of colloidal gold(form Au/Ag core-shell structure), followed by the release of the metallic silver atoms anchored on the antibody by oxidative dissolu-tion of them in an acidic solution and the indirect determination of the dissolved Ag ions by anodic stripping voltamrnetry(ASV) at a carbon fiber microelectrode. The electrochemical signal is directly proportional to the amount of analyte(goat IgG) in the standard or a sample, The method was evaluated by means of a non-competitive heterogeneous immunoassay of immunoglobulin G(IgG) with a concentration as low as 0. 2 ng/mL. The high performance of the method is related to the sensitive ASV determination of silver( I ) at a car-bon fiber microelectrode and to the release of a large number of Ag^ ions from each silver shell anchored on the analyte (goat IgG).     

流动相离子色谱法测定化肥催化剂中硫酸根

This paper describes a method for determination of sulfate in fertilizer catalyst by the use of an active aluminium oxide column for separation and mobile phase ion chromatography. The recoveries of this method were from 99.7% to 102.2%. The coefficient of variation ranged from 2.13% to 5.50%. The results are satisfactory. The method is reliable,simple, accurate and applicable to the determination of sulfate in fertilizer catalyst after a pretreatment by hydrochloric acid.     

Solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation for a Cylindrical Particle with a Limited Length： Functional Theoretical Approach

Introduction The electrostatic potentialΨis the most importantproperty for the electrical double layer( EDL) of acharged particle in an electrolyte solution[1—4]. Thispotential is characterized by the so-called Poisson-Bolt-zmann(PB) equation. The PB equation is a second-or-der nonlinear differential equation with a constant coef-ficient, except a flat-plate model, which cannot besolved analytically by the traditional method. To ourknowledge, apart from the numerical solution to thisequa…     

CALCULATION OF EPR PARAMETERS OF THE LOW-SPIN.d~5 COMPLEXES

<正> Calculation result indicates that the lowest Kramer's doublet of the low-spin d5 complexes proposed by Prof. W. C. Lin and the first order approximate matrix derived by us from the 1.s matrix table of d1 ion and the hole energy level model put forward by Prof. W. C. Lin and Taylor respectively are more suitable to the calculation of EPR parameters of the low-spin d5 complexes. The calculation conditio gzz>gyy>gxx>0 established by Taylor is used by us to obtain two parameters simultaneously, i.e, the orbital reduction factor k of a positive number near to unity, and the rhombi-city λ in range from 0 to 1/3 which is a satisfactory quantitative para meter. The same accurate EPR parameters can be obtained from both this method and Griffith's method.     

Phase Transformation Mechanism of Graphite—turbostratic Graphite in the Coures of Mechanical Grinding

The transformation from graphite to turbostratic graphite by means of the treatment with high-energy ball milling was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction method.It is believed that the size effect of nanocrystal leads to this transformation.A possible transformation mechanism is proposed form the change of the eletronic structure of the hexagonal plane of the carbon atoms.     

Reductive Deoxygenation of Carbonyl to Methylene

The reductive deoxygenation of aldehydes and ketones into the corresponding alkanes is accomplished by LiAlH4, in the presence of Lewis acid InBr3. It provides a convenient method to complete the transformation from carbonyl compounds to alkanes.     

KINETICSOF TRANSITION FROM ISOTROPIC TO CHOLESTERIC PHASE FOR A THERMOTROPIC CELLULOSE DERIVATIVE

The kinetics of mesophase formation of a thermotropic hydroxyethyl cellulose acetatefrom isotropic phase to cholesteric mesophase has been studied by means of depolariz-ing transmittance method. Avrami type analysis of the data gives an exponent n close to1, which suggests the nucleation followed by rod-like growth. It means that the kineticbehavior of phase transition from isotropic to cholesteric mesophase is very similar to thatof the mesophase formation from isotropic to nematic mesophase.     

Reductive Deoxygenation of Carbonyl to Methylene by LiAlH4／InBr3

The reductive deoxygenation of aldehydes and ketones into the corresponding alkanes is accomplished by LiAlH4 in the presence of Lewis acid InBr3. It provides a convenient method to complete the transformation from carbonyl compounds to alkanes.     

Synthesis,Crystal and Band Structures,and Optical Properties of Mercury Pnictide Halide Hg19As10Br18

A mercury pnictide halide semiconductor Hg19As10Br18(1) has been prepared by the solid-state reaction and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.Compound 1 crystallizes in triclinic,space group P with a = 11.262(4),b = 11.352(4),c = 12.309(5) ,α = 105.724(2),β = 105.788(4),γ = 109.0780(10)° and V = 1314.3(8) 3.The structure of 1 is composed of parallel perovskite-like layers bridged by the linearly coordinated Br atoms to form a three-dimensional framework.The optical properties were investigated in terms of the diffuse reflectance spectrum.The electronic band structure along with density of states(DOS) calculated by DFT method indicates that compound 1 is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap,and that the optical absorption is mainly originated from the charge transitions from Br-4p and As-4p to the Hg-6s states.     

Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS

The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI⁺) and negative (ESI⁻) modes. Twelve substructures were proposed by the COSY and HSQC experiments, correlating with compounds likely belonging to lignin derivatives obtained from soils as previously reported. The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS indicated likely presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR. FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides.     

IDENTIFICATION OF THE EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE AMYLOVORAN BY NMR[1]

Structural analysis of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran produced by different natural Erwinia amylovora isolates revealed repeating pentasaccharide substructures substituted 30–40% with a sixth monosaccharide when isolated from host plants of the Malaceae species. Only a pentasaccharide substructure was found for pathogens isolated from Rubus plants. The differences between both substructures, obtained after treatment of the amylovorans with a depolymerase, were shown with NMR. The host range of fire blight bacteria could be partially found in this difference.     

Database clustering with a combination of fingerprint and maximum common substructure methods

We present an efficient method to cluster large chemical databases in a stepwise manner. Databases are first clustered with an extended exclusion sphere algorithm based on Tanimoto coefficients calculated from Daylight fingerprints. Substructures are then extracted from clusters by iterative application of a maximum common substructure algorithm. Clusters with common substructures are merged through a second application of an exclusion sphere algorithm. In a separate step, singletons are compared to cluster substructures and added to a cluster if similarity is sufficiently high. The method identifies tight clusters with conserved substructures and generates singletons only if structures are truly distinct from all other library members. The method has successfully been applied to identify the most frequently occurring scaffolds in databases, for the selection of analogues of screening hits and in the prioritization of chemical libraries offered by commercial vendors.     

Conserved core substructures in the overlay of protein-ligand complexes

The method of conserved core substructure matching (CSM) for the overlay of protein-ligand complexes is described. The method relies upon distance geometry to align structurally similar substructures without regard to sequence similarity onto substructures from a reference protein empirically selected to include key determinants of binding site location and geometry. The error in ligand position is reduced in reoriented ensembles generated with CSM when compared to other overlay methods. Since CSM can only succeed when the selected core substructure is geometrically conserved, misalignments only rarely occur. The method may be applied to reliably overlay large numbers of protein-ligand complexes in a way that optimizes ligand position at a specific binding site or subsite or to align structures from large and diverse protein families where the conserved binding site is localized to only a small portion of either protein. Core substructures may be complex and must be chosen with care. We have created a database of empirically selected core substructures to demonstrate the utility of CSM alignment of ligand binding sites in important drug targets. A Web-based interface can be used to apply CSM to align large collections of protein-ligand complexes for use in drug design using these substructures or to evaluate the use of alternative core substructures that may then be shared with the larger user community. Examples show the benefit of CSM in the practice of structure-based drug design.     

Substructure mining using elaborate chemical representation

Substructure mining algorithms are important drug discovery tools since they can find substructures that affect physicochemical and biological properties. Current methods, however, only consider a part of all chemical information that is present within a data set of compounds. Therefore, the overall aim of our study was to enable more exhaustive data mining by designing methods that detect all substructures of any size, shape, and level of chemical detail. A means of chemical representation was developed that uses atomic hierarchies, thus enabling substructure mining to consider general and/or highly specific features. As a proof-of-concept, the efficient, multipurpose graph mining system Gaston learned substructures of any size and shape from a mutagenicity data set that was represented in this manner. From these substructures, we extracted a set of only six nonredundant, discriminative substructures that represent relevant biochemical knowledge. Our results demonstrate the individual and synergistic importance of elaborate chemical representation and mining for nonlinear substructures. We conclude that the combination of elaborate chemical representation and Gaston provides an excellent method for 2D substructure mining as this recipe systematically explores all substructures in different levels of chemical detail.     

Quantitative determination of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds by 2D NMR

Quantitative analysis of complex mixtures by NMR is often hampered by heavily overlapping signals in 1D ¹H or ¹³C spectra. To resolve the overlap problem, we have been looking at the possibilities of using heteronuclear correlated 2D NMR methods for quantification. In this work, we applied 2D INEPT to analyze mixtures of tetradecane and squalane, which represent typical substructures of lube oil fractions. The factors affecting correlation peak volumes, namely the polarization transfer delays within pulse sequence, multiplicity of CH_n group and the magnitude of ¹J_{(C, H)} couplings were taken into account by product operator formalism calculations. The results indicate that if absolute precision in quantification is not essential, the current approach can be used for the quantitative analysis of the molecular composition of complex mixtures when conventional 1D NMR methods fail. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rule extraction from a mutagenicity data set using adaptively grown phylogenetic-like trees

A public bacterial mutagenicity database was classified into 2-D structural families using a set of specific algorithms and clustering techniques that find overlapping classes of compounds based upon chemical substructures. Structure-activity relationships were learned from the biological activity of the compounds within each class and used to identify rules that define substructures potentially responsible for mutagenic activity. In addition, this method of analysis was used to compare the pharmacologically relevant substructure of test compounds with their potential toxic substructures making this a potentially valuable in silico profiling tool for lead selection and optimization.     

Computer-based system for correlating molecular structures with mass spectral data Methods for generating molecular substructures and for incorporating fragmentation rules

The masses of ions observed in the mass spectrum of a pure compound are correlated with the masses of the molecular substructures of the compound. Three methods are described for generating molecular substructures. Each method is evaluated to establish how effectively it generates the molecular substructures and correlates the masses of the molecular substructures with the masses of the observed fragment ions. Rules for mass-spectral fragmentation processes are incorporated into the mass spectral analysis software and illustrated for retro-aldol and lactone-ester reactions occurring in the thermospray mass spectra of oligomycin antibiotics.     

A Single-Scan Ultraselective Heteronuclear Polarization Transfer Method for Unambiguous Complex Structure Assignment

Complex nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals of organic compounds containing multiple analogous substructures or mixtures pose a significant challenge to structural identification, thus resulting in frequent misassignment of structures. The GEMSTONE method, a single-scan technique that selectively excites a specific proton signal among the crowded NMR signals, was recently proposed as a solution. However, its extension to the polarization transfer method for heteronuclear spin systems was unsuccessful. Herein, we present an extension method that addresses the altered heteronuclear polarization transfer efficiency and enables the acquisition of ultraselective ¹³C and ¹H-¹³C correlation NMR subspectra with hertz-level signal selectivity in both dimensions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in the structural analysis of a chromopeptide pharmaceutical and a diastereomeric mixture of a fungicide.     

Exploring the limits of graph invariant- and spectrum-based discrimination of (sub)structures

The limits of a recently proposed computer method for finding all distinct substructures of a chemical structure are systematically explored within comprehensive graph samples which serve as supersets of the graphs corresponding to saturated hydrocarbons, both acyclic (up to n = 20) and (poly)cyclic (up to n = 10). Several pairs of smallest graphs and compounds are identified that cannot be distinguished using selected combinations of invariants such as combinations of Balaban's index J and graph matrix eigenvalues. As the most important result, it can now be stated that the computer program NIMSG, using J and distance eigenvalues, is safe within the domain of mono- through tetracyclic saturated hydrocarbon substructures up to n = 10 (oligocyclic decanes) and of all acyclic alkane substructures up to n = 19 (nonadecanes), i.e., it will not miss any of these substructures. For the regions surrounding this safe domain, upper limits are found for the numbers of substructures that may be lost in the worst case, and these are low. This taken together means that the computer program can be reasonably employed in chemistry whenever one is interested in finding the saturated hydrocarbon substructures. As to unsaturated and heteroatom containing substructures, there are reasons to conjecture that the method's resolving power for them is similar.