Generalizing D-graphs

Let ω₀(G) denote the number of odd components of a graph G. The deficiency of G is defined as def(G)=max_X⊆V(G)(ω₀(G-X)-|X|), and this equals the number of vertices unmatched by any maximum matching of G. A subset X⊆V(G) is called a Tutte set (or barrier set) of G if def(G)=ω₀(G-X)-|X|, and an extreme set if def(G-X)=def(G)+|X|. Recently a graph operator, called the D-graph D(G), was defined that has proven very useful in examining Tutte sets and extreme sets of graphs which contain a perfect matching. In this paper we give two natural and related generalizations of the D-graph operator to all simple graphs, both of which have analogues for many of the interesting and useful properties of the original.     

Common hypercyclic vectors for the conjugate class of a hypercyclic operator

Given a separable, infinite dimensional Hilbert space, it was recently shown by the authors that there is a path of chaotic operators, which is dense in the operator algebra with the strong operator topology, and along which every operator has the exact same dense Gδ set of hypercyclic vectors. In the present work, we show that the conjugate set of any hypercyclic operator on a separable, infinite dimensional Banach space always contains a path of operators which is dense with the strong operator topology, and yet the set of common hypercyclic vectors for the entire path is a dense Gδ set. As a corollary, the hypercyclic operators on such a Banach space form a connected subset of the operator algebra with the strong operator topology.     

Global hypoellipticity and global solvability in Gevrey classes on the n-dimensional torus

Let P be a linear partial differential operator with coefficients in the Gevrey class G^s(Tⁿ) where Tⁿ is the n-dimensional torus and s?1. We prove that if P is s-globally hypoelliptic in Tⁿ then its transposed operator tP is s-globally solvable in Tⁿ, thus extending to the Gevrey classes the well-known analogous result in the corresponding C^∞ class.     

G-narrow operators and G-rich subspaces

Let X and Y be Banach spaces. An operator G: X → Y is a Daugavet center if ‖G +T‖ = ‖G‖+‖T‖ for every rank-1 operator T. For every Daugavet center G we consider a certain set of operators acting from X, so-called G-narrow operators. We prove that if J is the natural embedding of Y into a Banach space E, then E can be equivalently renormed so that an operator T is (J ○ G)-narrow if and only if T is G-narrow. We study G-rich subspaces of X: Z ? X is called G-rich if the quotient map q: X → X/Z is G-narrow.     

Principal series representations and harmonic spinors

Let G be a real reductive Lie group and G/H a reductive homogeneous space. We consider Kostant's cubic Dirac operator D on G/H twisted with a finite-dimensional representation of H. Under the assumption that G and H have the same complex rank, we construct a nonzero intertwining operator from principal series representations of G into the kernel of D. The Langlands parameters of these principal series are described explicitly. In particular, we obtain an explicit integral formula for certain solutions of the cubic Dirac equation D=0 on G/H.     

On the connection between sets of operator synthesis and sets of spectral synthesis for locally compact groups

We extend the results by Froelich and Spronk and Turowska on the connection between operator synthesis and spectral synthesis for A(G) to second countable locally compact groups G. This gives us another proof that one-point subset of G is a set of spectral synthesis and that any closed subgroup is a set of local spectral synthesis. Furthermore, we show that “non-triangular” sets are strong operator Ditkin sets and we establish a connection between operator Ditkin sets and Ditkin sets. These results are applied to prove that any closed subgroup of G is a local Ditkin set.     

Compact group actions on equivariant absolute neighborhood retracts and their orbit spaces

We apply equivariant joins to give a new and more transparent proof of the following result: if G is a compact Hausdorff group and X a G-ANR (respectively, a G-AR), then for every closed normal subgroup H of G, the H-orbit space X/H is a G/H-ANR (respectively, a G/H-AR). In particular, X/G is an ANR (respectively, an AR).     

A characterization of maximal non-k-factor-critical graphs

A graph G of order p is k-factor-critical,where p and k are positive integers with the same parity, if the deletion of any set of k vertices results in a graph with a perfect matching. G is called maximal non-k-factor-critical if G is not k-factor-critical but G+e is k-factor-critical for every missing edge e∉E(G). A connected graph G with a perfect matching on 2n vertices is k-extendable, for 1?k?n-1, if for every matching M of size k in G there is a perfect matching in G containing all edges of M. G is called maximal non-k-extendable if G is not k-extendable but G+e is k-extendable for every missing edge e∉E(G) . A connected bipartite graph G with a bipartitioning set (X,Y) such that |X|=|Y|=n is maximal non-k-extendable bipartite if G is not k-extendable but G+xy is k-extendable for any edge xy∉E(G) with x∈X and y∈Y. A complete characterization of maximal non-k-factor-critical graphs, maximal non-k-extendable graphs and maximal non-k-extendable bipartite graphs is given.     

On p-approximation properties for p-operator spaces

This paper has a two-fold purpose. Let 1<p<∞. We first introduce the p-operator space injective tensor product and study various properties related to this tensor product, including the p-operator space approximation property, for p-operator spaces on Lp-spaces. We then apply these properties to the study of the pseudofunction algebra PFp(G), the pseudomeasure algebra PMp(G), and the Figà-Talamanca-Herz algebra Ap(G) of a locally compact group G. We show that if G is a discrete group, then most of approximation properties for the reduced group C^∗-algebra , the group von Neumann algebra VN(G), and the Fourier algebra A(G) (related to amenability, weak amenability, and approximation property of G) have the natural p-analogues for PFp(G), PMp(G), and Ap(G), respectively. The p-completely bounded multiplier algebra McbAp(G) plays an important role in this work.     

Some relations among term rank, clique number and list chromatic number of a graph

Let G be a graph with a nonempty edge set, we denote the rank of the adjacency matrix of G and term rank of G, by rk(G) and Rk(G), respectively. van Nuffelen conjectured that for any graph G, χ(G)?rk(G). The first counterexample to this conjecture was obtained by Alon and Seymour. In 2002, Fishkind and Kotlov proved that for any graph G, χ(G)?Rk(G). Here we improve this upper bound and show that χ_l(G)?(rk(G)+Rk(G))/2, where χ_l(G) is the list chromatic number of G.     

Global weighted inequalities for operators and harmonic forms on manifolds

In this paper, both the local and global weighted Sobolev-Poincaré imbedding inequalities and Poincaré inequalities for the composition T°G are established, where T is the homotopy operator and G is Green's operator applied to A-harmonic forms on manifolds.     

Local index theory over foliation groupoids

We give a local proof of an index theorem for a Dirac-type operator that is invariant with respect to the action of a foliation groupoid G. If M denotes the space of units of G then the input is a G-equivariant fiber bundle P→M along with a G-invariant fiberwise Dirac-type operator D on P. The index theorem is a formula for the pairing of the index of D, as an element of a certain K-theory group, with a closed graded trace on a certain noncommutative de Rham algebra Ω^*B associated to G. The proof is by means of superconnections in the framework of noncommutative geometry.     

Embeddings of minimal non-abelian p-groups

By a quasi-permutation matrix we mean a square matrix over the complex field C with non-negative integral trace. For a given finite group G, let p(G) denote the minimal degree of a faithful representation of G by permutation matrices, and let c(G) denote the minimal degree of a faithful representation of G by quasi-permutation matrices. See [4]. It is easy to see that c(G) is a lower bound for p(G). Behravesh [H. Behravesh, The minimal degree of a faithful quasi-permutation representation of an abelian group, Glasg. Math. J. 39 (1) (1997) 51-57] determined c(G) for every finite abelian group G and also [H. Behravesh, Quasi-permutation representations of p-groups of class 2, J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 55 (2) (1997) 251-260] gave the algorithm of c(G) for each finite group G. In this paper, we first improve this algorithm and then determine c(G) and p(G) for an arbitrary minimal non-abelian p-group G.     

Operator ultra-amenability

Extending M. Daws’ definition of ultra-amenable Banach algebras, we introduce the notion of operator ultra-amenability for completely contractive Banach algebras. For a locally compact group G, we show that the operator ultra-amenability of A(G) imposes severe restrictions on G. In particular, it forces G to be a discrete, amenable group with no infinite abelian subgroups. For various classes of such groups, this means that G is finite.     

Analyse harmonique sur les espaces symétriques nilpotents

Let G be a connected simply connected nilpotent Lie group and H the set of fixed points of an involution of G; we give the Plancherel formula of the representation Ind_H^G(1) and infer from it the existence of an H-invariant tempered elementary solution for every nonzero G-invariant differential operator on $\text{G}\text{H}$.     

Operator biflatness of the Fourier algebra and approximate indicators for subgroups

We investigate if, for a locally compact group G, the Fourier algebra A(G) is biflat in the sense of quantized Banach homology. A central rôle in our investigation is played by the notion of an approximate indicator of a closed subgroup of G: The Fourier algebra is operator biflat whenever the diagonal in G×G has an approximate indicator. Although we have been unable to settle the question of whether A(G) is always operator biflat, we show that, for , the diagonal in G×G fails to have an approximate indicator.     

Hyper-Tauberian algebras and weak amenability of Figà-Talamanca-Herz algebras

We study certain commutative regular semisimple Banach algebras which we call hyper-Tauberian algebras. We first show that they form a subclass of weakly amenable Tauberian algebras. Then we investigate the basic and hereditary properties of them. Moreover, we show that if A is a hyper-Tauberian algebra, then the linear space of bounded derivations from A into any Banach A-bimodule is reflexive. We apply these results to the Figà-Talamanca-Herz algebra A_p(G) of a locally compact group G for p∈(1,∞). We show that A_p(G) is hyper-Tauberian if the principal component of G is abelian. Finally, by considering the quantization of these results, we show that for any locally compact group G, A_p(G), equipped with an appropriate operator space structure, is a quantized hyper-Tauberian algebra. This, in particular, implies that A_p(G) is operator weakly amenable.     

Intrinsic ultracontractivity and small perturbation for one-dimensional generalized diffusion operators

We consider a one-dimensional generalized diffusion operator G on an open interval which is not necessarily bounded. We characterize [SP] (i.e., 1 is a small perturbation of the operator G) in terms of the classification of the boundary points from the view point of diffusion processes and give a sufficient condition for [IU] (i.e., the associated heat kernel is intrinsically ultracontractive).     

Generalized 3G theorem and application to relativistic stable process on non-smooth open sets

Let G(x,y) and GD(x,y) be the Green functions of rotationally invariant symmetric α-stable process in Rd and in an open set D, respectively, where 0<α<2. The inequality GD(x,y)GD(y,z)/GD(x,z)?c(G(x,y)+G(y,z)) is a very useful tool in studying (local) Schrödinger operators. When the above inequality is true with c=c(D)∈(0,∞), then we say that the 3G theorem holds in D. In this paper, we establish a generalized version of 3G theorem when D is a bounded κ-fat open set, which includes a bounded John domain. The 3G we consider is of the form GD(x,y)GD(z,w)/GD(x,w), where y may be different from z. When y=z, we recover the usual 3G. The 3G form GD(x,y)GD(z,w)/GD(x,w) appears in non-local Schrödinger operator theory. Using our generalized 3G theorem, we give a concrete class of functions belonging to the non-local Kato class, introduced by Chen and Song, on κ-fat open sets. As an application, we discuss relativistic α-stable processes (relativistic Hamiltonian when α=1) in κ-fat open sets. We identify the Martin boundary and the minimal Martin boundary with the Euclidean boundary for relativistic α-stable processes in κ-fat open sets. Furthermore, we show that relative Fatou type theorem is true for relativistic stable processes in κ-fat open sets. The main results of this paper hold for a large class of symmetric Markov processes, as are illustrated in the last section of this paper. We also discuss the generalized 3G theorem for a large class of symmetric stable Lévy processes.     

Some bounds on the p-domination number in trees

Let p be a positive integer and G=(V,E) a graph. A subset S of V is a p-dominating set if every vertex of V-S is dominated at least p times, and S is a p-dependent set of G if the subgraph induced by the vertices of S has maximum degree at most p-1. The minimum cardinality of a p-dominating set a of G is the p-domination number γ_p(G) and the maximum cardinality of a p-dependent set of G is the p-dependence number β_p(G). For every positive integer p?2, we show that for a bipartite graph G, γ_p(G) is bounded above by (|V|+|Y_p|)/2, where Y_p is the set of vertices of G of degree at most p-1, and for every tree T, γ_p(T) is bounded below by β_p-1(T). Moreover, we characterize the trees achieving equality in each bound.