Dispersion and damping of a surface plasmon polariton on a one-dimensional randomly rough metal surface

Abstract

By the use of the reduced Rayleigh equation for the amplitude of a surface plasmon polariton on a one-dimensional randomly rough metal surface that is in contact with vacuum, we calculate the dispersion and damping of the surface electromagnetic wave to the lowest nonzero order in the rms height of the surface. It is found that the frequency of the surface plasmon polariton is depressed by the surface roughness. The attenuation of the surface plasmon polariton in the long wavelength limit is due primarily to its scattering into other surface plasmon polaritons, while in the short wavelength limit it is due primarily to its roughness-induced scattering into volume electromagnetic waves in the vacuum. The energy mean free path of the surface plasmon polariton is shorter on a randomly rough metal surface than it is on a lossy planar metal surface, and the surface plasmon polariton is more tightly bound to a rough surface than to a planar one.     

Surface excitation probabilities in surface electron spectroscopies

The phenomenon of surface excitation is competitive in nature for elastic and other inelastic scattering processes in surface electron spectroscopies; the knowledge of influence of surface excitations in electron energy loss spectra is then essential for quantitative surface analysis with these spectroscopies. The inelastic scattering of an electron moving in the vicinity of a surface is considered in a self-energy formalism to estimate the contribution of surface excitation in electron-solid interactions via the total surface excitation probability. The formulation uses the optical bulk dielectric function and provides the spatial and angular dependence of the differential and total inelastic cross-sections. The kinetic energy range of probing electrons considered is 100-5000 eV and the numerical evaluation of total surface excitation probabilities are performed for several metals, Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Fe and Ti; empirical formulae for the surface excitation probability are given for each of these materials and compared with experimental results for the surface excitation parameter. The total surface excitation probability is higher in Ag as compared to other metals under consideration, for identical conditions of electron-solid interactions.     

Simulation of elastic displacement of surface during laser short pulse heating of gold

The laser short pulse heating initiates nonequilibrium heating of the substrate material, which in turn results in the thermal stresses developing in the region below the surface. The surface temperature can be measured possibly through the monitoring of the resulting surface displacement. This requires in detail investigation into the surface displacement and surface temperature rises across the heated spot during the laser short pulse heating process. In the present study, the laser short pulse heating of gold surface is considered and the temperature rise at the surface and elastic displacement of the surface are investigated. The spatial and temporal distributions of surface displacement and surface temperature are predicted and the elastic response of the substrate material due to temperature rise is explored. It is found that the temporal and spatial distributions of the surface displacement do not follow the temperature rise at the surface. Consequently, care should be taken when measuring the temperature rise at the surface by means of monitoring the surface displacement during a laser short pulse heating process.     

采用非均匀有理B样条曲面延展光学元件面形误差

在离子束抛光工艺中,为了提高驻留时间求解算法在工件边缘处的求解精度,通常需要对原始面形误差数据进行边缘虚拟延展。要求原始面形误差数据与虚拟延展面光滑拼接,并在延展区域具有可控的不确定性。非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲面常用在机械制造领域对复杂形状物体进行三维建模。引入非均匀有理B样条曲面并结合泽尼克(Zernike)多项式拟合对一典型的圆形光学元件面形误差自由曲面数据进行延展。通过对典型面形误差曲面延展前后的等效功率谱密度曲线分析可以看出,延展后在面形误差频率大于0.05mm-1时其面形误差改善量均大于70%;将该典型延展面应用于特定驻留时间求解算法中,使得预测加工精度的均方根值由1.18nm改善至0.19nm。这表明,采用非均匀有理B样条曲面延展光学元件面形误差能够获得光滑拼接的虚拟延展曲面,并能大大改善离子束抛光工艺中驻留时间算法的求解精度。     

Laser controlled melting of pre-treated zirconia surface

Laser treatment of pre-prepared zirconia surface is carried out. The pre-prepared surface, prior to laser treatment, consists of 50 μm carbon film and 7% titanium carbide particles, which are imbedded in the carbon film. The microstructural and morphological changes in the laser treated surface layer are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The fracture toughness of the laser treated surface is measured and the residual stress formed at the surface vicinity is determined from the X-ray diffraction technique. It is found that the microhardness of the laser treated surface increased slightly due to the dense layer formed at the surface vicinity. However, the laser treatment process reduces the fracture toughness of the surface due to improved surface hardness and the residual stress formed in the surface vicinity.     

Silicon surface passivation by static charge

A properly passivated silicon surface is chemically stable, and all interface properties are constant. The silicon dioxide layers fulfil the chemical stability requirements; however, their surface and interface charges have effect on the silicon surface potential barrier. Positive charge is usually assumed at the oxide-silicon interface, thus depletion or inversion layer develops in the case of p and accumulation in the case of n-type silicon.The surface of silicon dioxide can be charged macroscopically by corona charger or by conductive rubber stamp, microscopically by a tip of some scanning probe microscope (STM or AFM). The oxide surface usually retains the charges for a long time, however in the case of ultra-thin or other leaky oxide continuous charging it is necessary to keep the constant surface potential.The main purpose of this work is to summarize the possibilities of charging up the surface, the effect of the surface and interface charge on the surface properties of the silicon. The rearrangement of the surface charges will also be discussed.     

Laser controlled melting of pre-prepared inconel 718 alloy surface

Laser treatment of Inconel 718 alloy surface is carried out. The alloy surface is coated with a carbon layer containing 7% TiC particles prior to the laser treatment. The carbon coating provides increased absorption of the incident laser beam and holds TiC particles. The microstrutural and morphological changes in the laser treated region are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The microhardness of the surface is measured and the residual stress formed at the surface vicinity is determined from the XRD technique. It is found that partial dissolution of carbide particles takes place at the surface. The composition of fine grains at the surface vicinity, nitride compounds formed, and dissolution of Laves phase at the surface region enhances the hardness at the treated surface. In addition, laser treated surface is free from the micro-crack network and cavities.     

通过形变势弱耦合表面极化子的性质

采用Huybrechts线性组合算符和幺正变换法,导出了晶体中电子与表面光学声子和表面声学声子均为弱耦合极化子的有效哈密顿量,并对两种极限情况进行了讨论。     

氮离子注入对聚四氟乙烯表面电荷积聚和消散特性的影响北大核心CSCD

为了抑制聚四氟乙烯材料表面电荷积聚,采用射频产生氮等离子体对其表面进行等离子体浸没离子注入以改善其表面性能。对注入前后的聚四氟乙烯材料样品进行了X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱测试(FTIR)、水接触角测量、表面电阻率测量以及表面电位衰减测量,并基于等温表面电位衰减理论对其表面陷阱能级和密度分布进行了计算,以分析聚四氟乙烯样品经离子注入处理后其表面成分和物理性能的变化,并研究了这些变化对聚四氟乙烯样品表面电荷积聚和消散特性的影响。结果表明:氮离子注入后,聚四氟乙烯材料表面化学成分的主要变化是自身分子结构的破坏和转化,部分CF2结构转变为CF和CF3结构,导致样品表面陷阱能级变浅;水接触角升至140°左右,比未处理样品上升了约27°,表面电阻率降至3×10^15Ω,比未处理样品下降了两个数量级;表面电晕放电1 min后,经氮离子注入处理的聚四氟乙烯材料表面积聚电荷量减少,消散速度加快,这是因为表面陷阱能级变浅有利于表面电荷脱陷,同时表面电阻率降低也促进了表面电荷沿面传导的消散过程,聚四氟乙烯样品表面陷阱能级分布曲线也证实了这一论点。     

Surface deformation induced by a variation in surface stresses in anisotropic half-regions

The deformations and the stresses in anisotropic half-regions taking into account surface stresses originating from surface energy, which exists originally at surfaces and interfaces dividing phases, are analysed theoretically. In the present paper, the equilibrium equation of force considering surface stresses is used to calculate the inelastic deformation induced by a variation in surface stresses. The problem of varying surface stresses in a half-surface of a half-infinite anisotropic domain is analysed using the theory of elasticity. This problem is related to the occurrence of cracks in contaminated, oxidized or chemisorbed surfaces. Stress analysis on the basis of continuum mechanics is performed precisely under the boundary condition taking into account surface stresses. The Fourier transform technique is applied to perform the analysis, and the components of stress and displacement are expressed in an explicit form. The shear component of bulk stress attains infinity at the edge of discontinuity of the surface stresses, and the free surface deforms like an edge dislocation. This result suggests that cracking in a chemically contaminant surface is easier than in a clean surface.     

Theoretical modeling of hard X-ray surface modes in a periodic multilayer

The excitation of hard X-ray surface modes of a periodic multilayer is studied with the help of theoretical modeling. It is found that a hard X-ray surface mode can appear in a specific periodic multilayer coated with a high-density reflecting layer. The generation of the hard X-ray surface modes is shown to be effective only at a certain set of the structural parameters of the multilayer. A method for the calculation of the propagation (attenuation) length of the surface mode running in the periodic multilayer is described. The excitation of the hard X-ray surface modes is compared with that of optical surface modes in photonic crystals. The relationship between the surface modes and guided modes of periodic multilayers is discussed.     

三维随机粗糙面与目标复合电磁散射的FDTD方法

用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)研究三维周期性延拓的随机粗糙面与上方目标复合电磁散射.用周期性延拓消除数值计算中截取有限大小粗糙面产生的边缘效应,讨论一个周期单元粗糙面的边长与其相关长度之间的关系.给出在FDTD方法中向粗糙面加载入射波的方法,建立了粗糙面上单个三维目标的复合散射FDTD计算模型.数值结果给出粗糙面与目标散射的近场分布,应用近远场变换得到全方位散射角的双站散射系数.比较了三维与二维散射模型的区别.结果显示当粗糙面上放置目标时,其后向散射显著增强.     

自然状态下水泥路面温度与其发射率耦合关系研究

地表发射率是地表温度遥感反演中不可缺少的参数之一。常规获取地表发射率的遥感方法中,存在温度和发射率病态反演的问题;而实验室实测方法在恒定的自然条件下测定,对于遥感实用有一定的局限性。为解决上述问题,本研究利用温度和发射率相互耦合的关系,剔除温度效应的影响,提高发射率的精度,进而提高遥感反演地表温度的精度。对于不同地表物质而言,发射率和温度耦合关系又不同,本研究针对典型的城市人造地表类型之一——水泥路面,基于合理的自然状态下水泥路面发射率和温度观测实验,筛选理想大气环境下实测数据;利用最优发射率与温度分离算法取代光谱仪自带算法,提取精度较高发射率数据;分析时序水泥路面温度和发射率数据的耦合关系,建立耦合模型,并进行验证。研究结果表明：水泥路面的发射率二阶导数与温度相关性最高,相关系数为-0.925 1。以发射率二阶导数为自变量的逐步回归模型为最佳关系模型,判定系数R2达到0.886,验证结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.292 1。水泥路面温度与其发射率耦合关系模型的建立为提高遥感反演地表温度的精度提供了一种途径。     

Ultrasonic approach for surface nanostructuring

The review is about solid surface modifications by cavitation induced in strong ultrasonic fields. The topic is worth to be discussed in a special issue of surface cleaning by cavitation induced processes since it is important question if we always find surface cleaning when surface modifications occur, or vice versa. While these aspects are extremely interesting it is important for applications to follow possible pathways during ultrasonic treatment of the surface: (i) solely cleaning; (ii) cleaning with following surface nanostructuring; and (iii) topic of this particular review, surface modification with controllably changing its characteristics for advanced applications. It is important to know what can happen and which parameters should be taking into account in the case of surface modification when actually the aim is solely cleaning or aim is surface nanostructuring. Nanostructuring should be taking into account since is often accidentally applied in cleaning. Surface hydrophilicity, stability to Red/Ox reactions, adhesion of surface layers to substrate, stiffness and melting temperature are important to predict the ultrasonic influence on a surface and discussed from these points for various materials and intermetallics, silicon, hybrid materials. Important solid surface characteristics which determine resistivity and kinetics of surface response to ultrasonic treatment are discussed. It is also discussed treatment in different solvents and presents in solution of metal ions.     

Size effect on surface tension of liquid binary alloy droplets

A simple model for size-dependent surface tension of liquid binary alloy droplets has been established based on Bulter’s equation and our model for size-dependent surface tension of pure liquid component. As an example, the surface tension of liquid Bi–Sn alloy droplets are calculated and discussed. The results show that as the size of the liquid alloy droplets decreases, the corresponding surface tension decreases. The component with lower surface tension is enriched in the surface layer at all times while relatively more another component with higher surface tension appear in the surface region when the size decreases. The effect of decreasing size on liquid alloy surface tension is like that of increasing temperature. When size is larger than about 12 nm, the size effect is small and negligible.     

A molecular dynamics study of effective parameters on nano-droplet surface tension

The main purpose of this paper is to numerically study the effect of droplet radius, temperature, and surface wettability on droplet surface tension. Moreover, the validity of Young-Laplace equation (Y-L) for nano-droplet is examined. Simulations of droplet surrounded by its vapor and droplet on solid surface are carried out and the results are compared to each other in order to comprehend the role of surface wettability on droplet surface tension. The pair potential for the liquid-liquid and liquid-solid interaction is considered using Lennard-Jones model. Different numbers of atoms and surface wettabilities are employed to generate droplet of different radiuses. In addition, contact angle of droplet on solid surface is computed. Pressure tensor and density profile is locally calculated. Furthermore, liquid pressure is evaluated far from the interface using the virial theorem and gas pressure is obtained using an equation of state. In order to calculate the surface tension, two different approaches are employed; Young-Laplace equation and direct molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The surface tension increases with increase in droplet radius and it is seen that the surface wettability does not directly influence the surface tension.     

Symmetric Surface Momentum and Centripetal Force for a Particle on a Curved Surface

The Hermitian surface momentum operator for a particle confined to a 2D curved surface spanned by orthogonal coordinates and embedded in 3D space is expressed as a symmetric expression in derivatives with respect to the surface coordinates and so is manifestly along the surface. This is an alternative form to the one reported in the literature and usually named geometric momentum, which has a term proportional to the mean curvature along the direction normal to the surface, and so "apparently" not along the surface. The symmetric form of the momentum is the sum of two symmetric Hermitian operators along the two orthogonal directions defined by the surface coordinates. The centripetal force operator for a particle on the surface of a cylinder and a sphere is calculated by taking the time derivative of the momentum and is seen to be a symmetrization of the well-known classical expressions.     

Adsorptions and diffusions of carbon atoms on the surface and in the subsurface of Co （200）： A first-principles density-functional study

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory are used to investigate the adsorptions and diffusions of carbon atoms on the surface and in the subsurface of Co(200). The preferred site for the carbon atom on the surface is the hollow site, and the preferred site in the subsurface is the octahedral site. There is charge transfer from the surface to the adsorbed carbon atom, and for the most favorable adsorbed structure the charge transfer is largest. Moreover, the energy barriers for the diffusions of carbon atoms on the surface and from the surface into the subsurface and then back to the surface are calculated in detail. The results indicate that the energy barrier for the diffusion of carbon atoms on the surface is comparable to that from the subsurface to the surface. The results imply that both the direct surface nucleation and the surface segregation from Co bulk can be observed in the chemical vapor deposition growth of graphene on Co(200)substrate, which can gain a new insight into the growth mechanism of graphene.     

ZrMn2（110）表面结构及吸氢机理的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的平面波赝势(PW-PP)方法,研究了ZrMn2（110）清洁表面结构和氢原子在表面的吸附。弛豫表面结构的计算结果表明表面结构的最表层为曲面,且表面结构的原子间隙变小。由1Zr2Mn原子组成的空位是氢原子吸附在ZrMn2（110）表面的最佳吸附位,吸附能为3.352 eV,氢原子吸附后离表面的距离为1.140 Å。Mulliken电荷布居分析表明吸附的氢原子与表面原子的相互作用主要是接近氢原子的第一层原子与氢原子的相互作用。过渡态计算表明被吸附的氢原子进入表面内部需克服的最大势垒为1.033 eV。     

黄土高原区域气候暖干化对地表能量交换特征的影响

本文将观测试验资料与陆面过程模式模拟资料相结合, 对目前4个流行的陆面过程模式的模拟资料进行了验证分析, 发现通用陆面模式(CLM)模式的模拟资料在黄土高原地区比较可靠. 在此基础上,利用近几十年CLM模式模拟资料和气象站观测资料, 分析了黄土高原地区的区域气候和地表能量交换特征的变化规律, 研究了该地区地表能量交换对降水和温度变化的响应特征, 讨论了该地区气候变化对地表能量交换特征的影响机理. 研究发现,近几十年来黄土高原区域气候表现为明显的暖干化趋势, 从而引起太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射和地表长波向上辐射的增加 及地表长波向下辐射的减小,并由此造成地表净辐射通量减少. 与之相对应,不仅地表潜热通量呈减小趋势,而且地表感热通量和土壤热通量也呈减小趋势, 但地表热量分量的分配比例基本不变.并且发现,地表感热通量的年变化主要由太阳辐射控制, 而潜热通量的年变化则受太阳辐射和降水共同影响;地表热量分量的年际变化均对降水变化响应很敏感, 而对温度变化响应不太敏感,气候干旱化对地表能量平衡的影响比气温变暖的影响更突出. 关键词： 黄土高原 区域气候暖干化 陆面过程模拟 陆面能量交换