杆的离散系统的某些混合型振动反问题

研究杆的离散系统的混合型振动反问题,即由给定的部分频谱数据和部分模态数据构造一个杆的离散系统的刚度矩阵和质量矩阵.提出3个此类反问题,给出反问题的解法,讨论反问题的解的存在条件,给出相应的计算实例,并分析这类反问题的潜在价值.     

Expansions for two-dimensional radiative transfer in an isotropically scattering semi-infinite medium

Small spatial frequency expansions for the source function and radiative flux are obtained for a purely scattering, semi-infinite, two-dimensional medium. Both collimated and diffuse boundary conditions are analyzed. With these expansions, other expansions are obtained which are valid at large optical distances away from the incident radiation. Expansions are presented for a finite strip, circular disk and a Gaussian distribution.     

Maps and inverse maps in open quantum dynamics

Two kinds of maps that describe evolution of states of a subsystem coming from dynamics described by a unitary operator for a larger system, maps defined for fixed mean values and maps defined for fixed correlations, are found to be quite different for the same unitary dynamics in the same situation in the larger system. An affine form is used for both kinds of maps to find necessary and sufficient conditions for inverse maps. All the different maps with the same homogeneous part in their affine forms have inverses if and only if the homogeneous part does. Some of these maps are completely positive; others are not, but the homogeneous part is always completely positive. The conditions for an inverse are the same for maps that are not completely positive as for maps that are. For maps defined for fixed mean values, the homogeneous part depends only on the unitary operator for the dynamics of the larger system, not on any state or mean values or correlations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for an inverse are stated several different ways: in terms of the maps of matrices, basis matrices, density matrices, or mean values. The inverse maps are generally not tied to the dynamics the way the maps forward are. A trace-preserving completely positive map that is unital cannot have an inverse that is obtained from any dynamics described by any unitary operator for any states of a larger system.     

On the in-plane motion of thin,rotating ring segments

The equations governing the motion of a thin, circular ring, rotating about its polar axis, are derived under the restriction that plane sections remain plane and normal to the deformed centroidal curve. Simplified equations are then obtained for displacements that are small in comparison to the ring thickness, and for time scales that are comparable with the period of flexural vibration. Solutions are obtained for free vibration, and numerical results presented for the frequencies and mode shapes of a semi-circular ring fixed at both ends. The solution for forced motion is shown to be expressible as a modal expansion in these characteristic functions.     

Random walks with nonnearest-neighbor transitions. II. Analytic one-dimensional theory for exponentially distributed steps in systems with boundaries

Exact analytic results for symmetric, nonnearest-neighbor random walks in one-dimensional finite and semiinfinite lattices are presented. Random walks with exponentially distributed step lengths are considered such that variation of a single parameter permits one to cover the whole range of step lengths from nearest-neighbor transitions to steps of aribtrary length. The generating functions for such lattices are derived and used to calculate a number of moment properties (mean first passage times, dispersion in the mean recurrence time). Since explicit expressions for the generating functions for these walks are obtained, additional moment properties can readily be calculated. The results found here for a finite system are compared to results found previously for a system with periodic boundary conditions. Two different semiinfinite systems are also considered.     

Calculation of temporal, angular, and intensity characteristics of the sound field in a coastal area with an arbitrary bottom relief and a constant sound speed in the medium

Computational algorithms and some computed data are presented for the total sound field in a waveguide whose depth arbitrarily depends on two horizontal coordinates. The sound speed is supposed to be constant, and the bottom slopes are considered as small. The algorithm involves three steps. First, horizontal rays, i.e., horizontal projections of the real rays multiply bottom-and surface-reflected, are calculated. Second, the horizontal rays are set up to a point. Third, the real rays are set up to a point. The computational accuracy is analyzed for a homogeneous wedge lying on a halfspace. Calculations are carried out for a coastal region of the ocean.     

A barrier-penetration model for heavy-ion fusion,valid at all energies

We present a barrier-penetration model for heavy-ion fusion valid from the lowest energies available up to the largest energies for which the critical-radius picture is realistic. The parameters of the model are a critical radius and the parameters of a nucleus-nucleus interaction, whose form factor can be chosen freely. Fusion cross sections for a large number of systems, for which low-energy data exist, are fitted with a Woods-Saxon potential. Realistic parameters are obtained for the Coulomb barrier. Different applications and some limitations of the model are discussed.     

Kinetic theory of hard spheres

Kinetic equations for the hard-sphere system are derived by diagrammatic techniques. A linear equation is obtained for the one-particle-one particle equilibrium time correlation function and a nonlinear equation for the one-particle distribution function in nonequilibrium. Both equations are nonlocal, noninstantaneous, and extremely complicated. They are valid for general density, since statistical correlations are taken into account systematically. This method derives several known and new results from a unified point of view. Simple approximations lead to the Boltzmann equation for low densities and to a modified form of the Enskog equation for higher densities.     

Radar cross sections of a random medium layer

Analytic expressions are derived for the normalized radar cross sections (NRCS) of a random medium layer. These are calculated from the first-order solutions for diffuse intensities which are based on a multiple-scattering wave theoretical analysis. The permittivity fluctuations are assumed to be small and to obey stationary Gaussian statistics. On studying the expressions for the NRCS, some of their characteristics are pointed out. Three different correlation functions are considered and expressions for the coherent propagation constants are provided. Numerical examples are used to verify theoretical results and highlight some interesting characteristics of NRCS.     

Relativity of the metric

Although the form of the metric is invariant for arbitrary coordinate transformations, the magnitudes of the elements of the metric are not invariant. For Cartesian coordinates these elements are equal to one and are on the diagonal. Such a unitary metric can also apply to arbitrary coordinates, but only for a coordinate system inhabitant (CSI), to whom these coordinates would appear to be Cartesian. The meaning for a non-Euclidean metric consequently appears to be a simple coordinate system transformation for the appropriate CSI. The conversion of arbitrary coordinates to the flat Cartesian ones can be accomplished by a sequence of isomorphic mappings linking the arbitrary coordinates to the flat Cartesian ones. This is shown for two, three, and four-dimensional spaces. It is also applied to toroidal metrics and fluidfilled spaces for toroidal vortices that are discontinuous, half-wavelength, electromagnetic dipole field distributions. A number of other applications are discussed.     

超导电理论中的Гинзбург-Ландау方程的非局域推广

本文对Гинзбург-Ландау(ГЛ)方程的微观推导所需要的条件进行了分析。分析结果表明,对于Pippard型甚至是中间型超导体,ГЛ方程有效的温度范围都是相当狭窄的。为便于研究临界温度T_c附近比较宽的范围内,强磁场中各类超导体的性质,我们从Горьков的超导普遍方程出发,利用磁场存在时“正常金属格临函数”的非局域展式,导出了一个包含能隙函数和矢势的积分微分方程组。所得的方程对London型、中间型和Pippard型超导体在△t=(T_c-T)/T_c《1的温度区域中都同样适用。利用这个方程组,我们讨论了恒定外磁场中的半无限大超导体,给出了能隙函数和穿透深度的积分表达式。在London和Pippard两个极限下,积分被解析地作出了。对于Pippard型超导体,我们在T_c附近整个温度区域计算了能隙函数和穿透深度随磁场的变化。所得的结果表明,Pippard型超导体在磁场中的行为与ГЛ理论的预言有显著的不同。     

Analytical solution of equations describing slow axonal transport based on the stop-and-go hypothesis

This paper presents an analytical solution for slow axonal transport in an axon. The governing equations for slow axonal transport are based on the stop-and-go hypothesis which assumes that organelles alternate between short periods of rapid movement on microtubules (MTs), short on-track pauses, and prolonged off-track pauses, when they temporarily disengage from MTs. The model includes six kinetic states for organelles: two for off-track organelles (anterograde and retrograde), two for running organelles, and two for pausing organelles. An analytical solution is obtained for a steady-state situation. To obtain the analytical solution, the governing equations are uncoupled by using a perturbation method. The solution is validated by comparing it with a high-accuracy numerical solution. Results are presented for neurofilaments (NFs), which are characterized by small diffusivity, and for tubulin oligomers, which are characterized by large diffusivity. The difference in transport modes between these two types of organelles in a short axon is discussed. A comparison between zero-order and first-order approximations makes it possible to obtain a physical insight into the effects of organelle reversals (when organelles change the type of a molecular motor they are attached to, an anterograde versus retrograde motor).     

Ionization,recombination, and population of excited levels in hydrogen plasmas

Transition rate equations for atomic hydrogen are solved to obtain coefficients for population of excited levels and for ionization and recombination. The results are based upon more accurate transition rates, cover a wider range of plasma parameters, and are obtained by a more general solution of the rate equations than previously available compilations. Diagnostic applications for laboratory plasmas are discussed.     

Single and double scattering approximations for a two-dimensional cylindrical medium

Large spatial frequency expansions for the source function, radiative flux, and intensity are obtained for an isotropically scattering finite two-dimensional medium exposed to collimated radiation. With these expansions, the single and double scattering results are obtained which are valid at small optical distances away from the incident radiation. Results are presented for a circular disk, exponential distribution and a Gaussian distribution of incident radiation.     

Free vibration analysis of planar curved beams by wave propagation

In this paper, a systematic approach for the free vibration analysis of a planar circular curved beam system is presented. The system considered includes multiple point discontinuities such as elastic supports, attached masses, and curvature changes. Neglecting transverse shear and rotary inertia, harmonic wave solutions are found for both extensional and inextensional curved beam models. Dispersion equations are obtained and cut-off frequencies are determined. Wave reflection and transmission matrices are formulated, accounting for general support conditions. These matrices are combined, with the aid of field transfer matrices, to provide a concise and efficient method for the free vibration problem of multi-span planar circular curved beams with general boundary conditions and supports. The solutions are exact since the effects of attenuating wave components are included in the formulation. Several examples are presented and compared with other methods.     

纳米晶体线的晶格动力学格林函数及晶格振动

通过求解差分方程,推导了纳米晶体线的晶格动力学格林函数,分析了其晶格振动,并推导了声子数表象中的原子位移及晶格振动哈密顿公式.研究结果表明,纳米晶体线的晶格振动能带分裂为一系列的子带,格波只能沿纳米晶体线的纵向传播,沿纳米晶体线的横截面只存在驻波.     

A review of commonly used analytical and empirical formulae for predicting sound diffracted by a thin screen

This paper reviews some useful analytical and empirical formulae that are used for the calculation of sound diffracted by a barrier. A brief historic overview of the study of spherical waves diffracted by a rigid half plane is presented also. The physical principles of sound diffraction by a thin plane are explained. The mathematical expressions are cast in a convenient form for ease of numerical implementation. Accurate analytical solutions are expressed in terms of standard mathematical functions that can be computed readily. Among the approximate solutions quoted, quite a few empirical formulations are adequate for most engineering purposes. The information presented in this paper should also be helpful for those who are interested in the study of sound diffracted by a barrier in a room or in a long industrial space.     

Decoherence effects in Bose–Einstein condensate interferometry I. General theory

The present paper outlines a basic theoretical treatment of decoherence and dephasing effects in interferometry based on single component Bose–Einstein condensates in double potential wells, where two condensate modes may be involved. Results for both two mode condensates and the simpler single mode condensate case are presented. The approach involves a hybrid phase space distribution functional method where the condensate modes are described via a truncated Wigner representation, whilst the basically unoccupied non-condensate modes are described via a positive P representation. The Hamiltonian for the system is described in terms of quantum field operators for the condensate and non-condensate modes. The functional Fokker–Planck equation for the double phase space distribution functional is derived. Equivalent Ito stochastic equations for the condensate and non-condensate fields that replace the field operators are obtained, and stochastic averages of products of these fields give the quantum correlation functions that can be used to interpret interferometry experiments. The stochastic field equations are the sum of a deterministic term obtained from the drift vector in the functional Fokker–Planck equation, and a noise field whose stochastic properties are determined from the diffusion matrix in the functional Fokker–Planck equation. The stochastic properties of the noise field terms are similar to those for Gaussian–Markov processes in that the stochastic averages of odd numbers of noise fields are zero and those for even numbers of noise field terms are the sums of products of stochastic averages associated with pairs of noise fields. However each pair is represented by an element of the diffusion matrix rather than products of the noise fields themselves, as in the case of Gaussian–Markov processes. The treatment starts from a generalised mean field theory for two condensate modes, where generalised coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations are obtained for the modes and matrix mechanics equations are derived for the amplitudes describing possible fragmentations of the condensate between the two modes. These self-consistent sets of equations are derived via the Dirac–Frenkel variational principle. Numerical studies for interferometry experiments would involve using the solutions from the generalised mean field theory in calculations for the stochastic fields from the Ito stochastic field equations.     

Optimal working conditions for an absorption heat transformer—analysis of the H2O/LiBr theoretical cycle

This article studies the optimal working conditions of an absorption heat transformer based on a theoretical cycle using the H₂O/LiBr working pair. The efficiency parameters of the system are discussed and a new parameter, namely the exergetic index, directly related to the exergetic efficiency but more significant for evaluating the performance of the system, is introduced. Distinction is made between energetic optimisation—which involves maximal thermodynamic efficiency—and economic optimisation—for which the knowledge of both the energy and equipment costs are necessary. The existence of two kinds of decision variables related to each type of optimisation are discussed. Four criteria for energetic optimisation are defined from which simple prediction equations are obtained. These equations enable us to predict for a given pair, a range of energetically optimal working conditions, valid for a large number of cold and waste energy source temperatures. Finally, practical applications of the proposed predictions are given.