The influence of core hole relaxation on the main-line intensities in X-ray photoelectron spectra

The main photoelectron line spectroscopic factors that are currently used in photoelectron spectroscopy for quantitative analysis are calculated for a broad set of atoms. General trends of the behaviour of the spectroscopic factors of core atomic levels are discussed. The influence of the spectroscopic factors on the main line intensities and on concentrations of the elements, that are obtained using X-ray photoelectron spectra, is analysed.     

第一性原理无核芯壳模型计算原子核谱因子

原子核谱因子表征原子核单粒子轨道的性质以及占据数等信息,是联系核结构、核反应与核天体物理的重要物理量。对于原子核谱因子的计算强烈依赖于理论模型得到的原子核多体波函数,在实际计算中通常选用普通壳模型。随着计算机性能的提高以及核多体方法的发展,第一性原理方法被应用于研究原子核性质,并取得巨大成功。本工作基于现实两体相互作用,利用第一性原理无核芯壳模型计算较轻原子核谱因子。首先,计算了A=6和7原子核的低激发态能量,考察第一性原理无核芯壳模型对能量计算的收敛性,并比较普通壳模型与第一性原理无核芯壳模型对于A=6和7能谱的描述。结果表明,无核芯壳模型计算结果与实验符合较好,可以很好地描述结合能和激发谱性质。然后,利用无核芯壳模型系统计算了⁷Li与⁷Be镜像核叠积函数与谱因子,并分析谱因子计算的收敛性。结果显示,谱因子随着模型空间的增大收敛较慢,对于⁷Li,无核芯壳模型计算的谱因子同最新实验值符合得很好。最后,采用无核芯壳模型系统计算A=6,7和8原子核低激发谱能量与谱因子,为核反应与核天体研究提供必要的输入量。     

Shell-model calculation with Hartree-Fock condition

Giant resonances and spectroscopic factors of ¹⁶O are studied in the framework of the shell model with (0 + 2)ħω model space. It is found that the Hartree-Fock condition is crucial in order to obtain reasonable excitation energies of giant resonances in ¹⁶O. The calculated spectroscopic factors in ¹⁵N are quenched only by 10% due to the coupling to 1p-2h states. The spectroscopic factor of the s-state in ¹¹B is also discussed.     

Shell-model calculations on Ni and Cu isotopes

Binding energies, excitation energies and spectroscopic factors have been calculated for^57–67Ni and^58–68Cu in an unrestricted (2p_3/2, lf _5/2,2p_1/2) shell-model space. The effective two-body matrix elements are obtained from the modified surface delta interaction (MSDI) and from a least-squares fit to experimental binding and excitation energies (ASDI). The average deviation between about 100 experimental and calculated energies is 0.14MeV for MSDI and 0.08 MeV for ASDI. Excitation energies of high-spin states are given also. Spectroscopic factors have been calculated for all single-nucleon transfer reactions on stable Ni or Cu targets leading to Ni or Cu isotopes. For spectroscopic factors larger than 0.4 the average deviation between theory and experiment is about 30%. The experimentally observed and calculated spectroscopic strengths are compared by using sum rules and are found to be consistent. An extensive compilation has been made of experimental data on energies,J ^π assignments and spectroscopic factors.     

Survey of ground state neutron spectroscopic factors from Li to Cr isotopes

The ground state neutron spectroscopic factors for 80 nuclei ranging in Z from 3 to 24 have been extracted by analyzing the past measurements of the angular distributions from (d, p) and (p, d) reactions. We demonstrate an approach that provides systematic and consistent values with minimum assumptions. For the 61 nuclei that have been described by large-basis shell-model calculations, most experimental spectroscopic factors are reproduced to within 20%.     

Test of sum rules in nucleon transfer reactions

The quantitative consistency of nucleon transfer reactions as a probe of the occupancy of valence orbits in nuclei is tested. Neutron-adding, neutron-removal, and proton-adding transfer reactions were measured on the four stable even Ni isotopes, with particular attention to the cross section determinations. The data were analyzed consistently in terms of the distorted wave Born approximation to yield spectroscopic factors. Valence-orbit occupancies were extracted, utilizing the Macfarlane-French sum rules. The deduced occupancies are consistent with the changing number of valence neutrons, as are the vacancies for protons, both at the level of <5%. While there has been some debate regarding the true "observability" of spectroscopic factors, the present results indicate that empirically they yield self-consistent results.     

The study of the angular distributions of protons from the reaction162Dy(d,p)163Dy at 12·1 MeV

The angular distributions of protons from the reaction¹⁶²Dy(d,p)¹⁶³Dy were measured. The experimental results were analysed in a Distorted Waves Born Approximation theory and the transferred angular momentum and spectroscopic factors were determined for the stronger transitions. The experimental spectroscopic factors were compared with the Nilsson model including the pairing effect.     

Enhanced photomultiplier sensitivity in spectroscopy systems

A fiber-ribbon-based coupling method is presented as a practical way to enhance light sensitivity in spectroscopic and similar systems employing a multialkali photomultiplier tube as a detector. The sensitivity enhancement is achieved by an increase in absorption in the photocathode through multiple total internal reflection in the photomultiplier entrance window. Improvements by factors of ~2 (blue-green) to more than 10 (near infrared) have been measured. Implications for spectroscopic applications are discussed.     

Two-nucleon transfer reactions uphold supersymmetry in atomic nuclei

The spectroscopic strengths of two-nucleon transfer reactions constitute a stringent test for two-nucleon correlations in the nuclear wave functions. A set of closed analytic expressions for ratios of spectroscopic factors is derived in the framework of nuclear supersymmetry. These ratios are parameter independent and provide a direct test of the wave functions. A comparison between the recently measured 198Hg(d-->,alpha)196Au reaction and the predictions from the nuclear quartet supersymmetry lends further support to the validity of supersymmetry in nuclear physics.     

Repeatability of ellipsometric data in cholera toxin GM1-ELISA structures

The need for repeated measurements in a wide range of biological testing due to statistical variations is well known. In this paper, we discuss a specific example in which the measurement probe is a spectroscopic ellipsometer. Repeatable results are needed in a wide range of applications such as drug testing, immunoassays and other tests for disease, and fundamental biomaterial research. The present paper seeks to help reduce the non-meaningful causes of lack of repeatability by identifying a large number of externally controllable factors. Another goal of this work was to quantify the effects of many of these factors on ellipsometric measurements. By exploiting the sensitivity of spectroscopic ellipsometry to ultrathin layers, improved ways to detect and quantitatively differentiate biological events can be explored. This initial work was motivated from an interest to distinguish one disease from another or discern effects of one drug from another using the high surface sensitivity of spectroscopic ellipsometry. In this paper, we investigate the example biological system of cholera toxin (CT) in an ELISA structure with monosialoganglioside (G_M1).     

差分浓度调制激光光谱技术

报道了在近红外波段的差分浓度调制激光光谱技术的研究工作,以N2^ 的浓度调制光谱为例,研究了浓度调制制激光光谱技术的特性。将浓度调制光谱与速度调制光谱相结合得到了速度调制光谱调制度与各因素的关系。同时展示的Ar激光发态的差分浓度调制光谱表明,差分浓度调制光谱技术在探测中性自由基分子和分子离子方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

伴有靶核核心激发的氘核削裂反应

本文研究了在氘核削裂反应中伴随有靶核核心激发的情况。在这种情况下,假定由于核子-核子剩余相互作用,靶核的组态除了通常壳模型组态外,还混杂有核心激发的组态。同样,剩余核的组态主要是某一种核心激发的组态,但也还混杂有别种组态。在这假定下,给出了所考虑的反应过程的微分截面表示式。它表明,反应截面主要由靶核的组态混合所贡献。一般说来,组态的混合程度不大,故可预期截面数值是较小的。公式还表明,反应角分布的特征峯是由核心在激发后留下来的空穴态的轨道角动量量子数所决定的。这二点结论与这类反应的实验结果是一致的。运用这公式具体估计了六个反应事例的核谱因子,在实验误差内,理论值和从实验的估计值大致相合。     

The influence of relaxation and nondipole effects on the intensity of X-ray photoelectron spectra

The photoionization cross sections; dipole and nondipole parameters of the angular distribution of photoelectrons; and the spectroscopic factors for the main X-ray photoelectron lines, which are used in quantitative analysis of the surface and most of atoms, have been calculated. It is shown that consideration of nondipole effects leads to a significant (up to 10%) change in the photoelectron angular distribution. Therefore, neglect of nondipole transitions may lead to an error above 10% when MgK _α and AlK _α X-ray lines are used for surface analysis. Consideration of the spectroscopic factors leads to a decrease in the absolute line intensity by about 20%. Calculations showed that this value weakly depends on the atomic number and quantum shell numbers.     

Four-nucleon pickup reaction on 12 ⩽ A ⩽ 94 nuclei

The differential cross sections for the (d, ⁶Li) reaction on targets of ¹²C, ¹⁶O, ²⁴Mg, ⁴⁰Ca, ⁵⁸Ni and ⁹⁴Mo have been measured at E_d = 54.2 MeV. The measured angular distributions have been analyzed by finite-range DWBA calculations, and spectroscopic factors for an α-cluster transfer have been extracted. In the DWBA analysis using an optical model with a phenomenological Woods-Saxon potential, the spin-orbit part of the deuteron optical potential played a significant role in reproducing the measured angular distributions but the spin-orbit part of the ⁶Li optical potential had a minor effect. Relative spectroscopic factors extracted from the present data were compared with theoretical predictions together with the results from the (p, pα) reaction. The relative spectroscopic factors for 1p-shell nuclei were in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. However, there were certain discrepancies between the spectroscopic factors extracted from the (d, ⁶Li) reaction and those from the (p, pα) reaction, and the discrepancies increased with target mass number.     

Quenching of spectroscopic factors for proton removal in oxygen isotopes

We present microscopic coupled-cluster calculations of the spectroscopic factors for proton removal from the closed-shell oxygen isotopes (14,16,22,24,28)O with a chiral nucleon-nucleon interaction at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order. We include coupling-to-continuum degrees of freedom by using a Hartree-Fock basis built from a Woods-Saxon single-particle basis. This basis treats bound and continuum states on an equal footing. We find a significant quenching of spectroscopic factors in the neutron-rich oxygen isotopes, pointing to enhanced many-body correlations induced by strong coupling to the scattering continuum above the neutron emission thresholds.     

Fine structure, partial widths and spreading widths of isobaric analogue resonances

Formulas for the microscopic calculation of partial widths and spreading widths, derived from several theories of the isobaric analogue resonances, are compared and critically examined. It is shown that the statistical assumptions used in the derivation of these formulas are not in contradiction with the fine-structure data, in contrast to recent speculations. The accuracy with which partial and spreading widths can be calculated is discussed. The theoretical values of the partial widths, and thus the determination of the spectroscopic factors, involve poorly known phenomenological parameters (essentially the shape of the symmetry potential). Thence, only relative values of the spectroscopic factors can at present be accurately determined. The calculation of the spreading width depends critically upon our knowledge of isospin violation in the nucleus. Recent calculations of the spreading widths are re-examined in the light of these results.     

Hönl-London factors for multiplet transitions in Hund’s case a or b

Hönl-London factors are the factors that give the dependence of spectroscopic line intensities on the rotational quantum numbers. Recently it has been shown that most tabulations of Hönl-London factors for singlet-singlet transitions do not allow for the special cases of Π-Σ and Σ-Π transitions, where a consideration of the parity symmetrisation shows that an extra factor of 2 is required. The present paper extends these considerations to multiplet transitions, in either pure Hund’s case a or pure Hund’s case b.