The vacuum ultraviolet beamline/endstations at NSRL dedicated to combustion research

An undulator‐based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) beamline (BL03U), intended for combustion chemistry studies, has been constructed at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) in Hefei, China. The beamline is connected to the newly upgraded Hefei Light Source (HLS II), and could deliver photons in the 5–21 eV range, with a photon flux of 10¹³ photons s^?1 at 10 eV when the beam current is 300 mA. The monochromator of the beamline is equipped with two gratings (200 lines mm^?1 and 400 lines mm^?1) and its resolving power is 3900 at 7.3 eV for the 200 lines mm^?1 grating and 4200 at 14.6 eV for the 400 lines mm^?1 grating. The beamline serves three endstations which are designed for respective studies of premixed flame, fuel pyrolysis in flow reactor, and oxidation in jet‐stirred reactor. Each endstation contains a reactor chamber, an ionization chamber where the molecular beam intersects with the VUV light, and a home‐made reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The performance of the beamline and endstations with some preliminary results is presented here. The ability to detect reactive intermediates (e.g. H, O, OH and hydroperoxides) is advantageous in combustion chemistry research.     

A plug‐and‐measure diagnostic tool for flux,resolution and beam size of a soft X‐ray beamline

A compact multi‐functional diagnostic tool has been installed for commissioning beamlines at the Taiwan Light Source. For a photon beam, the instrument can measure the photon flux, energy resolution and beam size, consecutively with a photodiode or gold mesh, a windowless gas cell and a movable fluorescence screen viewport. Two gratings with ruling densities of 350 and 1000 lines mm^?1 and dispersing photons of energies from 80 to 1200 eV were calibrated with a photon flux of 10¹¹ photon s^?1 at slit openings of 50 µm × 50 µm; a maximum resolving power of greater than 10000 was certified with an absorption spectra of gaseous samples. Pressure differences over four orders of magnitude were achieved between the ion chamber and the flux measurement chamber with a single capillary differential pumping stage. A sequence of beam profiles was measured by moving continuously in the vicinity of the nominal focal positions. This tool is useful in commissioning or trouble‐shooting at most beamlines in a synchrotron facility.     

Solar flux and spectrum measurements in the EUV spectral region on board the KORONAS-I satellite

Data on the equipment mounted on board the KORONAS-I satellite and solar flux measurements in the extreme ultraviolet range (λ<130 nm) are presented. A thermoluminescent technique was used for solar ultraviolet radiometry (SUR). Vacuum ultraviolet solar spectrometry (VUSS) equipment based on the gas-photoelectron spectrometry method was employed to measure the He II 30.4 nm line in the solar spectrum. The solar flux in the region λ <130 nm was 7.5 erg·cm^?2s^?1 and the Lyman alpha line intensity was (3.3–3.7) · 10¹¹ quant·cm^?2s^?1 in the low solar activity period from March to June 1994. The intensity of the He II (30.4 nm) line was varied in the limits of (6.0–7.5)·10⁹ quant·cm^?2s^?1 from the 4 th to the 7 th of March, 1994. No intensive solar flares were registered in the observation period. An increase in the solar flux by ～15% was observed at λ <130 nm during the B4.5 X-ray flare (June 30, 1994, 01 ^h 08 ^m UT).     

An influence of deposition temperature on structural,optical and electrical properties of sprayed ZnO thin films of identical thickness

Nanocrystalline ZnO thin films were deposited at different temperatures (T_s = 325 °C–500 °C) by intermittent spray pyrolysis technique. The thickness (300 ± 10 nm) independent effect of T_s on physical properties was explored. X-Ray diffraction analysis revealed the growth of wurtzite type polycrystalline ZnO films with dominant c-axis orientation along [002] direction. The crystallite size increased (31 nm–60 nm) and optical band-gap energy decreased (3.272 eV–3.242 eV) due to rise in T_s. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of films deposited at 450 °C confirmed uniform growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods. The films deposited at higher T_s demonstrated increased hydrophobic behavior. These films exhibited high transmittance (>91%), low dark resistivity (～10^?2 Ω-cm), superior figure of merit (～10^?3 Ω^?1) and low sheet resistance (～10² Ω/□). The charge carrier concentration (η -/cm³) and mobility (μ – cm²V^?1s^?1) are primarily governed by crystallinity, grain boundary passivation and oxygen desorption effects.     

Investigation of photoradiation resistance of polystyrene scintillators in vacuum

Maximum permissible absorbed doses of ⁶⁰Co ionizing radiation were first measured in thin (1 mm) polystyrene scintillator samples at simultaneous irradiation by 0.01–1 Gy s^?1 gamma radiation and ～10¹⁶ cm² s^?1 light in vacuum. It was shown that photoradiation resistance (unlike radiation resistance) is not increased if samples are placed into vacuum and all other conditions are preserved the same. The process of formation in the polymer of unsaturated conjugated structures, whose fraction is independent of oxygen content and supply, is probably responsible for the loss of light yield.     

Higher order averages of primary recoil distributions

A molecular beam detector is described which ionizes by electron bombardment. The ions are then separated in a quadrupole mass filter and detected by a multiplier. The special advantages of the mass filter allow a high overall transmission so that every 1000th molecule of the beam is measured as an ion. The ion current due to the residual gas is reduced by a factor of 10^?6 for all masses >45. These results were achieved without separately pumping or baking out the ionisation chamber. Since magnets are not used the detector is comparatively light and small in size. The smallest detectable beam was found to have a current density of 1,8·10^?6 molecules/sec mm² corresponding to 4·10³ molecules/cm³, at a vacuum pressure of 8·10^?7 torr in the apparatus, and using a time constant of 1,25 sec.     

Ionization equilibrium and radiative energy loss rates for C,N, and O ions in low-density plasmas

The results of calculations of the ionization equilibrium and radiative energy loss rates for C, N and O ions in low-density plasmas are presented for electron temperatures in the range 10⁴–10⁷ °K (～1–10³ eV). The ionization structure is determined using the steady-state corona model, in which electron impact ionization from the ground states is balanced by direct radiative and dielectronic recombination. Using an improved theory, detailed calculations are carried out for the dielectronic recombination rates in which account is taken of all radiative and autoionization processes involving a single-electron electricdipole transition of the recombining ion. The radiative energy loss processes considered are electron-impact excitation of resonance line emission, direct radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, and electron-ion bremsstrahlung. For all three elements, resonance line emission resulting from 2s?2p transitions produces a broad maximum in the energy loss rate near 10⁵°K(～ 10 eV).     

High density measurements of the Stark broadened profile of the He(II)4686 Å line

The Stark broadened profile of the He(II)4686 Å line has been scanned in the electron density range of 1–3 × 10¹⁸ cm^-3. The electron temperature, as determined from the line to continuum ratio, ranged from 9.4 to 19.9 eV. The plasma which emitted the He(II)4686 Å line was created in a 60-kJ theta pinch operated with a high fill pressure (3 and 5 torr) of pure helium. Electron densities were calculated from the half-half widths of the He(II)4686 Å line using two Stark broadening theories. These electron densities are compared with the electron densities determined from the absolute value of the continuum intensity and a total sweep up compressional model. The two theoretical models predict electron densities in good agreement with the electron densities from the absolute value of the continuum intensity.     

Results of the search forK-series X-rays from kaonic hydrogen

The X-ray spectrum associated withK ^? stopping in liquid hydrogen was measured with high resolution Si(Li) detectors. The totalK X-ray yield is not larger than 8×10^?4 per stoppedK ^? assuming no line broadening. A weak line pattern was found, which was tentatively ascribed to theK ^? HK-series X-rays. The shift and width of the 1s level, deduced from this pattern, are ε_1s =+270±80 eV andΓ=560±260 eV, respectively.     

Identification of Cu(I) and Cu(II) oxides by electron spectroscopic methods: AES,ELS and UPS investigations

The externally prepared black-coloured copper oxide (T? 700 K, P_O2 ? 100 torr) on a Cu(100) surface is identified by electron spectroscopy as CuO. Compared to the red-coloured Cu(I) oxide (in situ oxidation at T ? 400 K, P_O2 ? 0.5 torr, ～ 10⁹ L), the He(I)- excited photoemisson from CuO reveals characteristic shake-up satellites 10–12 eV below E_F and a broadened emission from overlapping oxygen-induced 2p and Cu 3d states. From the AES and ELS results, in correlation with the data from core electron spectroscopy, chemical shifts of Cu 2p, Cu 3s and Cu 3p in CuO to higher binding energy and decreases in binding energy of the oxygen-induced states were deduced. The unoccupied electron states of Cu at 5 and 7.5 eV above E_F — postulated from the ELS results — are preserved in Cu₂O and CuO compounds. Annealing of the Cu(II) oxide at 670 K is accompanied by decomposition into Cu₂O due to the solid-state reaction following the scheme: 2CuO → 1/2 O₂ + Cu₂O.     

同步辐射软X射线源用于软X射线探测元件定标

用于惯性约束聚变诊断的软Ｘ射线探测元器件的能量响应曲线定标，利用北京同步辐射装置（BSRF-3B1束线，束流为20—80mA，光子能量为250—1000eV,通量约为10¹²photon/s·mm²·mr²·0.1%band width）及反射率计靶室，采用AXUV-100硅光二极管作源强绝对监测．对X射线二极管（XRD）及金刚石光电导探测器等五种探测元件进行能量响应曲线定标，获得初步实验结果，并对数据进行了分析 关键词：     

The adsorption of carbon monoxide,ammonia, and wet air on gold

The work functions of gold films which were deposited on glass substrates in UHV were 0.5–0.9 eV higher than the work function of a well-baked gold sheet. The contact potential difference between a film and the sheet was reduced by wet air admitted to both surfaces at room temperature. Carbon monoxide admitted to both surfaces reduced the contact potential difference reversibly at pressures from 1 × 10^? to 2 × 10^?2 torr, and the evidence suggested that most of the change was owing to a reduction in the work function of the gold film. This reduction varied linearly with the gas pressure; it also depended on the temperature; decreasing from 2.8 eV torr^? at 17°C to < 0.25 eV torr^? at 72°C. The results for CO fitted a simple classical model, from which the mean adsorption energy for CO/Au was estimated as 11.3 ± 0.3 kcal mole^?. Ammonia at 17°C caused a similar reduction of work function at much lower pressures, ～ 10^?4 torr, and its adsorption energy was estimated as 13.6 kcal mole^?1. The films and the sheet gold were polycrystalline with their crystal orientations random in two directions, but their {100} planes were preferentially parallel to the exposed surface. The films were rougher than the sheet. The positive surface potentials for CO/Au and NH₃/Au seem to be due either to weakly bound electropositive states, or to their molecules penetrating into the sub-surface region of the film.     

New method for photoelectron spectroscopy of solutions

A new method of rather general scope is reported for the determination of the photoionization (PI) spectra of solutions. Spectra thus obtained correspond to PI for ejection of quasi-free electrons into the liquid phase. The method is based upon photoelectron emission (PEE) into vacuum by the solution upon irradiation with adjustable photon energy. A new instrument is described which features irradiation (up to 10 eV) of a film of the solution on the rim of a rotating disk target (72 r.p.m.). Two types of data are obtained: PEE quantum yield per incident photon as a function of photon energy; energy distribution curve (EDC) of electrons emitted into vacuum at given photon energies. The PI cross-section is obtained as a function of photon energy by the previously developed method of EDC superposition. The method is applicable even when the contribution by the solvent to total PEE is dominant. Application is made to PI by 0.4 M indole in glycol for irradiation from 6.5 to 10 eV. Experimental results include: the effect of equilibrium vapor pressure (3.5 × 10^?3 ? 4.6 × 10^?2 torr) on EDC's; PEE spectral response of solvent and solution; EDC's from 6.5 to 10 eV. Interpretation covers these results and also includes: attenuation of the photon flux in the gas phase; PI in the gas phase; changes of temperature and solute concentration caused by evaporation. The PI spectrum of indole in glycol at ?7 °C exhibits a band for bound-continuum transitions (rising segment up to ≈ 7.0 eV) and a superimposed band (maximum at ≈ 7.6 eV) for PI via autoionization of excited bound states. Systematic development of the photoionization spectroscopy of solutions up to 10 eV is made possible by this approach. Application of the rotating disk methodology to higher photon energies (HeI, ESCA) may be of interest.     

On the verification of atomic data for <Emphasis Type="Italic">K</Emphasis><Subscript>α</Subscript> radiation spectra from the TEXTOR tokamak

High-resolution spectra from the Ar¹⁶⁺ and Ar¹⁵⁺ ions measured at the TEXTOR tokamak are used to verify atomic data necessary for simulation and diagnostics of a hot coronal plasma with an accuracy of about 5%. A self-consistent approach based on solving the inverse problem by the Bayesian iteration method in the framework of the proposed semiempirical “spectroscopic” model is used. The perturbation calculations of the atomic characteristics for [He] and [Li] argon ions by means of the ATOM and MZ codes require 10% correction of the ratios of the effective excitation rates for the intercombination line of the [He] ion and the group of dielectronic satellites corresponding to the 1s2p3l — 1s ²3l′ transitions in the [Li] ion to the resonance line of the [He] ion. The spectra calculated with this correction are in agreement with the measured spectra within the measurement accuracy ?10% in the wide ranges ～0.8–2.5 keV and ～10¹³–10¹⁴ cm^?3 of the central electron temperature and density, respectively. It is found that the central temperature value can be determined in the framework of the spectroscopic model with an accuracy of ～5%, and the abundances of the [Li] and [II] argon ions with respect to the [He] ions can be determined with an accuracy of ～20 and 50%, respectively. It has been shown that the use of the isothermal approximation when measuring the temperature from the ratio of the intensities of the dielectronic satellites to the resonance line can lead to a large error of ～20% in the presence of gradients typical for tokamak plasmas.     

Ionenschallinstabilitäten in Edelgas-Gleichstromentladungen bei niedrigen Drücken. I. Meßanordnung und experimentelle Ergebnisse

An experimental study of self-excited ion acoustic waves with wavelengths greater than the radius of the discharge tube in a de-low pressure column is presented. The propagation of this type of waves was observed over a pressure range of 5 · 10^?4 torr ≦ p ≦ 10^?1 torr and currents of 0,02 A ≦ i ≦ 0,6 A in various gases (argon, neon, helium, and hydrogen) in cylindrical glass tubes with diameters of d = 2;4 and 6 cm. The Dispersion behaviour and the existence range were measured in dependence of the internal parameters of the discharge (characteristic velocities and collision frequencies) and the geometry of the discharge tube. It is shown, that the existence range depends not only on gas pressure and current but is influenced also by the geometry of the discharge tube. The minimum wavelengths which belong to the upper cut-off frequencies correlate with the radius of the discharge tube at currents higher than i ～ 0,2 A and increasing pressure.     

Population of 2p 55s levels of neon in He-Ne plasma: I. The evolution of mechanisms in the discharge and the afterglow

The spectroscopic study of population processes of neon 2p ⁵5s states was carried out in helium afterglow with small admixture of neon at PHe = 38.1 torr, [He]/[Ne]=10^?5 with pulsed discharge afterglow in helium with small admixture of neon (pressure equal to 38.1 mm Hg; ). It is established that the main mechanism of population of 3s ₂ level (in Paschen’s notation) in the discharge and the initial after-glow is the excitation transfer from metastable atoms of He(2¹ S ₀). The other three levels—3s ₃, 3s ₄, and 3s ₅—corresponding to 2p ⁵5s configuration are populated in the afterglow as a result of the dissociative recombination HeNe⁺ of ions with electrons. The same process is also the main channel of population of 3s ₂ level in the late afterglow phase, when the concentration of He(2¹ S ₀) atoms is small. The hypothesis of recombination mechanism is confirmed by observation of the response of line intensities to pulsed electron heating. The partial coefficients of dissociative recombination into 2p ⁵5s states are estimated.     

The ZnHg excimer: Optical and kinetic properties

The optical and collisional properties of the ZnHg excimer have been examined by optically pumping the Zn (4¹S₀→ 4³P₁) resonance line in Zn-Hg vapor mixtures. The stimulated emission cross-section determined for ZnHg¹ (2.3 × 10^?19 cm²) and the excimer's low rate of quenching by Hg (5.5 × 10^?15 cm³ s^?1) make it attractive for future energy-storage laser research.     

Abstracts

Abstract

Isothermal annealing of amorphous Si and Ge has been performed by picosecond pulsed laser irradiation of free-standing films. It is found that the laser induced nucleation rate is about 10²¹-5.10²² cm^?3 s^?1 (Si) and 10²³-10²⁵ cm^?3 s^?1 (Ge) near the melting point. Arrhenius plots of the nucleation rate show that nucleation is thermally activated with an activation energy of about ΔE = 1.8 ± 0.1 eV (Ge) and ΔE = 2.47 ± 0.15 eV (Si).     

CEMS study on diluted magneto titanium oxide films prepared by pulsed laser deposition

6% ⁵⁷Fe doped titanium oxide films, prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on sapphire substrate at 650°C under various vacuum conditions, were characterized mainly by conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry (CEMS). Two magnetic sextets with hyperfine fields 33 and 29 T, and one doublet were observed in the CEMS spectra of TiO₂ films prepared under PO₂ = 10^?6 and 10^?8 torr, which showed ferromagnetism at room temperature, whereas only the doublet of paramagnetic Fe³⁺ species was observed for the film prepared under PO₂ = 10^?1 torr.     

Angular dependence of double electron capture in collisions of C4+ with He

In charge-transfer collisions of C⁴⁺(1s^{2 1}S) with He (1s^{2 1}S), the process of double electron capture into the ground state C²⁺ is well-known to dominate other channels by an order of magnitude for projectile energies below 10 keV. This work presents a calculation of differential cross-sections resolved in the angle and energy gain variables, based on an ab initio treatment of electronic states, and compares with the measurements published in the literature (projectile energy E=270, 400, and 470 eV). We also briefly discuss the semi-empirical two-state models developed by experimentalists for this process.