Gas chromatographic behaviour of isomeric tricyclo[10.4.0.04,9]hexadecanes

Summary Using achiral stationary phases of different polarity in capillary gas chromatography it is demonstrated that the hydration of 1,2–5,6-dibenzocycloocta-1,5-diene yields five isomers of the tricyclo[10.4.0.0^4,9]hexadecanes. With highly polar stationary phases all isomers of the tricyclic hexadecanes and the semihydrated products in the mixture were also separated from each other. The chiral isomers were separated on cyclodextrin stationary phase. Moreover, with columns of achiral and chiral phases coupled in series, in a double oven gas chromatograph, it was possible to estimate the configuration of the isomers. The separation of diastereomers on chiral stationary phases is a useful means for structural assignment of isomeric compounds.Dedicated to Professor Leslie S. Ettre on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Facile separation of enantiomers,geometrical isomers,and routine compounds on stable cyclodextrin LC bonded phases

The effectiveness of employing stationary phases composed of chemically bonded cyclodextrin molecules in the high performance liquid chromatographic separation of a variety of different types of compounds is summarized. Over one hundred compounds, including optical, geometrical, and structural isomers, diastereomers, and epimers were successfully separated from each other via use of beta- or gamma-cyclodextrin bonded phases and aqueous methanolic mobile phases. The mechanism of separation is based upon inclusion complex formation between the compounds being separated and the cyclodextrin molecules bonded to the stationary phase. The effects of temperature, mobile phase composition and flow rate upon the chromatographic selectivity and resolution are described. The results indicate that the cyclodextrin columns may be more versatile, flexible, and effective compared to the conventional normal or reversed phase columns.     

Naphthalene sulphonic acids--new test compounds for characterization of the columns for reversed-phase chromatography

Non-substituted naphthalene sulphonic acids are strong acids, which are completely ionised in aqueous and aqueous-organic solutions. Because of repulsive electrostatic interactions, they are more or less excluded from the pores of the column packing materials commonly used in reversed-phase chromatography. The ionic exclusion can be suppressed by increasing the ionic strength of the mobile phase. In aqueous sodium sulphate solutions, very good selectivity was observed for isomeric naphthalene di- and tri-sulphonic acids, allowing reversed-phase separations of these strongly ionic compounds without addition of ion-pairing reagents to the mobile phase. The retention of the isomeric acids increases proportionally to the dipole moment, which can be explained by its effect on increasing exposure of the naphthalene ring to hydrophobic interactions with the non-polar stationary phases. Chromatographic behaviour of isomeric naphthalene di- and trisulphonic acids was investigated on 25 different columns for reversed-phase chromatography. The elution order of the isomers is the same on all the columns, but very strong stationary phase effects were observed on the retention and on the band asymmetry, depending on polar interactions with residual silanol groups and other polar adsorption centres in the stationary phases. These effects are independent of the organic solvents, as the tests are performed in purely aqueous mobile phases and allow classification of the columns into several groups.     

Comparison of column properties in reversed-phase chromatography: monolithic, cholesterolic and mixed bonded stationary phases

A commercial Chromolith C18 column and two new stationary phases with mixed ligands bonded on the Kromasil silica gel support, SG-MIX and SG-Chol, were characterized using simple tests based on the retention of non-polar, basic and acidic compounds. Polar and methylene selectivity tests in acetonitrile-water and methanol-water mobile phases revealed lower hydrophobicities of the SG-MIX and SG-Chol columns in comparison to the Chromolith column. The columns were further characterized using new test criteria - gradient oligomer capacity and isomeric selectivity and peak symmetry of naphthalene di-sulphonic acids in aqueous mobile phases. The cholesterolic column shows greater gradient oligomer selectivity for the separation of oligoethylene glycol samples than the SG-MIX and the Chromolith columns. Increased retention and peak tailing, but decreased isomeric selectivity for naphthalene-di-sulphonic acids was observed with the SG-MIX column, because of interactions with various polar bonded groups.     

Dicyanobiphenyl polysioloxane stationary phases for capillary column gas chromatography

Summary The chromatographic performance of newly developed dicyanobiphenyl polysiloxane stationary phases were evaluated and compared with the performance of other polar stationary phases, including the previously reported monocyanobiphenyl polysiloxanes. Due to the unique combination of polarizable biphenyl and polar cyano functionalities in the side chains of the flexible polysiloxane backbone, and by virtue of their mild liquid crystalline properties, the new stationary phases provide excellent resolution of a wide variety of analytes, both polar and nonpolar, in both GC and SFC. They can be easily coated and cross-linked in open tubular columns, and the resultant columns demonstrate excellent efficiency and performance at temperatures up to 280–300°C. The new stationary phases exhibit enhanced selectivities for various types of isomeric compounds.     

Analytical and semi-preparative enantioseparation of organic phosphonates on a new immobilized amylose based chiral stationary phase

Two chiral stationary phases derived from derivatized amylose (Chiralpak AD-H and Chiralpak IA) have been used to separate the enantiomers of new diethyl benzamidoarylmethylphosphonates. The data obtained indicate that all the studied compounds could be easily baseline resolved on both columns. Owing to the different techniques involved in their preparation, the two stationary phases differ in their abilities to effect enantiomeric separation. The semi-preparative separation of all compounds was executed successfully in n-hexane/EtOH on the new immobilized Chiralpak IA column. The analytical assessment of the enantiomeric excess values of all collected fractions was higher than 97%. The stereochemical configuration for the F1 fraction of a diethyl benzamidoarylmethylphosphonate was determined by X-ray diffraction structure analysis.     

Separation of Isomers on Nematic Liquid Crystal Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography: A Review

Understanding the composition of complex hydrocarbon mixtures is important for environmental studies in diverse fields, but many prevalent compounds cannot be confidently identified using traditional gas chromatography (GC) techniques. Increasing requirements on analyses of isomeric compounds and the problems encountered in their separation demand a study of more efficient systems which exhibit a high selectivity. Kelker and Fresenius first used nematic liquid crystals as stereospecific stationary phases in GC. Nematic liquid crystal has shown this particular selectivity and sensitivity as stationary phases for the separation of isomers having similar volatilities. Because of their unique selectivity towards rigid solute isomers, liquid crystal stationary phases were considered at one time to be a very promising class of materials that give gas chromatographic separations very different from those that can be obtained with any other stationary phase. Since then, a great deal of attention has been paid to the separation properties of this relatively wide group of substances. Liquid crystal can be used to separate a variety of compounds including isomer mixtures which cannot be separated on conventional stationary phases. This paper aims to review all specific experimental results and presents a comparative analytical study of monomeric nematic liquid crystal stationary phases used in GC. A further contribution of this review is in the field of isomeric compounds separation.     

Separation of isomeric naphthalenesulphonic acids by micro high-performance liquid chromatography with mobile phases containing cyclodextrin

Aromatic sulphonic acids are important dye intermediates and the determination of the individual isomers after their preparation by sulphonation of the parent aromatic hydrocarbon is important for the monitoring of the dye production process. For this purpose, either reversed-phase chromatography with mobile phases containing strong electrolytes as additives or capillary zone electrophoresis with working electrolytes containing cyclodextrins can be used to separate and determine not only individual sulphonation products with various numbers of sulphonic groups, but also various isomeric di- and trisulphonic acids. However, the separation of some isomers using either of the two techniques is not fully satisfactory. In the present work, HPLC with mobile phases containing cyclodextrins was employed to improve previously achieved separations of aromatic sulphonic acids. Because of the high cost of cyclodextrin, microcolumn HPLC with diode-array detection on the columns prepared in laboratory by supercritical fluid packing technique was employed for this purpose. Capillary columns packed with various octadecyl silica gel materials were compared and their stability and efficiency were found suitable for the separation of the compounds tested. The selectivity of separation of some isomers improved significantly with respect to the previous methods. Procedures were designed for separation and analytical control of technological processes producing dye intermediates.     

Novel stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cyclodextrin derivatives

Novel stationary phases were prepared for separation of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives by bonding substituted aromatic groups (phenyl and naphthyl) to the silica gel matrix. Both the electron-withdrawing (nitro) and the hydrogen-donor/acceptor (amide or carbamide) substituents of the phenyl group play essential role in the separation of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives. On the basis of the comparison of experimental data obtained on different columns the N-(4-nitrophenyl)-carbamide group bonded silica gel stationary phase was selected as the most effective one for analysis of cyclodextrin derivatives. Improved separation potency was observed for hydroxypropylated, methylated and several other cyclodextrin derivatives compared with the previously and presently used stationary phases. Owing to the strong retention of cyclodextrins and its derivatives on the selected column, detection of their decomposition products was easily achieved. Determination of unsubstituted, natural cyclodextrin as an impurity in the cyclodextrin derivatives was implemented. Identification and characterization of cyclodextrin derivatives in industrial products could also be performed.     

Ionic liquids as stationary phase solvents for methylated cyclodextrins in gas chromatography

Summary Room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) are molten salts with melting points well below room temperature. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is a typical example of such RTIL. It was used as a solvent to dissolve permethylated-β-cyclodextrin (BPM) and dimethylated-?cyclodextrin (BDM) to prepare stationary phases for capillary columns in gas chromatography for chiral separation. The RTIL containing columns were compared to commercial columns containing the same chiral selectors. A set of 64 chiral compounds separated by the commercial BPM column was tested on the RTIL BPM column. Only 21 were enantioresolved. Similarly, a set of 80 compounds separated by the commercial BDM column was passed on the RTIL BDM column with only 16 positive separations. It is proposed that the imidazolium ion pair could make an inclusion complex with the cyclodextrin cavity, blocking it for chiral recognition. All the chiral compounds recognized by the RTIL columns had their asymmetric carbon that was part of a ring structure. The retention factors of the derivatized solutes were lower on the RTIL columns than those obtained on the commercial equivalent column. The peak efficiencies obtained with the RTIL capillary were significantly higher than that obtained with the commercial column. These observations may contribute to the knowledge of the mechanism of cyclodextrin-based GC enantioselective separations.     

Single-step preparation and characterization of polymeric monolith for pressurized capillary electrochromatography of typical homologs

A monolithic stationary phase was prepared in a single step by in situ copolymerization of iso-butyl methacrylate (IBMA), ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), and N,N-dimethylallylamine (DMAA) in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,4-butanediol. As the frame structures of monoliths, the amino groups are linked to support the EOF necessary for driving the mobile phase through the monolithic capillary, while the hydrophobic groups are introduced to provide the nonpolar sites for the chromatographic retention. To evaluate the column performance, separations of typical kinds of neutral or charged homologs, such as alkylbenzenes, phenols (including isomeric compounds of hydroquinone, resorcin, and catechol), and anilines (including isomeric compounds of o-phenylenediamine and 1,4-phenylenediamine), were performed, respectively on the prepared column under the mode of pressurized pCEC. Effects of the buffer pH and the mobile phase composition on the linear velocity of mobile phase and the retention factors of these compounds were investigated. It was found that the retention mechanism of charged solutes could be attributed to a mixed mode of hydrophobic interaction and electrophoresis, while an RP chromatographic behavior on the monolithic stationary phases was exhibited for neutral solutes. Especially, basic compounds such as anilines were well separated on the monolithic columns in the "counterdirectional mode," which effectively eliminated the electrostatic adsorption of basic analytes on the charged surface of the stationary phases.     

Retention on mixed cyclodextrin/polysiloxane stationary phases in capillary GC—Evidence for the interaction of cyclodextrin and polysiloxane

The dependence of the retention on stationary phases consisting of mixtures of a cyclodextrin (perpentyl-β-cyclodextrin) and a polysiloxane (cyanopropyl-7%-, phenyl-7%-methyl-86%-or OV-1701) was investigated as function of the cyclodextrin concentration. In order to study the effect of mixing, the data on the mixed stationary phases were compared with those obtained on pure OV-1701 and perpentylated β-CD and on coupled columns, individually coated with the pure phases. The validity of the retention model proposed in the literature by Schurig and co-workers was checked. Deviation from linearity was observed for some racemates. A possible explanation of the deviation is presented and a more general retention model on mixed cyclodextrin-polysiloxane phases is proposed.     

Retention and selectivity tests of silica-based and metal-oxide bonded stationary phases for RP-HPLC

Chromatographic properties of silica-, zirconia- and alumina-based columns with octadecyl-, polyethylene glycol- and pentafluorophenylpropyl-bonded stationary phases were tested. Selectivities of nine columns for LC were characterized using chromatographic methods including Walters, Engelhardt, Tanaka and Galushko hydrophobicity and silanol activity tests, measurements of methylene selectivity in various aqueous-methanol and aqueous-acetonitrile mobile phases and of gradient lipophilic capacity as a measure of the effect of the sample hydrophobicity on gradient-elution separations. A semi-empirical interaction indices model, assuming a predominant role of the solvophobic interactions of test compounds with different polarities, was compared with the linear free energy relationships approach taking into account selective polar interactions. The interaction indices model was applied to both non-polar stationary phases bonded on silica, alumina and zirconia supports, and to the non-modified adsorbents in the normal-phase LC. The retention data of isomeric naphthalene disulfonic acids were used to compare the attractive and repulsive ionic interactions of the columns in purely aqueous mobile phases. The results of the hydrophobicity and polarity tests were consistent, and allowed column characterization and classification. Silanol activity was important with octadecyl silica columns, but was relatively insignificant with bonded polyethylene glycol and pentafluorophenylpropyl phases on silica gel support. Polar interactions with the alumina and zirconia support materials significantly affect the retention.     

Comparison of two liquid crystals as stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography

Summary The comparative gas chromatographic behavior has been investigated for two new liquid-crystal stationary phases, 2-(3-chlorobenzyloxy)-3-hexanoxy-4-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)-4′-(4-methylbenzoyloxy)azobenzene (denoted 3-Cl) and 2-(3-methylbenzyloxy)-3-hexanoxy-4-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)-4′-(4-methylbenzoyloxy)azobenzene (denoted 3-CH₃). The structures of the main core of the two liquid crystals are the same but they differ by lateral aromatic branch— 3-chlorobenzyloxy and 3-methylbenzoyloxy. Their thermal properties were established by use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and their chromatographic separation properties by use of glass capillary columns. Interesting analytical performance was obtained in the separation of isomeric aromatic compounds, polyaromatic compounds, volatile aroma compounds, andcis andtrans isomers. Separation efficiency was higher for 3-Cl, especially for volatile aroma compounds, light aromatic compounds, and polyaromatic compounds, although the phases were similar in otherways.     

A study of chromatographic properties of liquid crystalline polyacrylates using WCOT columns in gas chromatography

Liquid crystalline polyacrylates (LCPAs) are evaluated as stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography (CGC). Aromatic hydrocarbons as well as polar isomeric compounds are used as test solutes to compare the polarity of the LCPAs with a conventional polysiloxane column and a Carbowax 20M column. The relative polarity of the columns with respect to change in the lateral and terminal substituents is also discussed. Lateral substitution, polarity of the terminal group, together with the solute size, affect the LCPA selectivity.     

Separation of Mycotoxins,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,Quinones, and Heterocyclic Compounds on Cyclodextrin Bonded Phases: An Alternative LC Packing

Abstract

β-Cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin chiral bonded phases were previously shown to be useful in the separation of enantiomers, diastereomers and structural isomers. In this work it is demonstrated that these stationary phases are also useful in more routine separations. As such, they provide an alternative to the popular reverse phase packings. Because the selectivity of cyclodextrin packings is often unique they can be used to compliment conventional columns, particularly when separating complex mixtures where peak overlap is a problem. The separation of several important classes of compounds is used to demonstrate the general utility of this packing.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备丙二酰胺型二氧大环多胺用作开管柱电色谱固定相的研究

开管柱毛细管电色谱（OTCEC）兼有HPLC和CE的优点^[1] 。柱内径相同时,柱效是OTLC的2倍^[2]。现在常用的直接键合法的制备步骤多,周期长,柱容量小。溶胶－凝胶（sol-gel)能在很温和的条件下使有机物附着在无机介质的表面上,经化学键合作用使涂层对基质有强烈的粘附性。与通常方法相比,sol-gel法制得的涂层有高的相比和抗水解能力。Guo等^[3]用sol-gel技术制备了高相比、高样品容量的OTCEC柱,叶明亮等6[4]用sol-gel法制备了C8开管柱电色谱柱并进行了评价。我们^[5]用sol-gel法将含羟基的冠醚涂渍固化在毛细管内,用于GC分析取得满意结果。丙二酰胺型二氧大环多胺具有大环多胺和寡肽的双重性质,用作OTCEC的固定相更有助于提高分离物的选择性。本文采用sol-gel技术制备含有丙二酰胺型二氧大环多胺的OTCEC柱,可将大环化合物键合在多孔的玻璃状基体上,使毛经表面粗糙化和固定相键合两步合二为一。用制得的OTCEC柱成功地分离了苯二酚、硝基酚、氨基酚和苯二胺的位置异构体及邻卤代苯胺和生物单胺神经递质。与键合法制得的二氧大环多胺柱子^[6,7]比较,用该法制得的柱子有较高的柱效,重现性好,迁移时间短,可进行快速分析。     

Development and application of polymeric monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography

Monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography are receiving quite remarkable attention. This review summarizes results excerpted from numerous papers concerning this rapidly growing area with a focus on monoliths prepared from synthetic polymers. Both the simplicity of the in situ preparation and the large number of readily available chemistries make the monolithic separation media a vital alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials. Therefore, they are now a well-established stationary phase format in the field of capillary electrochromatography. A wide variety of synthetic approaches as well as materials used for the preparation of the monolithic stationary phases are presented in detail. The analytical potential of these columns is demonstrated with separations involving various families of compounds and different chromatographic modes.     

Expanding the Applications of the Ionic Liquids as GC Stationary Phases: Plasticizers and Synthetic Musks Fragrances

The exceptional properties of the ILs make them ideal for gas chromatography stationary phases. New stationary phases exhibiting good separation selectivity, high efficiency, and high thermal stability are in high demand. Recently, several gas chromatographic capillary columns containing IL stationary phases of various polarities have been introduced on the market. The aim of this work is to extend the applications of the ILs as GC column coatings. The effectiveness of five different commercial IL columns (SLB™-IL59, SLB™-IL76, SLB™-IL82, SLB™-IL100 and SLB™-IL111) for the analysis of two different families of emerging contaminants of environmental concern (plasticizers and synthetic musk fragrances) has been explored. The results obtained for these two families of compounds are compared with the ones obtained when using a (5 %-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane column. For three of these IL columns, applications have not yet been described. Good resolution for the most of the studied emerging pollutants belonging to five different analytical groups (adipates, phthalates, macrocyclic musks, nitromusks and polycyclic musks) was achieved in all the IL columns.

     

聚甲基丙烯酸葡萄糖酯及聚甲基丙烯酸纤维二糖酯高效液相色谱手性固定相的性能测评

首先合成了甲基丙烯酸葡萄糖酯和甲基丙烯酸纤维二糖酯,然后通过甲基丙烯酸-3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙酯分别聚合在硅胶上,并将其作为高效液相色谱手性固定相。分别以正己烷-异丙醇(体积比为90:10)、正己烷-异丙醇-三乙胺(体积比为90:10:0.2)和正己烷-异丙醇-三氟乙酸(体积比为90:10:0.2)溶液作为流动相,对15种包含醇类、胺类、酰胺类和酮类的外消旋体化合物进行手性拆分。拆分结果表明,葡萄糖和纤维二糖聚合物固定相对大多数醇类和胺类以及部分酰胺类和酮类外消旋体化合物有较好的手性识别能力,并且二者的手性识别能力还具有一定的互补性。该研究表明,单糖和二糖聚合物固定相可成为一类新型的高效液相色谱手性固定相。