C—H键活化和官能化的新进展

1.前言 活化有机物中最丰富但又最富惰性的饱和烃,早已是化学家梦寐以求的目标。饱和烃既无重键,又无孤对电子和极性,它的键能大,电离能高,对这种强共价键C-H或C-C键的活化,无疑具有重大的理论意义。饱和烃作为一种重要的能源和原料(如大量天然气资源和石油中低沸点直链饱和烃的利用以及作为各种有机产物、制药、纤维和其他新材料等的基本原料)研究对它的开发和利用具有重大的经济意义。尤其在石油资源逐渐枯竭,新探明的天然气储量迅速上升的情况下,迎接以天然气为基础的有机化学工业原料路线的变革和转移,     

镧系金属有机络合物活化甲烷键

饱和烷烃中碳-氢键的活化,以甲烷键最困难。用镧系金属有机络合物活化甲烷键首次获得成功,典型的反应是:镥或镱的烷基衍生物或氢化物,在温和条件下不仅能活化sp~2 C-H键,而且也能活化Si(CH_3)_4中的sp~3C-H键。通过改变络合物的结构,可以控制这个反应的选择性,这是实现催化控制的新途径。活化反应如下:     

催化研究的新希望:烷烃C-H键的活化

选择性是催化反应的精髓。近几年通过金属有机化合物,高选择性的活化饱和烷烃中的不活泼碳-氢键获得成功。反应在均相体系和温和条件下进行,反应选择性发生在饱和碳氢键的伯碳位置。饱和碳氢化合物中的碳氢键与金属有机络合物首先发生氧化加成,然后进行还原消除,生成金属-碳σ键化合物。类似结构的铑络合物也能活化丙烷中的C-H键。     

共轭双烯辅助下的烯丙基碳氢键活化:Rh(I)催化的多取代的四氢吡咯、四氢呋喃及环戊烷衍生物的合成

<正>J.Am.Chem.Soc.2010,132,4542～4543选择性C-H键官能团化是一种非常经济、高效地利用碳氢化合物的方法.在诸多C-H键活化/C-C键形成的反应中,将C-H键进行活化后直接加     

C-H键选择性直接电氧化研究

C-H键是有机化合物中最基本的化学键,C-H键的活化和直接转化避免了反应物的预先官能化,是最终实现烷烃类化合物转化为不同种类有机化合物最直接、高效的转换方式,通过C-H键构建C-X键（X=O、C、N）是非常重要和具有挑战性的研究. C-H键直接电氧化活化过程中以“电子”参与反应,不需要加入额外的催化剂,并可通过选择合适的电极材料、支持电解质、溶剂和反应温度,通过恒电流或者恒电位电解,进行具有特定的反应选择性和区域选择性的C-H键电氧化活化,从而获得含其他活性基团的目标产物.     

基于铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展

过渡金属催化的C-H键活化及在此基础上的C-C键形成的反应因其高原子经济性和高效的合成效率而备受人们的关注.铁元素具有含量丰富、廉价、易得、环境友好等优点,在催化反应中得到了越来越广泛的应用.近几年来,人们关于Fe催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究也取得了一定的进展.本文对铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的最新研究进展作了综述,并且按照铁催化剂的不同价态进行了分类归纳,也对催化机理进行了阐述与总结.     

Ru催化的C-H键的活化反应

概述了Ru催化的碳氢键的活化反应，包括C-H/烯烃，C-H/炔径和C-H/CO/烯烃 偶联反应，加氢酰化反应，硅化反应。     

CuO+氧化苯直接形成苯酚反应机理的理论研究

在UB3LYP/6-31G(d,p) 水平下研究了CuO+氧化苯形成苯酚反应的详细机理,同时计算了单重态和三重态势能面。计算结果表明,苯与CuO+间相互作用主要为?配键,反馈?键较弱. CuO+氧化苯形成苯酚反应通过非自由基氢摘取机理完成,主要包括C-H键活化和苯基与羟基耦合两步反应. C-H键活化为整个反应的决速步骤. C-H键活化步骤涉及势能面交叉,且自旋交叉与动力学相关。CuO+氧化苯形成苯酚反应在气相中很容易进行.     

饱和烃C—H键的活化及其配位催化反应的研究——Ⅳ.Pt(Ⅱ)配合物催化活化饱和烃C—H键的催化活性的量子化学计算

在用有机过渡金属配合物作为催化剂活化饱和烃C—H键及选择性引入官能团的反应中,氧化加成是一个关键的基元反应,它能使反应底物的C—H键断裂,然后生成烷基金属氢化物,为小分子插入生成的金属—碳键,选择性引入官能团创造了必要的条件。最近,饱和烃氧化加成到低价有机金属配合物上得到了实验证明,可是迄今尚未对这一基元反应用量子化学方法进行研究。我们曾经对trans-PtHL_2X(L=PPh_3;X=Cl~-,Br~-,I~-)配合物催化活化饱和烃C—H键的活性进行了考察,催化活性按Cl~->Br~->I~-的顺序降低。对于这一结果难于用卤素原子的电负性来解释,因为在氧化加成反应中,催化剂中心金属的形式氧化数要增加2,而当卤素     

载体ZrO2的d带电子对Ni13催化CH4脱氢过程的影响（英文）

C-H键活化是甲烷转化的关键，分散于ZrO₂（111）表面的活性Ni₁₃微粒能实现这一过程。密度泛函理论结果表明，相比Ni₁₃催化过程，Ni₁₃-ZrO₂（111）更能活化CH₄逐步脱氢并稳定其解离物种；且在载体ZrO₂存在下，C-H键长增加，C-H断键活化能降低，放热量增多，达过渡态时，解离H与残留CH_x间距减小，因此，负载催化剂Ni₁₃-ZrO₂（111）具有更好的催化性。究其原因，对于Ni-C-H,ZrO₂丰富的d带电子使得Ni 3d电子密度增强，C 2p与Ni 3d轨道重叠增多，Ni-C键增强，C-H键减弱，基于此，CH_x吸附增强，C-H键活性亦增强。因此，载体ZrO₂的d带为Ni₁₃活化CH₄促进C-H键解离提供着电子。     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Relation between characteristic adsorption energy and internal pressure in the theory of volume filling of micropores

An equation for the internal pressure acting on an adsorbate in micropores was obtained on the basis of the assumption that the chemical potential of an adsorbate in micropores is equal to that in an equilibrium gas phase and using the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation. The empirical relation between the characteristic adsorption energy and the half width of pores was expressed in terms of internal pressure and diameter of adsorbate molecules. The two-dimensional pressure was calculated for micropores with plane-parallel walls, where the width of a micropore coincides with the diameter of an adsorbate molecule. The results obtained were compared with the two-dimensional pressure of a monolayer on a free planar surface for an adsorbate and adsorbent of the same nature.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1928–1930, October, 1995.     

STUDIES ON THE REACTIVITY PATTERNS OF HETEROCYCLICS IN AQUEOUS DMSO‐INTERACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE END OF SULFOXIDE DIPOLE AND LONE PAIR ON RING NITROGEN IN PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract

The signals for the α, β, and γ protons of pyridine exhibit a downfield shift in DMSO-d₆, compared to CCl₄ as solvent, the order being γ > β > α. This is attributed to an interaction between the positive end of the DMSO dipole and the lone pair of electrons on the ring nitrogen. This effect is also reflected in the faster rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl isonicotinate over ethyl nicotinate and ethyl picolinate in aqueous DMSO relative to aqueous ethanol. Similar solvent effects are also observed in the pmr spectrum of pyrazine.     

Protonation of leucoemeraldine in the solid state and in solution

The protonation of leucoemeraldine in power form and in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution by HCIO₄ and HBF₄ has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. In powder form, less than 25% of the amine nitrogens can be protonated in the absence of oxygen. The effects of oxygen on the degree of protonation and the distribution of amine and imine units upon deprotonation of the salt are investigated. The degree of protonation in leuccemeraldine can be increased to about 50% with 3 M HCIO₄, similar to that achievable with emeraldine base in powder form. In NMP solution, leucoemeraldine is easily oxidized by dissolved oxygen. Protonation of both leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base in NMP solutions results in metastable species which gradually undergo deprotonation. The resulting products are affected by the O₂ content of the solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

碳量子点上转换材料的制备及其应用研究进展

碳量子点(CQD)具有化学惰性,生物相容性和低毒性等优势,可能在能源、生物医药等领域得到广泛的应用. CQD可通过表面被聚合物(例如PEG)钝化而表现出很强的光致发光特性.在生物成像,疾病检测和药物输送中使用表面钝化后的功能化生物分子更为有效.并且碳材料由于其优异的电化学性能还展现出在催化、电子器件等许多领域广泛的应用前景.我们将对近年来碳量子点发光材料的研究进行总结,并讨论碳量子点在能源、环境和其他一些领域的应用.     

数据离群值的检验及处理方法讨论

由目前普遍使用的分析化学教材中与离群值相关的内容出发,对其进行对比和分析,说明数据离群值检验的意义和重要性。对几种常见的离群值判定方法进行了列举和比较,并对已确认为异常值的数据的处理方法也进行了对比和讨论。各种检验和处理方法各有其优势和劣势,根据实际情况选择不同方法或多种方法配合使用,能够更好地实现对离群值的检验和处理。     

Kinetics of orientation of a side-chain liquid–crystal polymer as measured by a high-temperature SQUID-magnetometer

A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer suitable for measurements of the magnetic susceptibility up to 600 K has been used to follow the kinetics of realignment in the nematic phase of a side-chain liquid–crystal polymer. Experiments are performed using monodomain and polydomain samples. Results obtained in monodomain samples are in quantitative agreement with the prediction of the continuum theory up to an angle of approximately 60°. Experiments conducted at higher starting angles give clear indication of backflow effects. Data obtained from experiments on polydomain samples have been compared with model calculations using the data on the monodomain samples. This comparison leads to the conclusion that in this case backflow effects play an important role, too. All results show that SQUID magnetometry allows monitoring of the kinetics of realignment with highest precision. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thermochemical Study of 1-Methylhydantoin

Using static bomb combustion calorimetry, the combustion energy of 1-methylhydantoin was obtained, from which the standard molar enthalpy of formation of the crystalline phase at T = 298.15 K of the compound studied was calculated. Through thermogravimetry, mass loss rates were measured as a function of temperature, from which the enthalpy of vaporization was calculated. Additionally, some properties of fusion were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, such as enthalpy and temperature. Adding the enthalpy of fusion to the enthalpy of vaporization, the enthalpy of sublimation of the compound was obtained at T = 298.15 K. By combining the enthalpy of formation of the compound in crystalline phase with its enthalpy of sublimation, the respective standard molar enthalpy of formation in the gas phase was calculated. On the other hand, the results obtained in the present work were compared with those of other derivatives of hydantoin, with which the effect of the change of some substituents in the base heterocyclic ring was evaluated.     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.