Gravitational mass and energy gradient in the ultra-strong magnetic fields

The paper aims to apply the complex octonion to explore the influence of the energy gradient on the Eötvös experiment, impacting the gravitational mass in the ultra-strong magnetic fields. Until now the Eötvös experiment has never been validated under the ultra-strong magnetic field. It is aggravating the existing serious qualms about the Eötvös experiment. According to the electromagnetic and gravitational theory described with the complex octonions, the ultra-strong magnetic field must result in a tiny variation of the gravitational mass. The magnetic field with the gradient distribution will generate the energy gradient. These influencing factors will exert an influence on the state of equilibrium in the Eötvös experiment. That is, the gravitational mass will depart from the inertial mass to a certain extent, in the ultra-strong magnetic fields. Only under exceptional circumstances, especially in the case of the weak field strength, the gravitational mass may be equal to the inertial mass approximately. The paper appeals intensely to validate the Eötvös experiment in the ultra-strong electromagnetic strengths. It is predicted that the physical property of gravitational mass will be distinct from that of inertial mass.     

Galileo's experiment on free-falling bodies using modern optical techniques

We propose a method, based on well-known optical techniques, by which possible differences in the free-fall accelaration of bodies of different nuclear composition can be measured. The sensitivity of the method is almost a factor of 10 higher than in the experiment of Eötvös et al.     

Modeling and numerical approximations for bubbles in liquid metal

In simulations of liquid metals, various model approximations, each of which justified by experimental results lead to a simplified two-phase flow problem. This paper discusses numerical justifications for these approaches and provides quantitative results for a single rising bubble as a benchmark. Representing a bubble as a rigid object is shown to be valid for low Eötvös numbers in contaminated systems. Qualitative differences can be observed for larger Eötvös numbers. Further simulations are undertaken with different ratios of inner and outer viscosity. The benchmark problem considered may also be interesting for more general applications.     

Energy conservation and the principle of equivalence

If the equivalence principle is violated, then observers performing local experiments can detect effects due to their position in an external gravitational environment (preferred-location effects) or can detect effects due to their velocity through some preferred frame (preferred-frame effects). We show that the principle of energy conservation implies a quantitative connection between such effects and structure-dependence of the gravitational acceleration of test bodies (violation of the Weak Equivalence Principle). We analyze this connection within a general theoretical framework that encompasses both non-gravitational local experiments and test bodies as well as gravitational experiments and test bodies, and we use it to discuss specific experimental tests of the equivalence principle, including non-gravitational tests such as gravitational redshift experiments, Eötvös experiments, the Hughes-Drever experiment, and the Turner-Hill experiment, and gravitational tests such as the lunar-laser-ranging “Eötvös” experiment, and measurements of anisotropies and variations in the gravitational constant. This framework is illustrated by analyses within two theoretical formalisms for studying gravitational theories: the PPN formalism, which deals with the motion of gravitating bodies within metric theories of gravity, and the TH?μ formalism that deals with the motion of charged particles within all metric theories and a broad class of non-metric theories of gravity.     

About the Eötvös experiment and the hypercharge theory

A careful analysis of the linear correlation between the data of the Eötvös experiment and the baryon number per unit atomic mass shows (i) that it has a positive slope and approximately goes through the origin, and (ii) that the errors are so great that it can accomodate the weak equivalence principle of general relativity as well as the hypercharge theory of Fischbach et al., both for an attractive or a repulsive force.     

Free-Fall Non-Universality in Quantum Theory

The author shows by embodying the Einstein equivalence principle—local Poincaré invariance—and general covariance in quantum theory that wave-function spreading rules out the universality of free fall, that is, the free-fall trajectory of a quantum (test) particle depends on its internal properties. The author provides a quantitative estimate of the free-fall non-universality in terms of the Eötvös parameter, which turns out to be measurable in atom interferometry.     

On weaker forces than gravity

The limits on hypothetical new interactions with a range accessible to detection by laboratory and geophysical experiments are briefly reviewed, and the limits at larger distances imposed by a rich body of astronomical observations are elaborated on. The systematic deviations correlated with baryon number that have recently been unearthed from the data of Eötvös' classical experiment, can bravely but consistently be interpreted as a new force whose range is narrowly bracketed somewhere in between Mercury's distance to the sun and our distance to the moon. This hypothetical long-range interaction would be five and a half orders of magnitude weaker than gravity. The new force would make like bodies attract, and would therefore not constitute an elegant explanation of why protons have not been seen to decay.     

On the possible existence of a light vector meson coupled to the hypercharge current

It is shown that the recently revived “hyperphoton” hypothesis in conjunction with a reanalysis of the Eötvös experiment, is in contradiction with the existing limits on K decays. In particular, it is shown that the branching ratio K⁺→π⁺+γ_Y/K⁺→ all is expected to be of the order of 10⁻⁴ while the experimental upper limit is 4×10⁻⁸.     

Equivalence principles and gauge fields

We investigate the implication of the week equivalence principles and Eötvös-Dicke experiments for gauge fields in a general framework. In particular, we show that the Galileo weak equivalence principle (WEP[I]) implies the Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) with one exception; however, the second weak equivalence statement (WEP[II]) implies EEP. For the exceptional case, there are anomalous torques on polarized test bodies. As an example, we apply our results to quantum chromodynamics.     

Black hole acoustics in the minimal geometric deformation of a de Laval nozzle

The correspondence between sound waves, in a de Laval propelling nozzle, and quasinormal modes emitted by brane-world black holes deformed by a 5D bulk Weyl fluid are here explored and scrutinized. The analysis of sound waves patterns in a de Laval nozzle in the laboratory, reciprocally, is here shown to provide relevant data about the 5D bulk Weyl fluid and its on-brane projection, comprised by the minimal geometrically deformed compact stellar distribution on the brane. Acoustic perturbations of the gas fluid flow in the de Laval nozzle are proved to coincide with the quasinormal modes of black holes solutions deformed by the 5D Weyl fluid, in the geometric deformation procedure. Hence, in a phenomenological Eötvös–Friedmann fluid brane-world model, the realistic shape of a de Laval nozzle is derived and its consequences studied.     

Electromagnetically induced transparency in novel dual-band metamaterial excited by toroidal dipolar response

We demonstrated a novel metamaterial with dual-band electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT)via simulation,experiment and numerical analysis,with resonance frequencies of the trans-parency peaks of 7.60 and 10.27 GHz.The E-εmetamaterial unit cells were composed of E-shaped and e-shaped patterns.By analyzing the surface current distribution and the magnetic field,we qualitatively verified the toroidal dipole response in the E-εmetamaterial at 10.27 GHz.Meanwhile,by calculating the multipole's radiated power,we found that the two transparency peaks were due to the excitation of the electric and toroidal dipole responses.By changing the incident angle from 0°to 60°,we observed changes in transmission spectra,and the quality factors(Q-factors)of the two transparency peaks increased.In addition,the proposed E-εmetamaterial can be designed to act as a refractive index sensor or other electronic equipment for the control of electromagnetic waves.     

The Mössbauer community in the USA

Scientists in the United States assumed major roles in developing the Mössbauer community during its early years. However, since the termination of the Mössbauer Effect Methodology meetings in 1976, there has been little in the way of regular Mössbauer meetings in the United States. Nevertheless, there is an active United States Mössbauer community, as noted by the number of annual publications – 156 in 2004. In recent decades, attendance of Mössbauer researchers from the United States at the International Conferences on the Applications of the Mössbauer Effect (ICAME) has been far below what would be expected from the number of contributions in the Mössbauer literature. Attempts have been made, unsuccessfully, to arrange for regular Mössbauer meetings. Models for possible future Mössbauer meetings of US scientists are discussed, including a regular biannual meeting, and another being a virtual Mössbauer conference. Also discussed are other models to maintaining an active Mössbauer community in the United States, making use of information technologies that are available to us along with other resources we can use.     

Experimental observation of vibrations produced by pulsed laser beam in MgO:57Fe

We report the first observation of a laser-produced vibration with the aid of Mössbauer techniques. Thin platelets of MgO single crystals were doped by diffusion of ⁵⁷Fe atoms. The illumination of the MgO:⁵⁷Fe sample with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser produced a significant broadening of the Mössbauer spectrum. In order to find out what caused these changes, we performed a series of time-domain experiments, in which the Mössbauer spectra were collected only during a 2.5 μs gate interval. This gate interval was swept from 5 μs to 190 μs over the time interval between the two laser pulses. After laser irradiation, the position of the Mössbauer line was found to be changing in time as a decaying oscillations of well-defined frequency, which can be due to the vibration of the sample induced by the laser pulse.     

New in-beam Mössbauer spectroscopy station at the Budapest Research Reactor

We report about a new in-beam Mössbauer station which is intended to utilize the cold neutron source and guide system installed on the 10th beam line of the Budapest Research Reactor. This new in-beam facility enables us to broaden the number of nuclides accessible for Mössbauer studies in various materials. In this article we describe our new system and summarize the possibilities of its application to Mössbauer spectroscopy.     

Mössbauer study of some biological iron complexes

Some biological complexes containing iron are investigated experimentally at room temperature using the Mössbauer resonance. The complexes show quadrupole doublet and Kramer’s degeneracy is found to exist. The electric field gradient, difference ins-electron densities and quadrupole coupling constant have been calculated in each case. These parameters are used to obtain information on the surroundings of the Mössbauer atom     

Thermal equilibrium defects in iron-based alloys

The Mössbauer spectra of ⁵⁷Fe were measured for the thermal equilibrium b.c.c. Fe_0.947V_0.053 and Fe_0.956Co_0.044 solid solutions being at temperature ranging from 300 to 1,000 K. The obtained data were analysed in terms of concentration of unoccupied sites in the 14-site surroundings of an ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer probe in a b.c.c. sample. It turned out that the probe detects unoccupied sites in its neighbourhood when the temperature of the material studied does not exceed about 900 K. This result suggests that the Mössbauer spectroscopy “sees” the pre-vacancy effect revealed by the positron annihilation spectroscopy in the early 1960s.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy as a tool in astrobiology

Two miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometers are part of the Athena instrument package of the NASA Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. The primary objectives of their science investigation are to explore two sites on the surface of Mars where water may once have been present, and to assess past environmental conditions at those sites and their suitability for life. Aqueous minerals – jarosite at Meridiani Planum, Opportunity’s landing site, and goethite in the Columbia Hills in Gusev Crater, Spirit’s landing site – were identified by Mössbauer spectroscopy, thus providing in situ proof of water being present at those sites in the past. The formation of jarosite in particular puts strong constraints on environmental conditions during the time of formation and hence on the evaluation of potential habitability. On Earth Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to investigate microbially induced changes in Fe oxidation states and mineralogy at the Loihi deep sea mount, a hydrothermal vent system, which might serve as an analogue for potential habitats in the Martian subsurface and the sub-ice ocean of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa.     

A Stationary Phase Approach to the Weak Coupling Schrödinger Equation

We study the dynamics of a quantum particle governed by a linear Schrödinger equation with a scaled Gaussian potential. In the weak coupling limit the average dynamics of such a particle can be described by a linear Boltzmann equation. In this work we prove a bound for the rate at which the average dynamics of the quantum particle approach linear Boltzmann equation dynamics. For the so called simple diagrams, we use a stationary phase approach to establish an asymptotic expansion that provides the bound. Our stationary phase approach also provides a simple, formal method for computing the Boltzmann limit. Our work uses and extends results developed by L. Erdös and H.T. Yau.     

A New Method to Study Hawking Tunneling Radiation of the Charged Particles from Ressiner-Nordström Black Hole

The tunneling radiation of Ressiner-Nordström black hole is studied by developing Hamilton-Jacobi method. The result shows the actual radiation spectrum deviates from the pure thermal one and the tunneling probability are related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, which is accordant with Parikh and Wilczek's and gives a new method to correct Hawking pure thermal radiation of Ressiner-Nordström black hole.