逆用方程根的定义巧解解析几何问题

大家知道,若方程f(x)=0的根为m,则有f(m)=0,反之,若f(m)=0,则m是方程f(x)=0的根,本文就此问题谈谈如何逆用方程根的定义解决解析几何问题,希望能引起同学们的注意.例1已知a2sinθ acosθ-1=0,b2sinθ bcosθ-1=0,a≠b.证明:过点(a,a2),(b,b2)的直线恒与单位圆相切.证明过(a,a2)     

关于椭圆的弦被定点所分之比的范围

文 [1 ]探讨了椭圆的弦被定点所分之比的范围问题 ,本文给出此问题的明确结论 .定理　设点 P(x0 ,y0 )不在椭圆 x2a2 y2b2= 1上 ,即 m =x20a2 y20b2 ≠ 1 ,过 P引直线与椭圆相交于 A、B两点 ,则λ=APPB的取值范围是X ={ 1 }　　　　　　　　 m =0 ;[1 - m1 m,1 m1 - m],　 0 1 .证明　设 A(acosθ,bsinθ)为椭圆上任一点 (0≤θ <2π) ,直线 AP与椭圆的另一交点为 B(x′,y′) (仅当 AP与椭圆相切时 B与 A重合 ) ,则λ =APPB=x0 - acosθx′- x0=y0 - bsinθy′- y0(1 )显然λ≠…     

一类离心率范围问题的统一结论

1　题目已知椭圆C :x2a2 + y2b2 =1(a >b >0 ) ,F1,F2 是焦点 ,如果C上存在一点P ,使∠F1PF2 =α(0° <α<180°) ,则椭圆离心率的范围是sin α2 ≤e <1.证明　方法 1:设 |PF1| =m ,|PF2 | =n ,∠PF2 F1=θ,则∠PF1F2 =180° - (α +θ) .在△F1PF2 中 ,根据正弦定理得 :msinθ=nsin[180° - (α +θ) ]=2csinα,根据比例性质及诱导公式得m +nsinθ +sin(α +θ) =2csinα.因m +n =2a ,故 2asinθ +sin(α +θ) =2csinα,所以e =ca =sinαsinθ +sin(α +θ)=2sinα·cos α22sin α2 +θcos α2=sin α2sin(α2 +θ)≥sin α2 ,当…     

AN EFFECT ITERATION ALGORITHM FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF DISCRETE HAMILTON-JACOBIBELLMAN EQUATIONS

§1Introduction ConsidertheHamilton-Jacobi-Bellmanequation max1≤v≤m[A(v)u(x)-f(v)(x)]=0,x∈Ω(1.1)withtheboundarycondition u(x)=0,x∈Ω(1.2)whereΩisabounded,smoothdomaininEuclideanspaceRd,d∈N;f(v)(x)aregiven functionsfromC2(Ω);A(v)aresecond-orderuniformlyellipticoperatorsoftheform A(v)=-d i,j=1a(v)ij2xixj+di=1b(v)ixi+c(v).(1.3)Intheaboveexpression(1.3)therearecoefficientsa(v)ij,b(v)i,c(v)∈C2(Ω)satisfying,forall1≤v≤m,a(v)ij(x)=a(v)ji(x),1≤i,j≤d,c(v)≥c0≥0,x∈Ω,a…     

争鸣

问题　　问题6 7　　设实数m ,n ,x ,y满足m2+n2 =a ,x2 +y2 =b ,求mx +ny的最大值.观点1　∵mx +ny≤m2 +x22 + n2 +y22=(m2 +n2 ) + (x2 +y2 )2 =a +b2 ,∴(mx +ny) max=a +b2 .观点2　由已知,设m =acosθ,n =asinθ,θ∈[0 ,2π) ,x =bcosφ,y =bsinφ,φ∈[0 ,2π) ,则mx +ny =abcosθcosφ+absinθsinφ=abcos(θ- φ)≤ab ,当且仅当θ=φ时取等号.∴(mx +ny) max=ab .观点3　由观点2 ,得mx +ny≤ab ,又ab≤a +b2 ,∴mx +ny≤a +b2 ,当且仅当θ=φ且a =b时取等号.∴(mx +ny) max=a +b2 .到底谁对谁错,还是题目本身就有错?问题6 8　人教…     

椭圆焦点弦中的新结论

1·引言文[1]介绍了椭圆x2a2 by22=1焦点三角形的若干性质,读后很受启发,笔者研究了焦点弦的若干性质·2·几个结论定理1设P是椭圆x2a2 by22=1上任意一点,F1、F2是两个焦点,弦PP1、PP2分别过焦点F1、F2,过P1、P2的切线交于P′,则P′点的轨迹方程为:x2a2 (ab22 y2c2)=1·证明设P(acosθ,bsinθ),F1(-c,0),F2(c,0),c2=a2-b2,P1(图x1,1y1),P2(x2,y2)·直线PP1方程为y=acbossiθnθ c(x c),b2x2 a2y2=a2b2,b2(acosθ c)2x2 a2b2sin2θ(x c)2=a2b2(acosθ c)2,x2项的系数为b2(a2sin2θ a2cos2θ 2accosθ c2)=b2(a2 c2 2accosθ)·x项的…     

Source-Type Solution of Nonlinear Parabolic Diffusion-Convection Equation

This paper is concerned with the nonlinear parabolic diffusion-convection equationut = (um).. (un)x (1)with a Dirac measure as its initial datum,i.e.u(x,0) = (x), (2)where m 1 and n 0 are two physical constants.From a mathematical point of view,this quasilinear parabolic equation is uniformly parabolicif m = 1 and nonuniformly parabolic (that is degenerate near the set where u = 0 ) if m > 1.Moreover the convection term become singular near the set where u = 0 if 0 < n < 1 .Ourtreatment will…     

直线与椭圆位置关系的一个性质定理及其应用

定理　若直线l:Ax +By +C =0 (A2 +B2 ≠ 0 )与椭圆C :(x -x0 ) 2a2 + ( y - y0 ) 2b2 =1有公共点 ,则有(Aa) 2 + (Bb) 2 ≥ (Ax0 +By0 +C) 2 .证　由(x -x0 ) 2a2 + ( y - y0 ) 2b2 =1 ,可令x =x0 +acosθ,y =y0 +bsinθ ,代入Ax +By +C =0 (A2 +B2 ≠ 0 ) ,得A(x0 +acosθ) +B( y0 +bsinθ) +C =0 .整理得Aacosθ +Bbsinθ =- (Ax0 +By0 +C) .即 (Aa) 2 + (Bb) 2 sin(θ + φ) =- (Ax0 +By0 +C) (其中 φ为辅助角 ) .又 |sin(θ+ φ) |≤ 1 ,∴| - (Ax0 +By0 +C) |(Aa) 2 + (Bb) 2 ≤ 1 .即 (Aa) 2 + (Bb) 2 ≥ (Ax0 +By0…     

一道联赛题的两种解法

1999年全国高中数学联赛第三题是一道三角不等式问题 ,难度适中 ,能充分考查学生的基本素质 .题目　已知当x∈ [0 ,1]时 ,不等式x2 cosθ -x( 1-x) +( 1-x) 2 sinθ >0恒成立 ,试求θ的取值范围 .命题组提供的解答构思巧妙 ,方法独特 ,但技巧性较强 ,学生不易想到 .下面介绍两种学生容易接受和掌握的常规解法 .方法一　 (判别式法 )设　f(x) =x2 cosθ-x( 1-x) +( 1-x) 2 sinθ=( 1+sinθ+cosθ)x2 -( 2sinθ +1)x+sinθ ,易知二次函数 f(x)的对称轴x =2sinθ +1( 2sinθ+1) +( 2cosθ +1) .由x∈ [0 ,1] ,f(x)恒正可知f( 0 ) =sinθ>0 ,　f…     

例谈用三角代换解题

在数学解题中 ,妙用m2 =m2 ( sin2θ cos2θ)巧作代换 ,可使复杂问题简单化 ,获得简捷优美的解法 ,从而提高学生解题的灵活性 ,培养学生思维的创造性 .下面兹举几例供参考 .1　解不等式例 1　解不等式3- x - x 1 >12 .(第四届 IMO试题 )简解　因为( 3- x) 2 ( x 1 ) 2 =4 ,可令　 3- x =2 sinθ,x 1 =2 cosθ,　θ∈ [0 ,π2 ].则原不等式化为　 2 sinθ - 2 cosθ >12 ,∴　 2 sinθ >2 cosθ 12 ( * )由　θ∈ [0 ,π2 ]可知 2 cosθ 12 >0 ,( * )式两边平方并整理可得32 cos2θ 8cosθ - 1 5<0 ,解得 0≤ cosθ <31 - …     

Empirical Bayes Test for the Parameter of the Truncated-Type Distribution Families

The empirical Bayes test (EBT) is proposed for testing H₀ : ₀ H₁ : > ₀ in the truncated-type distribution families. It is found that the EBT proposed is obtained asymptotically optimal and its convergence rate is also obtained.AMS Subject Classification (2000) 62J10, 62G99     

Profile of Random Exponential Binary Trees

We introduce the random exponential binary tree (EBT) and study its profile. As customary, the tree is extended by padding each leaf node (considered internal), with the appropriate number of external nodes, so that the outdegree of every internal node is made equal to 2. In a random EBT, at every step, each external node is promoted to an internal node with probability p, stays unchanged with probability 1 - p, and the resulting tree is extended. We study the internal and external profiles of a random EBT and get exact expectations for the numbers of internal and external nodes at each level. Asymptotic analysis shows that the average external profile is richest at level \(\frac {2p}{p+1}n\), and it experiences phase transitions at levels a n, where the a’s are the solutions to an algebraic equation. The rates of convergence themselves go through an infinite number of phase changes in the sublinear range, and then again at the nearly linear levels.     

Small scale effect on vibrational response of single-walled carbon nanotubes with different boundary conditions based on nonlocal beam models

The free vibration response of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is investigated in this work using various nonlocal beam theories. To this end, the nonlocal elasticity equations of Eringen are incorporated into the various classical beam theories namely as Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (EBT), Timoshenko beam theory (TBT), and Reddy beam theory (RBT) to consider the size-effects on the vibration analysis of SWCNTs. The generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is employed to discretize the governing differential equations of each nonlocal beam theory corresponding to four commonly used boundary conditions. Then molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is implemented to obtain fundamental frequencies of nanotubes with different chiralities and values of aspect ratio to compare them with the results obtained by the nonlocal beam models. Through the fitting of the two series of numerical results, appropriate values of nonlocal parameter are derived relevant to each type of chirality, nonlocal beam model, and boundary conditions. It is found that in contrast to the chirality, the type of nonlocal beam model and boundary conditions make difference between the calibrated values of nonlocal parameter corresponding to each one.     

Competitors of the Wilcoxon signed rank test

Summary Distribution-free statistics are proposed for one-sample location test, and are compared with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. It is shown that one of the statistics is superior to the Wilcoxon test in terms of approximate Bahadur efficiency. And we compare that statistic with the Wilcoxon test from the viewpoint of asymptotic expansion of power function under contiguous alternatives.     

Testing the Efficacy of Preventive Maintenance

During the service lifetime of a repairable machine, regular preventive maintenance or scheduled overhauls may be carried out. One may wish to test the null hypothesis that the overhauls have no effect on the subsequent sequence of times to failure, or on the costs of the failures (e.g. labour time for repairs). Requirements of a satisfactory statistical test are discussed, and a test based on partial likelihood is introduced. To exemplify its practical application, the test is used to analyse published data on failure of submarine engines, and a dataset collected during a recent study of hospital equipment. Some generalizations that would involve more detailed modelling of the effect of maintenance are discussed. A related permutation test would be a robust alternative test in the case of several identical machines, or as a test for trend.     

关于数据缺失机制的检验方法探讨

在调查研究中,缺失数据是一个非常普遍的问题,各种处理缺失数据的方法都是建立在数据缺失机制的某种假定上.在总结他人研究成果的基础上,分别给出了MCAR、MAR和NMAR机制的检验识别方法,MCAR机制的检验从分布特征入手,通过比较均值和方差是否一致来判定;MAR机制的检验利用Logit模型刻画缺失指示变量R的分布,通过估计参数的显著性来判定,NMAR机制则通过对数据的缺失模式和原因进行分析来识别.     

On the comparison of the pre-test and shrinkage phi-divergence test estimators for the symmetry model of categorical data

The estimation problem of the parameters in a symmetry model for categorical data has been considered for many authors in the statistical literature (for example, Bowker (1948) [1], Ireland et al. (1969) [2], Quade and Salama (1975) [3], Cressie and Read (1988) [4], Menéndez et al. (2005) [5]) without using uncertain prior information. It is well known that many new and interesting estimators, using uncertain prior information, have been studied by a host of researchers in different statistical models, and many papers have been published on this topic (see Saleh (2006) [9] and references therein). In this paper, we consider the symmetry model of categorical data and we study, for the first time, some new estimators when non-sample information about the symmetry of the probabilities is considered. The decision to use a “restricted” estimator or an “unrestricted” estimator is based on the outcome of a preliminary test, and then a shrinkage technique is used. It is interesting to note that we present a unified study in the sense that we consider not only the maximum likelihood estimator and likelihood ratio test or chi-square test statistic but we consider minimum phi-divergence estimators and phi-divergence test statistics. Families of minimum phi-divergence estimators and phi-divergence test statistics are wide classes of estimators and test statistics that contain as a particular case the maximum likelihood estimator, likelihood ratio test and chi-square test statistic. In an asymptotic set-up, the biases and the risk under the squared loss function for the proposed estimators are derived and compared. A numerical example clarifies the content of the paper.     

关于单侧检验拒绝域的证明及假设检验的概率实质

根据假设检验的基本思想 ,阐明了“检验规则”的实质 ;根据小概率原理 ,完善了对单总体参数单侧检验拒绝域的理论证明 ;根据假设检验中的参数是一个未知的常数而不是一个变量的观点 ,揭示了单侧检验的概率实质 .同时 ,还提出了单侧检验中的两个易被忽视的问题及其解决方法 .最后 ,对假设检验中的一些基本概念给出了几点简要的评注 .     

Assessing the Error Probability of the Model Selection Test

The asymptotic error probability of Linhart's model selection test isevaluated, and compared with the nominal significance level. We examine thecase where the expected discrepancies of the candidate models from the truemodel are asymptotically equal. The local alternatives method is employed inthe limiting operation of the asymptotic evaluation. Although the errorprobability under the null hypothesis is actually shown to be equal to orless than the level for most situations, intolerable violations of the errorcontrol are observed for nested models: It is often erroneously concludedthat the smaller model is significantly better than the larger model. Toprevent this violation, a modification of Linhart's test statistic isproposed. The effectiveness of the proposed test is confirmed throughtheoretical analysis and numerical simulations.     

Refinement of the asymptotics of the power of the quantile test

One investigates the asymptotic properties of the quantile test, similar to the properties of the Pearson's chi-square test of fit.Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova AN SSSR, Vol. 153, pp. 5–15, 1986.The author is grateful to D. M. Chibisov for useful remarks.