PERIODIC AND NONPERIODIC OSCILLATIONS OF NONLINEAR ATMOSPHERIC WAVES FORCED BY PERIODIC THERMAL FORCING——SYSTEM WITH DISSIPATION

This is a continued paper of [1]. The dissipation is considered here for analysing the mul-tiple equilibria and their instability. It is found that the far super-resonant and sub-resonantequilibria are stable and the near super-resonant equilibrium is unstable. The numerical resultsfor the periodic varying forcing show that the two kinds of stable equilibria in the dissipativesystem can alternatively transform into an asymmetrical oscillation with a period same asthat of the forcing.     

BIFURCATIONS FROM STATIONARY TO PERIODIC STATES AND TWO KINDS OF LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS OF SUBTROPICAL FLOW PATTERNS

A parameterization for convective heating is introduced into the diabatic term of a two-layer, low-or-der spectral model for estimating the effects of moist convection on bifurcations fro mstationary to period-ic states of flow patterns. In certain parameter combinations, thermal forcing with the parameterizationcan generate bifurcations from stationary to periodic states. However, the forcing without it does not ex-cite such bifurcations. The time scales corresponding to their periodic states are about two-three weeks.In other parameter combinations, the thermal forcing either with or without the convective heating cangenerate the bifurcations from stationary to periodic states; but the effects of convective heating shortenthe time scales and accelerate the amplifications of the excited periodic oscillations. The instabilities of the stationary states, which represent a uniform distribution of the subtropicalflow pattern at the upper layer of the model atmosphere, may form two kinds of low-frequency os     

INTERACTION OF FORCED WAVE, FREE WAVE AND ZONAL FLOW (Ⅰ)——BIFURCATION OF THE EQUILIBRIA——BIFURCATION OF THE EQUILIBRIA

In this paper, two level quasi-geostrophic model is used to set up a simple nonlinear inter-action model including a near resonant forced wave component, a near baroclinically un-stable free wave and a zonal flow component. The dynamic mechanisms of the transition ofhigh and low index and index cycle are discussed. In the first part, the weak nonlinear problem with near baroclinic instability and nearresonant forcing are analysed. The simple periodic solution resulting from bifurcation ofHadley cell to Rossby transient wave and the more complicated solutions resulting from thebifurcation of the wave equilibria to mixed state with both forced stationary wave and tran-sient wave are discussed.     

PERIODIC, SOLITARY AND DISCONTINUOUS PERIODIC SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR WAVES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THEIR EXISTENCE (Ⅰ)——ON THE PSEUDO-ENERGY, THE PSEUDO-ENERGY INFLUENCE FUNCTION AND THEIR USE

In this paper various non-dispersion solutions of nonlinear waves in the atmosphere are discussed. We turn the nonlinear partial differential equations into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations after the phase angle function has been introduced. The nature around the equilibrium points and singular points of these ordinary differential equations is discussed and various analytic expressions of the nondispersion solutions are obtained. In part (Ⅰ), two problems are dealt with mainly. (ⅰ) The relation between pseudo-energy and the pseudo-energy influence function and nonlinear waves is discussed. Through the discussion of the pseudo-energy influence function, we can determine the existential condition of the periodic solution, the solitary wave solution, the discontinuous periodic solution and the discontinuous solitary wave solution. We also indicate that if there exists an external source, which occasions infinitely small changes in the pseudo-energy influence function, the nonlinear solitary     

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN FORCED WAVE,FREE WAVE AND ZONAL FLOW(Ⅱ)——QU ALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THE TRANSITION AND oSCILLATION OF HIGH AND LOW INDEXES

In this second part, the so-called "discontinuous vibration analysing" method is used to discuss the qualitative features of the solutions in the system set up in Part I. The system and the phase space are divided into two subsystems and two subspaces, which are corresponding to the slow and fast varying processes respectively. The qualitative vector field and trajectories for solutions are analysed and the mechanisms for the transition and nonuniform oscillation of high and low indexes are discussed.     

THE MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA IN THE COUPLED ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM

In this paper, a topography forced quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model and an SST (sea surface temperature) equation are used to set up a simple coupled atmosphere-ocean model The large-scale ocean current is nearly the Sverdrup flow. Two basic processes are considered in this system, i. e. the SST as a thermal forcing drives the atmospheric circulation and the ocean current produced by the wind redistributes the SST. Highly truncating and multiple scale method are used to simplify the model and obtain a low dimensional dynamic system. In this part, the qualitative vector in the phase space of the system is analysed and two stable equilibria are obtained. These two kinds of equailibria may be used to explain some features of the long-range anomalies of circulation.     

Two-parameter stochastic resonance in a model of electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt

Stochastic resonance (SR) is shown in a two-parameter system, a model of electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt. The driving current and the saturation coverage for carbon monoxide are two control parameters in this model. Modulation of an excitable focal stable state close to a Hopf bifurcation by a weak periodic signal in one parameter and noise in the other parameter is found to give rise to SR. The results indicate that the noise can enlarge a weak periodic signal and lead the system to be ordered. The scenario and novel aspects of SR in this system are discussed.     

CATASTROPHE THEORY OF SEASONAL VARIATION

This paper studies the abrupt change of equilibria state and the equilibria state of low order, barotropical and dissipative system under thermal forcing that have successive seasonal variation. The typical seasonal equilibria of atmospheric circulation are winter and summer circulations. Owing to thermal forcing and nonlinear interaction of atmospheric motion, the atmospheric circulation appears several seasonal abrupt and northward jumpings of subtropical highs with the seasonal variation of the thermal forcing parameter. In various meridional and zonal thermodynamic differences, the subtropical highs can appear different northward jumpings.     

A New Dual-electrode and Multi-channel Electrochemical Detection System for Capillary Electrophoresis

A new type of dual-electrode and multi-channel electrochemical detection technology for capillary electrophoresis is described in this paper.Two detectors(the amperometric detector and the conductometric detector) or two conductometric detectors are connected to the same capillary electrophoresis system.The whole system possesses the advantages of the two electrochemical detectors including sparing time,improving the analytical speed and expanding the sample range.The working electrode and detector cell are handled easily.The system was applied to sample detection with satisfactory results.     

Periodic tables of diatomic and triatomic molecules

The Mendeleev periodic table of atoms is one of the most important principles in natural science. However, there is shortage of analog for molecules. Here we propose two periodic tables, one for diatomic molecules and one for triatomic molecules. The form of the molecular periodic tables is analogous to that of Mendeleev periodic table of atoms. In the table, molecules are classified and arranged by their group number G, which is the number of valence electrons, and the periodic number P, which represents the size of the molecules. The basic molecular properties, including bond length, binding energy, force constant, ionization potential, spin multiplicity, chemical reactivity, and bond angle, change periodically within the tables. The periodicities of diatomic and triatomic molecules are thus revealed. We also demonstrate that the periodicity originates from the shell-like electronic configurations of the molecules. The periodic tables not only contain free molecules, but also the "virtual" molecules present in polyatomic molecules. The periodic tables can be used to classify molecules, to predict unknown molecular properties, to understand the role of virtual molecules in polyatomic molecules, and to initiate new research fields, such as the periodicities of aromatic species, clusters, or nanoparticles. The tables should be of interest not only to scientists in a variety of disciplines, but also to undergraduates studying natural sciences.     

ASSIGNMENT OF ~(13)C NMR SPECTRA OF POLYMER WITH SEMIEMPIRICAL METHOD——SURVEY OF SPECTRUM OF SECONDARY CARBON OF 1, 2-PBD

In chain molecules of 1, 2-PBD, there are two kinds of gauche arrangements, which is the cause of making the spectrum of the secondary carbon in main chain of the polymer split. In such a complex system, the gauche arrangements of the secondary carbon and the tertiary carbon occupy an important position. Hence, the contribution of the tertiary carbon to the chemical shifts of the secondary carbon has a decisive effect on the sequence structure distribution. In comparison the contribution of vinyl groups is much less. The γ values are: γ_1=-6.37～-6.41 ppm represents the effect of the tertiary carbon and γ_2=0.0～-1.56 ppm the contribution of vinyl. The mean square errors are 0.364 and 0.166×10~(-2) ppm~2, respectively in the two cases of considering the effect of vinyl and vice versa. In this paper, we discuss the effects of model chain type, chain length and temperature on the bond probability. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that there exist a few cases, which are not in accord with the usual distrib     

Electrokinetic pumping system based on nanochannel membrane for liquid delivery

Nonmechanical pumping of liquids is of key importance for applications from the biomedical microfluidic chip to drug delivery systems. In this paper, a new electrokinetic pump (EOP) system with polycarbonate nanochannel membrane sandwiched between two membrane holders was constructed. The pump was tested with water and phosphate buffer at 1-6 V applied voltage, the maximum pressure and flow rate are 0.32 MPa (3.2 atm) and 4.2 mL/min for phosphate buffer, respectively. This proof-of-concept pump shows its potential use for drugs or chemical agents delivery by the usage of different membrane materials.     

Two Novel Isomers of HPS3 System

Two new isomers of HPS3 system, FIP(S)S2 and HSSPS, are predicted by means of B3LYP method with 6-311 G(3df,3pd) basis set. The two isomers can isomerize into thermodynamically the most stable species HSPS2, which have been experimentally identified,with relatively higher reaction barriers. In view of their higher thermodynamical and kinetic stability and the experimental observation for I-IP(O)O2 and HOOPO in previous study, we can reasonably believe that the two species can be spectrosymmetrically characterized in future experiments.     

A small sample-size automated adiabatic calorimeter from 70 to 580 K——Molar heat capacities of α-Al_2O_3

An automatic adiabatic calorimeter for measuring heat capacities in the temperature range 70—580 K, equipped with a small sample cell of 7.4 cm~3 in the internal volume has been developed. In order to obtain a good adiabatic condition of the calorimeter at high temperature, the calorimeter was surrounded in sequence by two adiabatic shields, three radiation shields and an auxiliary temperature-controlled sheath. The main body of the cell made of copper and the lid made of brass are silver-soldered and the cell is sealed with a copper screw cap. A sealing gasket made of Pb-Sn alloy is put between the cap and the lid to ensure a high vacuum sealing of the cell in the whole experimental temperature range. All the leads are insulated and fixed with W30-11 varnish, thus a good electric insulation is obtained at high temperature. All the experimental data, including those for energy and temperature are collected and processed automatically with a personal computer using a predetermined program. To verify the     

Synthesis of 5—Aryl—1,2—dihydro—1—pyrrolizinones

In order to search for new potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents in pyrrolizinones,the title compounds were designed and synthesized.A series of the compounds were prepared with two different synthetic schemes.Some of the compounds showed remarkable anti-inflammatory and/or analgesic activities on mice.     

Virus rejection with two model human enteric viruses in membrane bioreactor system

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) with gravity drain was tested for virus rejection with two coliphages, T4 and f2, which were used as surrogates for human enteric viruses. Virus rejection was investigated by PVDF and PP membrane modules, with the pore sizes of 0.22 and 0.1 μm, respectively. In tap water system, 2.1 lg rejection of coliphage T4 could be achieved by PVDF membrane compared with complete rejection by PP membrane, while for coliphage f2 with smaller diameter, 0.3―0.5 lg rejection of the influent virus was removed by the two membranes. In domestic wastewater system, cake layer and gel layer on the membrane surface changed the cut-off size of the membrane so that there was no significant difference between PP and PVDF for each coliphage. The removal ratios of coliphage T4 and f2 in the MBR were more than 5.5 and 3.0 lg, respectively. Compared with 5.5 lg removal for virus T4 in the MBR system, only 2.1 lg (96.8%―99.9%) removal rate was observed in the conventional activated sludge system with the influent virus concentration fluctuating from 1830 to 57000 PFU/mL. Only 0.8%―22% virus removal was the effect of adsorption to activated sludge, which showed a decreasing tendency with the retention time, while 75%―98% was the effect of virus inactivation by microbial activity. It indicated that the major mechanism of virus removal was not the transfer of viruses from the water phase to the sludge phase but inactivation in the biological treatment process.     

Composite Model of Interracial Stepwise Ion/Coordination Particle Exchange-Electrostatic Exchange——Ionic Strength Effect on the Interaction Between Minor Metal Ion and Solid Particle in Seawater

It is the first time in experiment that we have found that the ionic strength effects on E(%)-pH curves of the systems with clay minerals as solid particles and those systems with hydrous oxides as solid particles, are "right-left shift phenomenon" and "left monodirectional shift phenomenon", respectively.The corresponding ionic strength effects on isotherms are "downward-upward shift phenomenon" and "upward monodirectional shift phenomenon", respectively.All the four phenomena are consistent with each other.In order to explain the above phenomena, the composite model of interracial ion/coordination particle exchange-electrostatic exchange is put forward to make a unified explanation and quantitative treatment.From the structures of the two kinds of materials——clay minerals and hydrous oxides, we know that the former has two kinds of exchange actions, i.e. when one increases,the other decreases, which makes the position of curves shift didirectionally,while the latter only has interfacial stepwise ion     

SPECIES CONCEPT AND TAXONOMIC PRINCIPLES

Based on the species concept of changing versus unchanging, the present work deals with the following two problems: First, why would the taxonomic system reflect evolutionary history? Second, how is this effeeted?Species are changing in the sense that each species has its own characteristics and there is no complete identity between any two species. On the other hand, species are unchanging and each one conserves a set of ancestral characters which allocates its taxonomic position, and this is the reason why the taxonomic system reflects evolutionary history.The taxonomic system is constructed to reflect evolutionary history mainly through the process of character analysis. Combining the viewpoints of cladistics and evolutionary systematics, the writer proposes six rules for character analysis which will provide the basis for analyzing evolutionary history.     

RADIATIVE FORCING AND GREENHOUSE EFFECT DUE TO THE ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES

The radiative forcing and greenhouse effect due to the atmospheric trace gases have been calculated by using an advanced radiative-convective model developed in this paper. The relationship between radiative forcing and concentration is given for each trace gas. The resuhs show that (ⅰ) the radiative forcing and then the greenhouse effect are significantly affected by the overlapping of atmospheric absorption bands; (ⅱ) the increasing concentration of trace gases other than CO_2, such as CH_4, N_2O, CFCs, etc., may potentially play an important role in the future global warming;(ⅲ) the proposed substitutes, such as HCFC124 and HFC125, for the chlorofluorocarbons which are considered to destroy the ozone layer have still considerable greenhouse effect even though their ozone depletion potentials are much smaller than CFCs; and (ⅳ) the feedback processes within the earth-atmosphere system have important effect on the surface temperature change due to the radiative forcing to the system.     

Crystal and Molecular Structure of N—Phenyl 1—Methoxycarbonylmethyl—3—benzyl—1,2,3,4—tetrahydro—4—oxo—1,3,2—benzodiazaphosphorin—2—thiocarboxamide 2—Oxide

1 INTRODUCTIONOrganophosphorus compounds are ubiquitous in nature and they have broad applications in the fields of agriculture and medicine. During the past two decades, (-ketophosphonates and their derivatives containing sulfur have attracted considerable attention because these compounds are endowed with special physical, chemical and pharmacological properties due to the proximity of the carbonyl and the phosphoryl groups[1～8]. In the study on new pharmacenticals and agrochemicals, th…