Relationship of solar activity cycles to planetary configurations

A single-valued relation of the 22-year and 11-year solar activity cycles is calculated with allowance for the minimum values of the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes of Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. The envelope curve of the minimum values of this parameter describes both conjunctions of the three planets when they are positioned in an almost straight line from the Sun (causing peak solar activity) and the far more frequent assemblies in a broader longitudinal sector (25–30 degrees) that are characterized by different combinations of planets on opposite sides of the Sun, also eliciting peak solar activity.     

Cycles of solar activity and the configurations of planets

In this paper, using the parameter??the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes of the planets Venus, Earth and Jupiter??the strong link found 22-year and 11-year cycles of solar activity with the lowest values of the parameter. The envelope curve of the minimum values of this parameter is well described as the conjunctions of the three planets, when they are almost in a straight line from the sun, which causes the maximum of solar activity, and the conjunctions in the larger longitudinal sector (25?C30 degrees), which occur much more frequently and are accompanied by different combinations of planets on the opposite side of the Sun, which also cause the maximum of solar activity. Location of these planets on opposite sides of the Sun in various combinations is very well compatible with the parameter used.     

天体运动中介质的阻力和推力与超光速运动的粒子

行星在太阳风中运动受太阳介质阻力和推力的作用。阻力使行星公转速率逐渐变小。推力使行星逐渐远离太阳并使行星的温度在长期内逐渐降低。推力是太阳系、银河系和宇宙膨胀的原因。除非粒子和介质发生碰撞,否则粒子的运动不受介质的阻碍可以超光速运动。证明宇宙射线中的粒子是超光速运动的粒子。     

Exploring fundamental laws of classical mechanics via predicting the orbits of planets based on neural networks

Neural networks have provided powerful approaches to solve various scientific problems. Many of them are even difficult for human experts who are good at accessing the physical laws from experimental data. We investigate whether neural networks can assist us in exploring the fundamental laws of classical mechanics from data of planetary motion. Firstly, we predict the orbits of planets in the geocentric system using the gate recurrent unit, one of the common neural networks. We find that the precision of the prediction is obviously improved when the information of the Sun is included in the training set. This result implies that the Sun is particularly important in the geocentric system without any prior knowledge, which inspires us to gain Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Secondly, we turn to the heliocentric system and make successfully mutual predictions between the position and velocity of planets. We hold that the successful prediction is due to the existence of enough conserved quantities (such as conservations of mechanical energy and angular momentum) in the system. Our research provides a new way to explore the existence of conserved quantities in mechanics system based on neural networks.     

Was the Titius-Bode series dictated by the minimum energy states ofthe generic solar plasma?

It has been shown previously that the Bode numbers and measured velocity ratios of the planets are accurately predicted by the eigenvalues of the Euler-Lagrange equations resulting from the variation of the free energy of the generic plasma that formed the Sun and planets. This theory is reviewed and extended to show that the equations make accurate predictions for all the major planets out to and including Pluto. The semimajor axes and velocity ratios of Pluto and Neptune are predicted exactly. The Bode numbers are shown to correspond to the roots of the first-order Bessel functions. The extrema of the roots of the zeroth-order Bessel function predict the ratios of the measured planetary velocities almost without error for the outer planets. Both sets of roots correspond to the same eigenvalue solution of the force-free equation. The eigenvalues are set by the initial energy input to the plasma nebula. Both the Titius-Bode series and Kepler's harmonic law are predicted by the relaxed state solution of the free-energy equation for the generic plasma that formed the Sun and planets. Newton's law of gravitation is not used in the calculations. The solution makes exact predictions for the outer planets where the Titius Bode series fails completely     

A review of the effects of light scattering on the dynamics of irregularly shaped dust grains in the Solar System

The various aspects of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with cosmic dust particles are discussed. In particular, attention is paid to discrepancies between optical and physical behavior of realistically shaped particles and volume equivalent homogeneous spheres. The dynamical evolution of morphologically non-identical particles which are driven by gravity, electromagnetic radiation and the Lorentz forces can dramatically differ. Although spherical particles often enable analytical calculations, an orbital evolution of spheres cannot be considered as a representative evolution for real cosmic dust particles. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the motion of dust grains plays a crucial role here. While irregularly shaped interstellar dust particles may be captured in the Solar System, the spherical particles will not survive due to close encounters with the Sun. Spherical grains can be captured almost only in the evaporation region (in the vicinity of the Sun), where they are destroyed due to high temperatures. The spherical dust particles ejected from comets will monotonously inspiral toward the Sun subject to the Poynting-Robertson effect. However, the non-spherical particles of the same origin may be temporarily stabilized at some heliocentric distances and thus their lifetime may be much longer than that for the Mie spheres. Some dust particles may also be captured in mean-motion resonances with planets (commensurability resonances). While spherical particles are always characterized by the secular decrease of the semi-major axes near mean-motion resonances, this may not be true for non-spherical particles. Resonant captures of arbitrarily shaped dust grains exist for exterior and interior mean-motion resonances with planets.     

The Sun is a plasma diffuser that sorts atoms by mass

The Sun is a plasma diffuser that selectively moves light elements like H and He and the lighter isotopes of each element to its surface. The Sun formed on the collapsed core of a supernova (SN) and is composed mostly of elements made near the SN core (Fe, O, Ni, Si, and S), like the rocky planets and ordinary meteorites. Neutron emission from the central neutron star triggers a series of reactions that generate solar luminosity, solar neutrinos, solar mass fractionation, and an outpouring of hydrogen in the solar wind. Mass fractionation seems to have operated in the parent star and likely occurs in other stars as well. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Curving Newtonian Space

We show that the advance of the perihelion of Mercury (and other planets), as well as the deflection of light by the Sun, can be accurately calculated in Newtonian gravity, if one takes into account the fact of the curvature of space.     

On the Inclination of Planetary Orbits

Assuming that planets were formed in the equatorial plane of the Sun and that there was a small perturbation at the start, it is shown that relativistic effects could lead to the planetary orbit tilting observed. On the baais of this analysis, a prediction is made for the velocity of the planet Mercury out of its orbital 'plane'. This prediction is a lower limit. Further, this explanation may possibly provide a method for determining the solar angular momentum.     

Dark matter bodies in star and planet structures

The lowest frequency of the dipole f mode (surface gravity wave) of the Sun and some other stars is shown to be close to the orbital frequency of a trial body near the star surface, as well as the wave amplitude is shown to be resonantly increased to the values large enough to be observed. Therefore the Sun is considered to be a sensitive detector for hypothetical compact cosmic bodies made of dark matter particles. In this connection some possible characteristics of the dark matter bodies (DMB) are discussed, and DMB orbits in the Sun are calculated within a standard solar model in order to compare the wave amplitudes with data for the solar surface oscillations, and to estimate the masses and radii of the DMB. As well, some possible phenomena in star and planet structures are discussed with special attention on generation of flares of high X-ray classes, specific behavior of the Moon dust, formation of short-time vertical flows in deserts, oceans, and atmospheres on the Earth and other planets.     

Comparison of theoretical and experimental data on the advance of the mercury perihelion: The proper contribution of the gravitational field of the sun to the perihelion advance

An expression for the angular displacement of planets caused by their Newtonian interaction with each other is derived. In some cases, numerical results that follow from it differ from those published earlier (without specifying from where and how they were obtained). As a consequence, the remainder of the relativistic gravitational advance of the Mercury perihelion (after the observational data analysis) exceeds the value that was known before by more than one and a half times and follows from general relativity. However, this remainder value is in a very good agreement with the theoretical value that occurs if i) we acknowledge the material nature of the gravitational field of the Sun and ii) we uncover its physical contribution to the matter energy-momentum tensor in the Hilbert-Einstein equations.     

The gravitational influence of Venus,the Earth,and Jupiter on the 11-year cycle of solar activity

This paper presents the calculations of the resulting tidal force of Jupiter, Venus, and Earth, that act on the Sun. Considering the tidal forces as the difference of gravitational forces that act on the extreme points of the Sun’s diameter and on the center of the Sun, it is shown that there are large variations in the resulting tidal force (RTF) at the moments of linear configurations of Venus, the Earth, and Jupiter, and that the maximum variations of the RTF are in a strong agreement with the minimum values of the JEV planetary index, as introduced by the author in previous works.     

Quantum Computing from the Ground Up,by Riley Tipton Perry

Radar Astronomy is a new and growing branch of Astronomy. Although it seems that radio echo studies must be confined to the solar system, they can play an important part in developing our understanding of the Sun and the planets. At the present time these objects are barely detectable by radar techniques and much of the work has been concerned only with the moon. However it seems likely that within a decade we shall be able to measure the distances of the nearer planets and study their surfaces by this astronomical technique. This paper outlines what has already been achieved in the study of the moon and indicates some of the possible future results.     

Superphotons and Natural Holograms

The first observation of natural holograms and their main properties are described. Perfect colored, in real time, holograms of any objects illuminated by usual lamps or by Sun's radiation can be obtained using CdS crystal platelets grown from vapor phase. The new state of electromagnetic field that is linear superposition of multipole waves with the same frequency but with different values of angular momenta (superphoton) is discovered. Superphotons possess many unusual properties such as great penetrative ability, high directionability and possibility to create holograms. The latter permit, particularly, to take images of Sun and other stars and planets using transformation of multipole waves into usual visible light, to obtain essential reducing noise at image processing and rising efficiency of solar batteries. Also, we have observed some effects of adaptive optics.     

Earth's rotation is the cause for its magnetization

Summary Monstein has experimentally established that when a cylinder of metal (any metal, not only a ferromagnetic one) is set in rotation about its axis, the magnetization over its two circular surfaces is proportional not to the angular rotational velocity (as stated by Barnett) but to the respective linear rotational velocity with a magnitude of about 10 μT for a velocity of 1 m/s. I give the physical explanation of this effect, proceeding from the most simple atomic model, according to which negative charges rotate about a positive nucleus. In the light of these experimental facts one can very easily explain the magnetization of the Earth, of the Sun and of the planets as due to their axial rotations.     

Determination of spacecraft orientation by the temperature field analysis of its outer surface

It was demonstrated that by analysing temperature field of the outer surface of the spacecraft it is possible to determine its orientation — directions to the principal heat sources within the Solar system, including the Sun and the nearest planets. For the spacecraft with the simplest configuration, this problem can be solved analytically. In the real spacecraft there shall be simple heat-sensitive elements with weak thermal bond with the spacecraft and high sensitivity to the changing outer thermal conditions. The experiment has proved that the accuracy of orientation determination with the use of such temperature measurement reaches 5 ang. min at the rotation velocity of the spacecraft up to 30 ang. deg/min.     

Implications of muon anomalous magnetic moment for supersymmetric dark matter

The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon has recently been measured to be in conflict with the standard model prediction with an excess of 2.6sigma. Taking the excess at face value as a measurement of the supersymmetric contribution, we find that at 95% confidence level it imposes an upper bound of 500 GeV on the neutralino mass and forbids Higgsinos as being the bulk of cold dark matter. Other implications for the astrophysical detection of neutralinos include an accessible minimum direct detection rate, lower bounds on the indirect detection rate of neutrinos from the Sun and the Earth, and a suppression of the intensity of gamma ray lines from neutralino annihilations in the galactic halo.     

X射线汤姆孙散射在温稠密物质研究中的应用

温稠密物质(warm dense matter,WDM)是近年来兴起的一个前沿研究领域,它处于传统的凝聚态与等离子体状态之间的过渡状态.此状态下的物质广泛存在于宇宙和实验室中,如巨行星的内核、惯性约束聚变的内爆燃料等.然而人们对温稠密物质又是陌生的,因为传统的凝聚态和等离子体物理的理论和实验方法难以用于研究这样的物质状态.近几年,随着高功率激光装置以及诊断技术的发展,人们发展出X射线汤姆孙散射方法,对温稠密态物质开展了深入的研究,获得了重要的实验结果.     

Founder of cosmonautics

The paper described the creative path of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, the founder of theoretical cosmonautics, who devoted his life to solving various problems in the field of aerodynamics and rocket engineering, creating dirigibles with a metallic shell, jet planes, and air-cushioned trains, and studying the origin of planets, the Sun, and the Universe. The main engineering proposals of a scientist of great originality, which found applications in modern rocket and space engineering, are briefly analysed. The versatility of his interests is demonstrated; his research is shown to deal with many fields of science and technology, including the kinetic theory of gases, geology, cosmology, biology, philosophy, sociology, theology, and language science.     

Interplanetary protons in Earth’s orbit

An analysis of long-term observations of the fluxes of interplanetary protons with energies of 1–100 MeV measured at a distance of 1 AU from the Sun is performed. The results from computations of the maximum, average, and minimum values of total interplanetary proton fluences accumulated over periods ranging from 1 month to 10 years are presented. The possibilities of applying the obtained data to characterizing and predicting space weather and climate are discussed.