Luminescence properties of Eu3+ doped CaMoO4 nanoparticles

When Eu(3+) ions occupy Ca(2+) sites of CaMoO(4), which has a body centered tetragonal structure with inversion symmetry, only the magnetic dipole transition ((5)D(0)→(7)F(1)) should be allowed according to Judd-Ofelt theory. Even if there are a few distortions in the Eu(3+) environment, its intensity should be more than that of the electric dipole transition ((5)D(0)→(7)F(2)). We report here the opposite effect experimentally and ascribe this to the polarizability effect of the MoO(4) tetrahedron, which is neighboring to EuO(8) (symmetric environment). The contribution of the energy transfer process from the Mo-O charge transfer band to Eu(3+) and the role of Eu(3+) over the surface of the particle could be distinguished when luminescence decay processes were measured at two different excitations (250 and 398 nm). Further, the luminescence intensities and lifetimes increase significantly with increasing heat-treatment temperature of the doped samples. This is attributed to the reduction of H(2)O from the surface of the particles and a non-radiative process after heat treatment.     

LaF3:Eu3+纳米粒子的水热法制备及发光性质研究

用水热法制备了LaF3及Eu^3＋掺杂的LaF3纳米粒子, 通过X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和荧光光谱（FS）对样品进行了表征. 结果表明： 所得的纳米粒子粒度均匀、结晶完好, 呈规则的六边形形状;研究了反应温度和时间对LaF3纳米粒子形成的影响, 初步探讨了纳米粒子的生长机制. 研究了掺杂Eu^3＋后的发光性质, 发现纳米粒子经高温煅烧后, 荧光强度有明显下降, 适宜的煅烧条件为600 ℃/6 h, Eu^3＋的掺杂量在5%（摩尔分数）时, 纳米粒子的荧光强度最强, 更高的掺杂浓度将导致荧光猝灭.     

棒状LaF3∶Eu3+纳米晶的制备与发光性能

采用一种简单的液相反应法在室温下合成了棒状的LaF3∶Eu3+纳米晶, 对其结构和发光性能进行了表征. XRD分析结果表明, 室温下即可得到结晶良好的六方晶相的LaF3, 灼烧之后样品的衍射峰增强, 没有杂相产生. TEM照片表明, 棒状LaF3∶Eu3+纳米材料的直径为8 nm左右, 长度达到50 nm. 荧光光谱表明, 室温下合成的棒状LaF3∶Eu3+纳米晶的最强发射峰位于589 nm, 对应于Eu3+的5D0-7F1跃迁发射, 说明Eu3+占据LaF3基质中La3+晶格点的C2对称格位上. 同时Eu3+的猝灭摩尔分数为5%, 荧光寿命随着灼烧温度的升高而延长.     

Hydrothermal preparation and luminescence of LaF3:Eu3+ nanoparticles

LaF3:Eu3+ nanoparticles were prepared by a simple hydrothermal process at low temperature and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence spectrum. Well-dispersed nanoparticles with an average size of 30 nm and a hexagonal shape were obtained. The influences of reaction temperature and time on the preparation and luminescence of LaF3:Eu3+ nanoparticles were investigated. Luminescent quenching occurred at a much higher concentration ( approximately 25mol%) and stronger luminescent intensity than in bulk LaF3:Eu3+. Fluorescence intensity of the LaF3:Eu3+ nanoparticles varied remarkably with calcination temperatures. It was found that samples without any further calcinations can emit quite strong fluorescence.     

Luminescence of Tb3+ and Eu3+ doped amorphous zinc benzoates

The Tb(3+) and Eu(3+) doped amorphous zinc benzoate were prepared. Their infrared absorption, emission and excitation spectra were measured. The luminescence mechanisms of Tb(3+) and Eu(3+) in the amorphous substrate were discussed. The bonding modes of OCO group to Zn(2+) ion have two of symmetric and asymmetric bridging bidentate. The energy of the S(1) pi,pi* excited state of benzene ring can be transferred to Tb(3+) and Eu(3+) ion, and results in characteristic emission from the 5D(4)-->(7)F(j) of Tb(3+) and 5D(0)-->(7)F(j) of Eu(3+), respectively.     

Luminescence behavior of Eu3+ in polytitanasiloxane solution

Polytitanasiloxane solutions containing Eu³⁺ ions have been prepared by the hydrolytic cocondensation of tetraethoxysilane and tetrabutyl titanate. The UV‐vis absorption and the luminescence intensity were both found to increase with the increase of tetrabutyl titanate/tetraethoxysilane (TBT/TEOS) molar ratio. This revealed that the incorporation of TiO₂ can result in the increase of absorption energy of the Ti? O group by near‐UV excitation and in the increase of energy transfer to the metal ion. At the same time, the intensity ratio of ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ to ⁵D₀→⁷F₁ increases as the TBT/TEOS molar ratio increases, indicating the formation of Eu³⁺? O^2?? Ti⁴⁺ bonding. A longer decay time means that the Eu³⁺ ions are better dispersed and less clustered with the increase of TBT/TEOS molar ratio. The results on the luminescence properties of the Eu³⁺ in different media containing ethanol or water suggest that the incorporation of TiO₂ can shield Eu³⁺ ions from the effect of water and ethanol molecules, which leads to an improvement of the Eu³⁺ surroundings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1357–1363, 2006     

SiO2／LaF3：Eu3＋核壳结构发光粒子的制备与表征

采用简单的液相法合成了SiO2/LaF3:Eu3 核壳结构发光粒子,并对其结构及发光性能进行了表征.XRD分析表明包覆层LaF3:Eu3 为立方晶相结构,红外光谱表明SiO2颗粒表面有柠檬酸的修饰,电镜照片表明合成了球形的核-壳结构的复合粒子,包覆层厚度为10～20 nm,光谱测试表明核-壳复合粒子与纯的LaF3:Eu3 具有相同的发光性能,均以589 nm附近的5D0-7F1磁偶极跃迁为最强发射峰,说明Eu3 在LaF3基质中占据的格位相同.     

Preparation and structure refinement of Eu3+ doped CaMoO4 nanoparticles

The nanoparticles of CaMoO(4)?:?Eu(3+) (Eu(3+) = 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 at. %) are prepared at low temperature (150 °C for 3 h) using urea hydrolysis in ethylene glycol. These are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From XRD study, it was found that the solubility limit of Eu(3+) ions at the Ca(2+) sites is up to 3 at. % and above this, phase segregation occurs. In combination with Rietveld analysis, its crystal structure was found to be tetragonal phase (space group I4(1)/a (88) and Z = 4 (number of CaMoO(4) formula units per unit cell). Unit cell parameters and bond distances are calculated. The average crystallite sizes of as-prepared, 500 and 900 °C heated samples are found to be 20, 35 and 70 nm, respectively. The lattice strain is found to be 0.003-0.005. From IR study, the bands at 820 and 441 cm(-1) are assigned to asymmetric stretching and bending vibrations of the MoO(4)(2-) tetrahedron, respectively. From TEM study, the shape of particle was found to be spherical. The high resolution TEM suggests a change in orientation of the crystal on annealing up to 900 °C.     

Bioconjugation of Ln3+-doped LaF3 nanoparticles to avidin

The binding of Eu3+-doped LaF3 nanoparticles with biotin moieties at the surface of the stabilizing ligand layer to avidin, immobilized on cross-linked aragose beads, is described. The biotin moieties were attached to the nanoparticles by reaction of an activated ester with the amino groups on the surface of the nanoparticles resulting from the 2-aminoethyl phosphate ligands that were coordinated to the surface through the phosphate end. This strategy of employing the reactions of amines with activated esters provides a general platform to modify the surface of the 2-aminophosphate stabilized Ln3+-doped LaF3 nanoparticles with biologically relevant groups. Significant suppression of nonspecific binding to the avidin modified aragose beads has been realized by the incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol) units via the same reaction of a primary amine with an activated ester. The particle size distribution of the functionalized nanoparticles was within 10-50 nm, with a quantum yield of 19% in H2O for the LaF3 nanoparticles codoped with Ce3+ and Tb3+. A discreet, 4 unit poly(ethylene glycol) spaced heterobifunctional cross-linker, functionalized with biotin and N-hydroxysuccinimide at opposite termini, was covalently linked to the 2-aminoethyl phosphate ligand via the N-hydroxysuccinimide activated ester, making an amide bond, imparting biological activity to the particle. Modification of the remaining unreacted amino groups of the stabilizing ligands was done with Me(OCH2CH2)3CH2CH2(C=O)-NHS (NHS = N-hydroxysuccinimide).     

LaF_3∶Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)纳米晶:溶剂热法合成及上转换发光性质

利用溶剂热合成方法,分别以油酸和油胺为表面有机配体,合成了具有六角结构,颗粒尺寸分别为19和23nm单分散的LaF3:Yb3+,Er3+纳米晶。在980nm红外激光照射下,LaF3:Yb3+,Er3+纳米晶发射出肉眼可观察的绿色和红色上转换荧光,而且其发光过程均符合双光子过程。结合红外光谱与上转换光谱分析了表面有机配体对LaF3:Yb3+,Er3+纳米晶上转换发光的影响,结果显示,以油酸分子为表面配体的纳米晶具有较高的上转换发射强度,但以油胺为表面配体的纳米晶的红光发射相对增强。     

Optical studies of Eu3+ doped oxyfluoroborate glass

Rare earth doped oxyfluoroborate glasses have been prepared with different concentration of Eu3+. The UV-Vis/NIR optical absorption, laser induced fluorescence and photoacoustic spectra of Eu3+ in this host have been studied. Different optical parameters such as oscillator strength, Judd-Ofelt intensity parameter, stimulated emission cross-section, transition probability, branching ratio and radiative lifetime, etc. have been calculated. Lifetime of the 5D0 level at various concentrations of Eu3+ have been used to explain the concentration dependent fluorescence quenching. The mechanism of quenching was found to be dipole-dipole. Energy transfer have also been studied from Eu3+ to Pr3+ in sample with 1 mol% (Eu3+) + 1 mol% Pr3+.     

Eu3+在SrZnP2O7中的发光性能和Eu3+, Bi3+间的能量传递

采用高温固相法合成了SrZnP2O7：Eu^3＋荧光粉,该荧光粉的激发主峰值位于400nm,适用于UVLED管芯的激发;在紫外激发下的发射峰由位于591和597nm（^5D0～^7F1）,616,624和629nm（^5D0～^7F2）,656nm（^5D0～^7F3）及688nm（^5D0～^7F4）4组线状峰构成,对应Eu^3＋的特征跃迁,呈现橙红色发光。分析了Eu^3＋离子浓度对样品发光效率的影响,随着浓度增加,其发射一直增强,但其发光效率已经开始减弱。Bi^3＋的加入使发光强度得到很大提高,并讨论了在SrZnP2O7基质中Bi^3＋对Eu^3＋的能量传递和敏化作用。     

Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-glycidyl methacrylate) aqueous microgels labeled with fluorescent LaF3:Eu nanoparticles

We describe the synthesis and properties of functional microgel particles based on poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PVCL/PGMA) copolymer. A series of colloidally stable microgel particles with a range of glycidyl methacrylate content were prepared by surfactant-free heterophase polymerization in water. The microgel particles obtained had hydrodynamic radii between 250 and 350 nm and were fairly monodisperse in size; however, a broadening of the particle size distribution was observed for samples with a low GMA content. The PVCL/PGMA microgel particles exhibit thermally responsive reversible changes in diameter in water, and the swelling degree increased with the PVCL fraction in the copolymer structure. These microgels were then modified with photoluminescent europium-doped lanthanum fluoride nanoparticles (LaF3:Eu-AEP) through reaction of the 2-aminoethyl phosphate surface ligands with epoxy groups present in the microgel. These hybrid microgels were colloidally stable and thermally responsive in aqueous solution.     

稀土离子(Gd3+,Eu3+)加载于纳米介孔ZrO2中的发光

水热合成法制备的高度有序多孔ZrO2具有规则六角排列，均匀纳米孔洞（约1．8nm)，丰富的表面，界面态及比表面积和强的蓝－（近）紫外光发射，使其较常规体材料有更优异的性质，以稀土离子为探针，研究了Gd^3 ,Eu^3 在这些纳米微孔中的发光行为，结果表明，500摄氏度下，介孔ZrO2与稀土离子相作用并有效地将能量传递给稀土离子，增进稀土离子发光，而在ZrO2:Gd-Eu体系中，Gd^3 在ZrO2与Eu3 间起桥梁作用，使基质ZrO2→Eu^3 的能量传递更为有效。     

特殊的GdVO_4∶Eu~(3 )发光的温度特性

ＧｄＶＯ4 作为良好的激光基质被广泛研究 ,Ｇｄ ＶＯ4 掺Ｐｒ3 ,Ｎｄ3 ,Ｈｏ3 ,Ｅｒ3 ,Ｔｍ3 ,Ｙｂ3 的激光材料已有报道[1～ 4 ] 。虽然ＧｄＶＯ4 ∶Ｅｕ3 不是激光材料 ,但它是良好的红光材料 ,主峰发射位于 619ｎｍ。ＧｄＶＯ4 ∶Ｅｕ3 的发光强度高 ,与Ｙ2 Ｏ2 Ｓ∶Ｅｕ和ＹＶＯ4 ∶Ｅｕ的发光为同一量级[5] 。Ｇｄ3 Ｅｕ3 是研究能量传递的极好体系。通常发光体的发射强度是随着温度的升高而降低的 ,最近的实验表明ＧｄＶＯ4 ∶Ｅｕ3 的发光强度随着温度的升高不但不降低反而不断增强 ,且温度高达 60 0Ｋ都尚未见饱和。1　 实　验实…     

Study of Hybrid Silica-Polyethyleneglycol Xerogels by Eu3+ Luminescence Spectroscopy

Good optical quality Eu3+-doped silica-polyethyleneglycol hybrids were prepared by the sol-gel process. Thermomechanical analysis showed an increase of the glass transition temperature, due to the stiffness of the polymeric network, as the amount of Eu3+ increased. Europium luminescent properties were used to study structural evolution during the sol-gel transition. For lower doping concentrations dried gels present statistical distributions of Eu3+, typical of an amorphous environment, while for higher concentrations a crystalline-like environment of Eu3+ was observed. A broad emission band was observed in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum and assigned to the intrinsic emission from the hybrid polymeric network.     

Luminescence study of Eu3+: KGd2F7

A spectroscopic investigation of the host matrix KGd₂F₇ is performed using Eu³⁺ as local probe. Its crystal structure derives from the fluorite-type by an ordering of the cations and anions. On powdered samples with different europium concentrations, the luminescence spectra of Eu³⁺:KGd₂F₇ allowed an identification of a multisite behaviour for the Eu³⁺ ions, leading to a lifetime distribution for the ⁵D₀ emitting level.     

Silica-coated Ln3+-Doped LaF3 nanoparticles as robust down- and upconverting biolabels

The preparation of nearly monodisperse (40 nm), silica-coated LaF(3):Ln(3+) nanoparticles and their bioconjugation to FITC-avidin (FITC=fluorescein isothiocyanate) is described in this report. Doping of the LaF(3) core with selected luminescent Ln(3+) ions allows the particles to display a range of emission lines from the visible to the near-infrared region (lambda=450-1650 nm). First, the use of Tb(3+) and Eu(3+) ions resulted in green (lambda=541 nm) and red (lambda=591 and 612 nm) emissions, respectively, by energy downconversion processes. Second, the use of Nd(3+) gave emission lines at lambda=870, 1070 and 1350 nm and Er(3+) gave an emission line at lambda=1540 nm by energy downconversion processes. Additionally, the Er(3+) ions gave green and red emissions and Tm(3+) ions gave an emission at lambda=800 nm by upconversion processes when codoped with Yb(3+) (lambda(ex)=980 nm). Bioconjugation of avidin, which has a bound fluorophore (FITC) as the reporter, was carried out by means of surface modification of the silica particles with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, followed by reaction with the biotin-N-hydroxysuccinimide activated ester to form an amide bond, imparting biological activity to the particles. A 25-fold or better increase in the FITC signal relative to the non-biotinylated silica particles indicated that there is minimal nonspecific binding of FITC-avidin to the silica particles.     

三斜相GdBO3:Eu的溶胶-凝胶法制备及其格位选择激发下的光谱

用溶胶-凝胶法合成了具有三斜结构的低温相GdBO3,并与用常规的固相反应制备的类球方解石结构的样品作了比较.在高于1000℃时发生了三斜相向常规相的相变.三斜相GdBO3:Eu的荧光光谱表明阳离子在基质晶格中占据了两种格位,用A和B来分别标明.选择激发A、B格位上Eu3+,结果揭示了GdBO3结构上的变化和Eu3+之间的能量传递过程.在较高的Eu3+掺杂浓度时,两个格位均有较强的发光;在低温和低浓度条件下,得到了可分辨的相应于不同格位的发光,并观察到了两个格位间不同几率的能量相互传递.     

GdF3∶Eu3+/NaGdF4∶Eu3+纳米晶的水热合成及发光性质

采用水热法,以聚乙二醇(400)为分散剂,以NaOH和HNO3溶液调节初始溶液pH值,合成GdF3∶Eu3+和NaGdF4∶Eu3+纳米晶。XRD和SEM结果表明:在酸性溶液(pH=3,5)、中性溶液(pH=7)和碱性溶液(pH=9)中,分别获得具有正交结构的GdF3∶Eu3+纳米晶,GdF3∶Eu3+和NaGdF4∶Eu3+混合晶,六方结构NaGdF4∶Eu3+棒状微米晶。根据Scherrer公式估算pH=3和pH=5时制备纳米晶的一次性粒径分别为49和28 nm。样品的发射光谱结果表明:特征发射峰来自于5D2、5D1、5D0到7FJ跃迁。在主晶相为GdF3样品中,主发射峰来自于Eu3+的5D0→7F1的磁偶极跃迁;晶相为NaGdF4样品的主发射峰来自于Eu3+的5D0→7F2电偶极跃迁。5D0→7F1和5D0→7F2跃迁发射相对强度比值显示:Eu3+在NaGdF4晶体中的格位对称性下降。激发光谱显示出Gd3+和Eu3+具有较好的能量传递。