Homogeneous saturation of the 6328 Å neon laser transition due to collisions in the weak collision model

Measurement of the collision broadened lineshapes of the 6328 Å Ne laser transition in absorbing ²⁰Ne and amplifying 7 : 1 ³He : ²⁰Ne discharges indicate that the transition saturates with a Doppler component as well as the Lorentzian holes expected of a Doppler broadened line. The homogeneous saturation, caused by elastic velocity-changing collisions, is much stronger in ²⁰Ne than in 7 : 1 ³He : ²⁰Ne. The results are in good agreement with a rate equation formulation in which the effect of velocity-changing collisions giving rise to cross-relaxation is introduced through the Fokker-Planck probability function.     

Collisional effects upon optical coherences: Experimental study in a xenon three-level system

Laser induced nonlinear absorption profiles in a three-level system have been recorded to study the effect of elastic collisions upon optical coherences. In our particular system, the signal is due to a pure double-quantum term, where we have separated the effect of phase-interrupting collisions from the effect of velocity-changing collisions. Experimental results show that the effect of velocity-changing collisions is very small, and that broadening of the signal is due to phase-interrupting collisions mainly. We are able to determine the increase of the decay rate of the coherent superposition (the “coherence”) of two levels of same parity [Dγ ₁₃/dp=(6.5±1) MHz/Torr] and an upper limit for the mean velocity change (ũ≲5m/s).     

Effects of collisions on linear and non-linear spectroscopic line shapes

A fundamental physical problem is the determination of atom-atom, atom-molecule and molecule-molecule differential and total scattering cross sections. In this work, a technique for studying atomic and molecular collisions using spectroscopic line shape analysis is discussed. Collisions occuring within an atomic or molecular sample influence the sample's absorptive or emissive properties. Consequently the line shapes associated with the linear or non-linear absorption of external fields by an atomic system reflect the collisional processes occuring in the gas. Explicit line shape expressions are derived characterizing linear or saturated absorption by two- or three-level “active” atoms which are undergoing collisions with perturber atoms. The line shapes may be broadened, shifted, narrowed, or distorted as a result of collisions which may be “phase-interrupting” or “velocity-changing” in nature. Systematic line shape studies can be used to obtain information on both the differential and total active atom-perturber scattering cross sections.     

Dynamical Stark Effect in the nu(2)/nu(4) Vibrational Polyad of SiH(4): Theory and Observation

We report a theoretical and experimental investigation of the dynamical Stark effect in a tetrahedral molecule, silane (SiH(4)). We use a tetrahedral formalism and Floquet theory to calculate the absorption spectra for the molecule dressed by an intense nonresonant pulsed laser. Experimentally, the dynamical Stark effect is observed for transitions of the nu(2)/nu(4) vibrational polyad of SiH(4) by means of nanosecond diode laser absorption spectroscopy and a Nd:YAG laser excitation. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Absorption spectroscopy of single InAs self-assembled quantum dots

Excitonic transitions of single InAs self-assembled quantum dots were directly measured at 4.2 K in an optical transmission experiment. We use the Stark effect in order to tune the exciton energy of a single quantum dot into resonance with a narrow-band laser. With this method, sharp resonances in the transmission spectra are observed. The oscillator strengths as well as the homogeneous line widths of the single-dot optical transitions are obtained. A clear saturation in the absorption is observed at modest laser powers.     

Collisional narrowing of HF fundamental band spectral lines by neon and argon

Collisional narrowing is observed for high J transitions in the fundamental absorption band of HF in the presence of neon and argon buffer gases, with neon providing the most pronounced Doppler width reduction. Detailed line profiles are measured using a high-resolution tunable laser difference-frequency spectrometer in order to test various collisional lineshape models. The measured lineshapes and the pressure dependence of the widths are least-squares fit in the limits of strong and weak velocity-changing collisions. Though both limits qualitatively explain the data, the systematic discrepancies indicate that an intermediate collision model would be more appropriate. In the case of HF/argon collisions, the resulting line profiles have a slight, but definite, asymmetry, implying a correlation between the velocity- and state-changing collisions.     

Non-Maxwellian anisotropic velocity distribution of metastable argon atoms in a thin discharge cell

For an argon glow discharge in a 1 mm thick cell at room temperature, we have observed the absorption spectrum of the 1s₃–2p₂ (Paschen notation) line by using a diode laser. It is found that, with a decrease in the gas pressure below 0.1 Torr, the linewidth drastically decreases; at 0.02 Torr the velocity distribution of the metastable atoms in the surface normal direction has an apparent temperature of 144 K. The velocity distribution is also found to be anisotropic: the spectrum profile depends on the direction of observation with respect to the surface normal. These phenomena are explained by a model in which the velocity distribution of the metastable atoms is controlled by collisional quenching at the wall surface and velocity-changing collisions with ground state atoms.     

Absorption and emission line profile coefficients of multilevel atoms—II. Velocity-averaged profile coefficients

Starting from the atomic profile coefficients of a multilevel atom derived in the previous first part of this paper, we consider the velocity-averaged line profile coefficients appearing in the radiative transfer equation for the important special case that the velocity distribution of atoms in the ground state is Maxwellian and that the streaming of excited atoms is negligible. Elastic velocity-changing collisions of excited atoms with other particles are taken into account in the framework of a strong-collision model. Neglecting stimulated emissions, we obtain explicit, albeit in some cases approximate, expressions for the line profile coefficients of a three-level atom in terms of the specific radiation intensity locally present. The emission and absorption profile coefficients are written in a form that exhibits the various physical effects responsible for deviations of these profiles from complete redistribution. The case of two-level atoms in the presence of elastic collisions with the excited atoms is also treated.     

A modified fermi model for wave-particle interactions in plasmas

Wave-particle interactions in plasmas are investigated through a nonlinear map that describes elastic collisions between an ensemble of particles and two barriers. The amplitude of the barriers, proportional to the energy of the wave, can increase or decrease due to the sequence of stochastic collisions. After an initial exponential decrease, the nonlinear strong trapping regime is characterized by low-frequency oscillations of the amplitude of the barriers around a certain saturation value. This is a transitory phenomenon stemming from the dynamical approach towards equilibrium in the wave-particle conservative system.     

An accurate comparison of lineshape models on H2O lines in the spectral region around 3 μm

In this paper we present the main results concerning lineshape analysis on ν₁ and ν₃ water vapor lines in the region around 3 μm. Narrow-bandwidth radiation used in this experiment was produced by difference-frequency generation in a periodically poled crystal between two near-infrared solid state lasers. We have investigated pressure broadening and shift for five H₂O absorption lines induced by collisions with Xe atoms and water vapor itself. From an accurate lineshape analysis we have obtained information on the influence of Dicke narrowing as well as correlations between velocity-changing and dephasing collisions and of speed-dependent effects. Finally, the self-broadening and pressure broadening and shift coefficients in presence of the buffer gas are furnished.     

Influence of a strong electric field on the decay of autoionizing states formed when multiply charged ions approach a metal surface

Upon collisions of multiply charged ions with a surface, the electric field of the image charge causes Stark splitting of the ion levels; in this case, the Stark states whose energy approaches the electron binding energy in the metal with a decrease in the distance to the surface are selectively occupied. It is shown that consideration of the electric field effect leads to an increase in the probability of Auger transitions in the presence of field. This effect changes our representations about the scheme of occupation of lower levels of multiply charged ions.     

Nonlinear effects in blue-shift waveguide EAM's

To exploit the vast bandwidth of optical communication systems for high bit-rate long-haul transmission, external modulators show a better system performance than directly modulated lasers. One of the main advantages of electroabsorption modulators (EAM's) compared with Mach–Zehnder modulators is the possibility to integrate the modulator with a laser having the same active layer. This reduces processing complexity and system costs. Usually the quantum confined Stark effect results in a red shift of the absorption, which leads to a small gain due to a detuned operation of the integrated laser. In contrast, blue shift structures have been proposed for these integrated devices as they show both good laser and modulator properties. These structures suffer from the drawback that saturation effects may occur for higher optical power as these devices absorb the optical power at low applied bias. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of nonlinear saturation effects like carrier accumulation, Burnstein–Moss-effect and carrier screening.     

动态Stark效应对双光子过程中原子和场的动力学行为的影响

采用单模量子化光场和有效二能级的多能级原子组成的模型,研究了动态Stark效应对该系统原子和压缩态光场的双光子过程动力学行为的影响。动态Stark效应将使原子反转Rabi振荡的再生(revival)幅度降低,周期缩短,原子和场的能量交换加快;也有利于光子反聚束效应加强和亚泊松光子统计分布变窄,但却使光场压缩特性减弱,甚至消失。     

双光子光学多稳态理论

本文系统地研究了双光子共振作用的光学多稳态理论。在平均场近似下求出的状态方程包含了动态斯塔克效应及弛豫时间参数。指出了在平均场近似下,F-P腔与单向环形腔的状态方程有基本相同的形式。分析了双光子光学多稳态的两种物理机构——克尔效应与饱和吸收效应。在一定条件下这两种效应的共同作用可导致双稳态、双双稳态及三稳态。进一步还给出了区分双稳态、双双稳态及三稳态的判别式。最后还研究了双光子四波混频位相复共轭反射率的双稳态及多稳态。 关键词：     

Absorption and emission line profile coefficients of multilevel atoms—I. Atomic profile coefficients

The line profile coefficients for absorption and emission appearing in the radiative transfer equation are formulated in terms of atomic line profile coefficients and velocity distribution functions. In order to derive the atomic profile coefficients of a multilevel atom, one defines generalized atomic redistribution functions that describe the correlations between photons involved in consecutive radiative transitions of the atom. Besides their dependence on the radiation field, the atomic line profile coefficients of a multilevel atom depend on the velocity distributions of the atoms in the various excitation states, in contrast to the case of a two-level atom where only the radiation intensity but not the velocity distributions affect the atomic emission profile. Closed expressions of the atomic profile coefficients in terms of generalized redistribution functions are obtained if stimulated emissions are neglected, and one is led to an iterative approximation scheme if stimulated emissions are taken into account. The possibility of a nonlocal character of the atomic profile coefficients is pointed out, and the effect of elastic, velocity-changing collisions with excited atoms is discussed. A major aim of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that ordinary redistribution functions that describe only the correlations between the absorbed and reemitted photons in the same spectral line are not sufficient to formulate the line profile coefficients of a multilevel atom.     

Photon-echo decay due to weak velocity-changing collisions

Using statistical arguments, we derive an exact expression (valid for any collision kernel) for the decay of a two-pulse photon echo in the limit in which the decay occurs as the result of “weak” (glancing) velocity-changing collisions.     

Algebraic treatment of quantum-mechanical models with modified Coulomb potentials

Nonrelativistic models with modified Coulomb potentials are solved by an algebraic method based on SO(4,2) dynamical group. The nonrelativistic model with Yukawa long-range potential and the Stark effect in the nonrelativistic hydrogen atom in the homogeneous and inhomogeneous external electrostatic fields are studied in details. The algebraic method for the Dirac and Klein-Gordon relativistic hydrogen atom as well as relativistic models with the rotationally symmetric modified Coulomb potentials are also discussed.     

Manifestations of small-angle molecular scattering in spectral line profiles

Based on a quantum-mechanical expression for the kernel of the collision integral and the dispersion intermolecular interaction potential, we have calculated the line profiles in which the collisions with scattering through large and classical small angles as well as the diffraction scattering of molecules have been simultaneously taken into account. By comparing the calculated profiles with those in the models of hard velocity-changing collisions, we show that disregarding soft collisions leads to a noticeably sharper line shape. In an effort to quantitatively process the spectra, we have parameterized the calculated profiles and obtained their algebraic approximation.     

Long-Time Dynamical Behaviour of Alternative-Current Stark Effect

We report the long time dynamical behaviour of ac Stark effect in a simple quantum model in which two level atoms interact with quantized coherent radiation field. A new phenomenon of periodic quantum collapse and revival of the ac Stark shift of energy level due to ac Stark effect is expressed accurately by analysing the phase of transition probability amplitude. The analytic prediction is confirmed by the numerical results.     

Exciton-polariton in WS_2 microcavity in the presence of the optical Stark effect

Exciton-polaritons offer an exceptional platform for future photoelectronic and quantum information applications. The influence of the optical Stark effect on exciton-polaritons in a microcavity embodied with a monolayer WS2 is studied. A polarization dependent model is proposed to study the change of strongly coupled excitons and photons in a WS2 microcavity. It is revealed through both steady and dynamical states analysis that an outside optical Stark pulse can effectively vary the polariton characteristics, such as dispersion, exciton, and photon fractions, through blue shifting of excitonic resonance. Thus, the analysis and control of exciton-polaritons in a WS2 microcavity via a spin-selective trigger could be achievable.