Optical-fiber pulse rate multiplier for ultralow phase-noise signal generation

In this Letter we report on an all optical-fiber approach to the synthesis of ultralow-noise microwave signals by photodetection of femtosecond laser pulses. We use a cascade of Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometers to realize stable and efficient repetition rate multiplication. This technique increases the signal level of the photodetected microwave signal by close to 18 dB. That in turn allows us to demonstrate a residual phase-noise level of -118 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz and -160 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz from a 12 GHz signal. The residual noise floor of the fiber multiplier and photodetection system alone is around -164 dBc/Hz at the same offset frequency, which is very close to the fundamental shot-noise floor.     

Frequency-stabilized Yb:fiber comb with a tapered single-mode fiber

We demonstrate a stable Yb:fiber frequency comb with supercontinuum generation by using a specially designed tapered single-mode fiber, in which a spectrum spanning from 500 nm to 1500 nm is produced. The carrier-envelope offset signal of the Yb:fiber comb is measured with a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 40 dB and a linewidth narrower than120 k Hz. The repetition rate and carrier-envelope offset signals are simultaneously phase locked to a microwave reference frequency.     

光学积分器对太阳模拟器辐照均匀性的影响

光学积分器是太阳模拟器实现均匀辐照的关键光学器件,介绍了光学积分器的组成及其工作原理,阐述了方位偏移误差和倾斜偏移误差对辐照均匀性的影响。根据光学积分器的工作原理,利用软件Lighttools将两种光轴一致性误差对辐照均匀性造成的影响进行了仿真分析。结合实验结果表明,倾斜偏移误差相对方位偏移误差对系统辐照均匀性的影响更为严重。分析光轴一致性误差,可为光学积分器微调机构的设计和实际装调太阳模拟器提供理论依据。     

空间激光与单模光纤和光子晶体光纤的耦合效率

为了设计最优光纤耦合系统,利用高斯模场近似单模阶跃光纤的模场和大模面积光子晶体光纤的模场,推导出了理想情况下空间激光与这两种光纤的耦合效率解析表达式以及光纤端面相对于耦合系统存在横向偏移和端面倾斜时的耦合效率解析表达式。基于上述理论表达式计算了空间激光与光纤的耦合效率,并通过实验验证了此理论表达式的有效性。理论计算和实验均证实了单模阶跃光纤对于横向偏移更敏感,当横向偏移量等于单模光纤的纤芯半径时所对应的耦合效率只有20.25%,为理论最大值的1/4;而大模面积光子晶体光纤对于端面倾斜更加敏感,当端面倾斜2°时对应的耦合效率只有40.5%,为理论最大值的1/2。所提出理论表达式和实验方法完全可以为设计光纤耦合系统提供准确的参数。     

Auditory thresholds in a sound-producing electric fish (Pollimyrus): behavioral measurements of sensitivity to tones and click trains

In this report we present the first behavioral measurements of auditory sensitivity for Pollimyrus adspersus. Pollimyrus is an electric fish (Mormyridae) that uses both electric and acoustic signals for communication. Tone detection was assessed from the fish's electric organ discharge rate. Suprathreshold tones usually evoked an accelerated rate in naive animals. This response (rate modulation > or =25%) was maintained in a classical conditioning paradigm by presenting a weak electric current near the offset of 3.5-s tone bursts. An adaptive staircase procedure was used to find detection thresholds at frequencies between 100 and 1700 Hz. The mean audiogram from six individuals revealed high sensitivity in the 200-900 Hz range, with the best thresholds near 500 Hz (66.5+/-4.2 SE dB re: 1 microPa). Sensitivity declined slowly (about 20 dB/octave) above and below this sensitivity maximum. Sensitivity fell off rapidly above 1 kHz (about 60 dB/octave) and no responses were observed at 5 kHz. This behavioral sensitivity matched closely the spectral content of the sounds that this species produced during courtship. Experiments with click trains showed that sensitivity (about 83-dB peak) was independent of inter-click-interval, within the 10-100 ms range.     

离轴三镜系统光学元件间补偿关系研究

分析了离轴三镜系统中光学元件调整变量间的补偿关系和面形误差与调整变量间的补偿关系.调整变量中偏心变量和倾斜变量的位置失调常常会产生同种像差,存在一定的相关性.从失调像差理论出发,通过平衡偏心变量和倾斜变量产生的初级像差,得到偏心变量和倾斜变量间的补偿关系.利用Zernike多项式模拟面形误差,建立面形误差与初级像差的关系,使面形误差与调整变量联系起来.通过计算机模拟,给定光学元件一定的面形误差,然后调整光学元件的偏心、倾斜和横向位移进行补偿,发现当次镜带有1λ像散的面形误差时,补偿后系统波前误差只下降了0.01λ RMS.     

基于悬丝法的螺线管磁轴测量信号处理技术

针对螺线管磁轴测量中的悬丝位置、测量信号失真、磁轴偏轴和磁轴倾斜信号的分离数据处理要求等问题,采用一种高偏置消除的信号检测与测量方法,并对探测器采用了相关的恒定驱动技术,进一步提高了信号产生的稳定性及抗干扰能力,研制了一种可以获得比较直接的悬丝振动信号的测量系统,解决了单纯采用交流耦合隔直滤波放大器或带通滤波放大器不能获得完全准确的测量信号的问题,确保了在较高的直流偏置下获得没有畸变的较小测量信号,消除了测量信号中低频分量基线倾斜及其中起伏的影响,并实现了磁轴偏移和磁轴倾斜信号的分离,极大地提高了螺线管线圈磁轴的测量灵敏度,实际测试结果显示测量灵敏度提高约1个量级。     

Intelligibility of bandpass filtered speech: steepness of slopes required to eliminate transition band contributions

Despite the recognition that the steepness of filter slopes can play an important role in the intelligibility of bandpass speech, there has been no systematic examination of its importance. The present study used high orders of finite impulse response (FIR) filtering to produce slopes ranging from 150 to 10,000 dB/octave. The slopes flanked 1/3-octave passbands of everyday sentences having a center frequency of 1500 Hz (the region of highest intelligibility for the male speaker's voice). Presentation levels were approximately 75 and 45 dB. No significant differences were found for the two presentation levels. Average intelligibility scores ranged from 77% at 150 dB/octave down to the asymptotic intelligibility score of 12% at 4800 dB/octave. These results indicate that slopes of several thousand dB/octave may be required for accurate and unambiguous specification of the range of frequencies contributing to intelligibility of filtered speech. In addition, the extremely steep slopes are needed to ensure that none of the spectral components contributing to intelligibility has its relative importance diminished by spectral tilt.     

An Yb-fiber frequency comb phase-locked to microwave standard and optical reference

We present a fully stabilized Yb-fiber frequency comb locked to a microwave standard and an optical reference separately. The carrier-envelope offset frequency is generated by a standard f–2f interferometer with 40 dB signal-tonoise ratio. The offset frequency and the repetition rate are stabilized simultaneously to the radio frequency reference for more than 30 hours, and the fractional Allan deviation of the comb is the same as the microwave standard of 10^-12 at 1 s.Alternatively, the comb is locked to an ultra-stable optical reference at 972 nm using an intracavity electro-optic modulator,exhibiting a residual integrated phase noise of 458 mrad(1 Hz–10 MHz) and an in-loop tracking stability of 1.77× 10^-18 at 1 s, which is significantly raised by six orders comparing to the case locked to the microwave frequency standard.     

Q-band injection-locked gunn diode oscillator

The configuration and performance of a Q-band injection-locked Gunn oscillator are presented whose outport is connected with a phase-locked reference source by a circulator. The output power of the oscillator is more than 60mW at 46.1GHz. The single-sideband phase noise (SSB) is less than-71.7dBc/Hz offset 10KHz from the carrier, and the spectrum of clutter signal is less than -40dB.     

高性能注入锁相光电振荡器

提出一种基于注入锁定和锁相环技术的注入锁相光电振荡器.利用注入锁定来改善光电振荡器的近载频相噪以及杂散抑制度.将光电振荡器的输出信号与外注入源进行鉴相,通过锁相环来提升频率稳定性,并进一步改善光电振荡器的近载频相噪.实验结果表明:注入锁相光电振荡器在电滤波器中心频率为9.5GHz、3dB带宽为20 MHz和光纤环长度为6km的情况下,实现了输出信号频率为9.5GHz的单模振荡;当注入锁定带宽为1.98kHz时,光电振荡器输出信号在1kHz频偏处的相位噪声为-125dBc/Hz,在10kHz频偏处的相位噪声为-147dBc/Hz,杂散抑制度高于80dB,阿伦偏差接近1.37×10~(-11)@1s和1.22×10~(-11)@1000s.     

Carrier-envelope phase-controlled quantum interference of injected photocurrents in semiconductors

We demonstrate quantum interference control of injected photocurrents in a semiconductor using the phase stabilized pulse train from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Measurement of the comb offset frequency via this technique results in a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB (10 Hz resolution bandwidth), enabling solid-state detection of carrier-envelope phase shifts of a Ti:sapphire oscillator.     

光盘系统中盘片径向倾斜对循迹伺服影响分析

基于衍射理论 ,采用更接近光盘实际情况的椭圆型信息符模型并利用光盘的线性叠加原理得到光盘衍射模型的解析表达式 ,对三种主流盘片的盘片倾斜对循迹系统产生的影响进行定量的计算与分析。采用差动相位方式循轨的DVD ROM盘片随径向倾斜的偏移系数为 0 .0 6 μm/(°)。采用推挽方式循轨的DVD RAM盘片循轨误差随径向倾斜的偏移系数为 0 .15 μm/(°)。在相同的盘片参量情况下 ,差动相位检测方法获得循迹误差比推挽方法受盘片径向倾斜的影响更小 ,在读取过程中差动相位检测方法可以获得更好的伺服精度。分析了DVD RAM盘片预刻槽深度与循规误差信号受径向倾斜影响偏移量的关系。实验结果较好的验证了计算和结论。     

Low frequency sound measurement in vehicles

Sound pressure level measurements in cars travelling at motorway speeds have shown that, in many cases, the overall level is very high in relation to the dB(A) and octave band levels, suggesting that much of the sound energy is in the low frequency and infrasonic regions. A technique has been developed to extend accurate octave band measurements down to the octave centred on 2 Hz. The system uses a calibrated sound level meter feeding a frequency modulation tape-recorder to record noise below 64 Hz, and an octave band analysis system to analyse the resultant tape recordings. Typical results are presented for a number of vehicles and it is found that sound pressure levels as high as 120 dB can be found in the octave bands between 2 and 16 Hz.     

Enhancements of the edges of temporal masking functions by complex patterns of overshoot and undershoot

The purpose of this report is to present new data that provide a novel perspective on temporal masking, different from that found in the classical auditory literature on this topic. Specifically, measurement conditions are presented that minimize rather than maximize temporal spread of masking for a gated (200-ms) narrow-band (405-Hz-wide) noise masker logarithmically centered at 2500 Hz. Masked detection thresholds were measured for brief sinusoids in a two-interval, forced-choice (21FC) task. Detection was measured at each of 43 temporal positions within the signal observation interval for the sinusoidal signal presented either preceding, during, or following the gating of the masker, which was centered temporally within each 500-ms observation interval. Results are presented for three listeners; first, for detection of a 1900-Hz signal across a range of masker component levels (0-70 dB SPL) and, second, for masked detection as a function of signal frequency (fs = 500-5000 Hz) for a fixed masker component level (40 dB SPL). For signals presented off-frequency from the masker, and at low-to-moderate masker levels, the resulting temporal masking functions are characterized by sharp temporal edges. The sharpness of the edges is accentuated by complex patterns of temporal overshoot and undershoot, corresponding with diminished and enhanced detection, respectively, at both masker onset and offset. This information about the onset and offset timing of the gated masker is faithfully represented in the temporal masking functions over the full decade range of signal frequencies (except for fs=2500 Hz presented at the center frequency of the masker). The precise representation of the timing information is remarkable considering that the temporal envelope characteristics of the gated masker are evident in the remote masking response at least two octaves below the frequencies of the masker at a cochlear place where little or no masker activity would be expected. This general enhancement of the temporal edges of the masking response is reminiscent of spectral edge enhancement by lateral suppression/inhibition.     

Active control of the volume acquisition noise in functional magnetic resonance imaging: method and psychoacoustical evaluation.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a noninvasive tool for observing correlates of neural activity in the brain while a subject listens to sound. However, intense acoustic noise is generated in the process of capturing MR images. This noise stimulates the auditory nervous system, limiting the dynamic range available for displaying stimulus-driven activity. The noise is potentially damaging to hearing and is distracting for the subject. In an active noise control (ANC) system, a reference sample of a noise is processed to form a sound which adds destructively with the noise at the listener's ear. We describe an implementation of ANC in the electromagnetically hostile and physically compact MRI scanning environment. First, a prototype system was evaluated psychoacoustically in the laboratory, using the electrical drive to a noise-generating loudspeaker as the reference. This system produced 10-20 dB of subjective noise-reduction between 250 Hz and 1 kHz, and smaller amounts at higher frequencies. The system was modified to operate in a real MR scanner where the reference was obtained by recording the acoustic scanner noise. Objective reduction by 30-40 dB of the most intense component in scanner noises was realized between 500 Hz and 3500 Hz, and subjective reduction of 12 dB and 5 dB in tests at frequencies of 600 Hz and at 1.9 kHz, respectively. Although the benefit of ANC is limited by transmission paths to the cochlea other than air-conduction routes from the auditory meatus, ANC achieves worthwhile attenuation even in the frequency range of maximum bone conduction (1.5-2 kHz). ANC should, therefore, be generally useful during auditory fMRI.     

次级声源优化布放的局部空间有源降噪

针对区域有源降噪问题,为获得更优降噪效果,根据实际次级通路传递函数,提出次级声源优化布放的有源控制系统并详细比较了两种次级声源优化布放算法与次级声源均匀布放的实际降噪效果。应用的第一种次级声源优化算法是l₂范数约束的约束匹配追踪算法,第二种次级声源优化算法是l₁范数约束的稀疏正则化方法。在全消声室中利用扬声器线阵进行多通道有源降噪实验研究,实验结果表明,在200～1000 Hz,次级声源优化布放的控制系统的平均降噪量比次级声源均匀布放的控制系统的平均降噪量多5 dB左右;在1100～1900 Hz,次级声源优化布放的控制系统的平均降噪量比次级声源均匀布放的控制系统的平均降噪量多11～13 dB左右,次级声源优化布放的控制系统的降噪量分布更加均匀且次级声源输出能量更小。此外,两种优化算法中,稀疏正则化方法的降噪效果更佳。     

Hybrid feedforward-feedback active noise reduction for hearing protection and communication

A hybrid active noise reduction (ANR) architecture is presented and validated for a circumaural earcup and a communication earplug. The hybrid system combines source-independent feedback ANR with a Lyapunov-tuned leaky LMS filter (LyLMS) improving gain stability margins over feedforward ANR alone. In flat plate testing, the earcup demonstrates an overall C-weighted total noise reduction of 40 dB and 30-32 dB, respectively, for 50-800 Hz sum-of-tones noise and for aircraft or helicopter cockpit noise, improving low frequency (<100 Hz) performance by up to 15 dB over either control component acting individually. For the earplug, a filtered-X implementation of the LyLMS accommodates its nonconstant cancellation path gain. A fast time-domain identification method provides a high-fidelity, computationally efficient, infinite impulse response cancellation path model, which is used for both the filtered-X implementation and communication feedthrough. Insertion loss measurements made with a manikin show overall C-weighted total noise reduction provided by the ANR earplug of 46-48 dB for sum-of-tones 80-2000 Hz and 40-41 dB from 63 to 3000 Hz for UH-60 helicopter noise, with negligible degradation in attenuation during speech communication. For both hearing protectors, a stability metric improves by a factor of 2 to several orders of magnitude through hybrid ANR.     

基于组合透镜与渐变折射率光纤改进激光器耦合效率的新方法

提出一种利用组合透镜系统与渐变折射率光纤相结合改进激光 器管芯到单模尾纤耦合性能的新方法. 这种方法首先利用组合透镜系统对具有像 散的激光器输出光束进行整形, 然后采用渐变折射率光纤对整形后的光束进行聚焦处理, 并将处理后的的光束耦合进入普通单模光纤. 利用Jones矩阵理论分析表明, 采用这种方法可以得到86%的功率耦合效率, 1 dB插入损耗对应的渐变折射率光纤长度、 横向偏移和倾斜角容差分别为60 μm, 30 μm和2.4°, 且结构简单, 便于操作, 特别适合于大功率激射的激光模块到单模光纤的耦合. 对于提高激光器输出功率, 改善光束质量具有重要意义.     

有源噪声控制在隔声罩中应用的初步实验研究

本文以对液压泵降噪为例,对有源噪声控制系统在隔声罩中的应用进行了初步的实验研究。噪声的低频段由有源噪声控制系统降低,中高频段由隔声罩降低,从而发挥了有源噪声控制和隔声罩各自的优点。附加了有源系统后的隔声罩使液压泵的噪声从112.4dB降到了80.0dB,整个系统的降噪量达到了32dB。其中有源噪声控制系统采用了6个次级控制源,在600Hz以下频段新增13dB的插入损失。